青蒿琥酯对大鼠肝星状细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关因子表达的影响

目的:探讨青蒿琥酯抑制大鼠肝星状细胞增殖并可促进细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法:大鼠肝星状细胞体外培养,分别用含梯度质量浓度(0,1,5,12.5,25,37.5μg·ml-1)青蒿琥酯的培养基培养24 h。采用Western blot方法检测青蒿琥酯对大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6内Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白的影响;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测随着药物浓度的变化在RNA水平上的变化。结果:0~37.5μg·ml-1的青蒿琥酯作用大鼠肝星状细胞24 h后蛋白β-catenin和GSK-3β(ser9)逐渐降低(P<0.05)并且有一定的剂量相关性,而GSK-3β逐渐升高(P<0.05)。实时定量PCR结果提示,1~37.5μg·ml-1的青蒿琥酯能抑制β-catenin的表达,且呈剂量相关性。但是GSK-3β在低剂量青蒿琥酯(1~12.5μg·ml-1)的时候并无明显变化(P>0.05),在高剂量青蒿琥酯(12.5~37.5μg·ml-1)抑制GSK-3β的表达(P<0.05)。结论:青蒿琥酯抑制大鼠肝星状细胞与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关。     

育阴软肝颗粒剂对大鼠肝纤维化的治疗作用

目的　研究育阴软肝颗粒剂对大鼠肝纤维化及其阴虚证的治疗作用。方法　采用多因素复制肝纤维化动物造模,通过观测大鼠肝纤维化指标(ALT、AST、肝指数、肝组织病理学、羟脯氨酸及胶原蛋白等)与阴虚指标(进食与饮水量、自主活动、体重、cAMP、cGMP等),研究育阴软肝颗粒剂对实验性肝纤维化大鼠的防治作用。结果　6.2~24.8g·kg-1 剂量范围内的育阴软肝颗粒剂能降低纤维化大鼠血清ALT、AST及肝指数,降低肝组织羟脯氨酸及胶原蛋白的含量,缓解肝组织纤维化病理学变化;同时,育阴软肝颗粒剂能降低肝纤维化大鼠的饮水量,增加体重,减少活动次数与站立次数,降低cAMP及cAMP/cGMP,缓解阴虚症状。结论　多因素复制的肝纤维化大鼠模型有一定的阴虚症状;育阴软肝颗粒剂对肝纤维化及其阴虚证有一定的防治作用。     

晶珠肝泰舒对大鼠实验性肝损伤的影响

目的研究藏药晶珠肝泰舒对实验性纤维化大鼠的影响。方法 60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、联苯双酯滴丸对照组和晶珠肝泰舒高、中、低剂量组,采用CCl4诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型,晶珠肝泰舒高、中、低剂量组和联苯双酯滴丸组的大鼠自造模次日起灌胃给药,连续42 d,测定肝脏中羟脯氨酸、肝胶原蛋白和血清中血脂的含量。结果晶珠肝泰舒能降低肝纤维化大鼠肝脏中羟脯氨酸、肝胶原蛋白及血清中TCH、TG含量。结论晶珠肝泰舒对大鼠的实验性纤维化有显著疗效。     

茯苓皮水提物对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用

目的:研究茯苓皮水提物(PWE)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用。方法:将84只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、溶剂对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(复方鳖甲软肝片,0.75 g/kg)和PWE低、中、高剂量组(0.9、1.8、3.6 g/kg,以生药计),每组12只。除空白对照组与溶剂对照组(ip植物油)外,其余各组大鼠均ip CCl_4-植物油溶液复制肝纤维化模型。造模成功后,各给药组大鼠ig相应药物,其余3组大鼠ig等体积生理盐水,每天1次,连续4周。给药结束后,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)和肝组织中还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量,苏木精-伊红染色和Masson染色观察大鼠肝组织病理变化。结果:与空白对照组比较,溶剂对照组大鼠各指标均无明显变化(P>0.05);模型对照组大鼠血清中AST、ALT、LN、HA、Hyp含量和肝组织中MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),肝组织中GSH、SOD含量显著降低(P<0.05),且肝组织发生明显纤维化病变。与模型对照组比较,PWE中、高剂量组大鼠血清中AST、ALT、LN、HA、Hyp含量和肝组织中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),肝组织中GSH、SOD含量显著升高(P<0.05),肝组织纤维化程度明显减轻。结论:PWE对CCl_4诱导的大鼠肝纤维化具有良好的改善作用,其机制可能与抑制机体脂质过氧化有关。     

丹参与黄芪配伍对实验性肝纤维化作用的观察

目的 :观察丹参与黄芪配伍提取物对大鼠肝纤维化的作用及机制。方法 :采用 CCl4 复制大鼠肝纤维化模型 ,同时予以丹参与黄芪配伍提取物灌胃治疗 ,观察大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (AL T)、天门冬酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、白蛋白 (Alb)、肝组织羟脯氨酸 (Hyp)含量及肝组织病理改变。结果 :模型组大鼠 AL T、AST、Hyp显著升高 ,Alb显著降低 ,肝纤维化病变明显 ,给药组 AL T、AST、Hyp明显降低 ,Alb明显升高 ,与模型组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1或 P <0 .0 5 ) ;并能明显减轻大鼠肝细胞损害和胶原纤维增生的程度。结论 :丹参与黄芪配伍提取物有较好的保护肝功能和防治肝纤维化作用     

脱氧核苷酸钠注射液联合甘草酸二铵胶囊对人血白蛋白所致免疫性肝纤维化大鼠的影响

目的观察脱氧核苷酸钠注射液(DNA注射液)联合甘草酸二铵胶囊(甘利欣)对人血白蛋白(HSA)诱导的大鼠肝纤维化形成的影响。方法采用HSA诱导大鼠肝纤维化并随机分为DNA注射液联合甘利欣组、甘利欣组、秋水仙碱组、模型组和对照组5组。观察血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)含量、白蛋白和球蛋白比值(A/G),放射免疫分析法测定层连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)、fnⅣ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)的含量,化学法测定肝脏羟脯氨酸(HyP)的含量。光镜观察肝细胞结构和肝纤维化程度。结果 DNA注射液联合甘利欣能明显降低HSA诱导的肝纤维化大鼠ALT,AST活性(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高Alb、TP含量及A/G比值(P<0.05,P<0.01),降低血清LN、HA、Ⅳ-C含量(P<0.05,P<0.01)。DNA注射液联合甘利欣能使大鼠胶原纤维沉积明显减轻,假小叶结构显著减少。结论 DNA注射液联合甘利欣方可抑制HSA诱导的大鼠肝纤维化形成和发展,改善肝功能。     

肝炎康对大鼠慢性肝纤维化的保护作用

目的研究肝炎康对大鼠慢性肝纤维化的保护作用及其机理。方法用CCl4和乙醇造成大鼠慢性肝纤维化模型,同时用肝炎康治疗,观察各组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、肝组织丙二醛(MDA)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量,并观察肝组织病理变化。结果模型组血清ALT和AST明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),MDA和Hyp含量高于空白对照组(P<0.01);肝组织病理切片显示肝组织正常结构被破坏,纤维组织明显增生,形成假小叶结构。与模型组比,用药组大鼠血清ALT、AST活性及肝组织Hyp、MDA含量明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);肝组织病理切片显示汇管区有少量纤维组织增生,但未见假小叶结构;肝纤维化程度明显降低。结论肝炎康对大鼠慢性肝纤维化具有明显的治疗作用。     

青蒿琥酯抗四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化的作用

青蒿素类主要用于治疗疟疾,对矽肺、烧伤后增生性瘢痕也有防治作用[1,2],尚未见其抗肝纤维化的报道.本研究采用CCl4 诱发大鼠肝纤维化模型,观察青蒿琥酯(Artesunate)的作用.     

青蒿琥酯对脂多糖诱导人结肠上皮细胞炎症反应影响的分子机制研究

目的探讨青蒿琥酯对脂多糖诱导人结肠上皮细胞炎症反应的影响,并研究青蒿琥酯对人结肠上皮细胞炎症治疗作用的可能机制。方法体外原代培养人结肠上皮细胞,并分为空白对照组,LPS诱导组,青蒿琥酯低、中、高剂量组,CCK-8法检测青蒿琥酯对人结肠细胞增殖的影响,ELISA法检测青蒿琥酯对人结肠上皮细胞分泌IL-6和TNF-α炎症因子的影响,Western blot检测青蒿琥酯对Traf6/p65信号通路的影响。结果与LPS诱导组相比,青蒿琥酯能显著改善LPS对人结肠上皮细胞增殖的抑制作用(P<0.05);与LPS诱导组相比,各剂量青蒿琥酯均显著降低了人结肠上皮细胞分泌的IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05);免疫印迹法检测发现,各剂量青蒿琥酯组相对LPS诱导组细胞中Traf6和p-p65表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论青蒿琥酯可抑制人结肠上皮细胞炎症反应,进而改善炎症对细胞增殖的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与下调Traf6/p65信号通路活化有关。     

青蒿琥酯对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的抗炎免疫研究

目的研究青蒿琥酯对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的抗炎免疫机制。方法建立佐剂性关节炎大鼠模型,随机分为空白组、AA模型组、甲氨蝶呤阳性药物对照组和青蒿琥酯大、中、小剂量组(20.0,10.0,2.5 mg.kg.d-1),并灌胃给药。ELISA法检测各组对单核细胞趋化因子(MCP-1)、调节活化T细胞表达和分泌因子(RANTES)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的影响。结果青蒿琥酯大、中、小剂量组能显著降低血清TNF-α,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);青蒿琥酯小剂量组与其大、中剂量组或者与甲氨蝶呤组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);青蒿琥酯各剂量组均能显著降低血清中MCP-l和RANTES的表达,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而青蒿琥酯小剂量组与大、中剂量组或者与甲氨蝶呤组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论青蒿琥酯抗炎和免疫调节作用可能是与抑制炎症因子相关。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.