水中平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者双侧腹肌厚度及平衡功能的疗效

目的 探讨水中平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者腹肌厚度和平衡功能的影响。方法 2021年3月至10月,选取脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,随机分为对照组(n = 20)、悬吊组(n = 20)和水中平板组(n = 20)。在综合康复训练基础上,对照组行平板步行训练,悬吊组行天轨悬吊步行训练,水中平板组行水中平板步行训练,共4周。治疗前后采用肌骨超声测量双侧腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横肌厚度,采用脑卒中姿势控制量表(PASS)和计时起立-行走测试(TUGT)进行疗效评定。结果 治疗后,三组健侧腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌厚度,PASS评分和TUGT时间均改善(|t| > 2.135, P < 0.05);水中平板组患侧腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌和腹横肌厚度显著增加(|t| > 5.567, P < 0.001)。水中平板组PASS评分,TUGT时间,患侧腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌厚度较对照组和悬吊组改善(P < 0.05)。结论 水中平板步行训练能有效强化患侧腹肌,从而进一步改善平衡功能。     

水中平板步行训练对脑卒中患者步行能力改善的研究

目的:观察水中平板步行训练对脑卒中患者步行能力的影响。方法:将初次发病的恢复期脑卒中患者60例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各30例。两组均进行基础康复治疗,包括神经营养药物、神经发育疗法、主/被动牵伸、日常生活活动(ADL)训练、必要的矫形器应用、传统中医治疗、言语心理治疗、康复教育等;观察组,在基础康复治疗基础上,利用电动步行浴槽水中平板步行运动系统(Hydro Physio系统型号FOCUS 565/005001)进行水中平板步行训练;对照组,在基础治疗的基础上进行20min以提高步行能力为目标的治疗师辅助步行训练;所有治疗均5次/周,1次/天,分别在治疗前和治疗后4周对患者患侧下肢肌痉挛状况、运动功能、平衡功能和步行能力进行综合评价,并对其功能改善情况进行分析,用t检验进行分析比较。具体评价方法:采用改良Ashworth痉挛评价、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评价、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评价、功能性步行量表(FAC)评价及采用6min步行测试进行评价。结果:经过4周康复治疗后,两组患者训练后下肢运动功能评分、平衡功能和6min步行测试显著高于组内治疗前(均P0.05),与对照组比较,观察组下肢运动功能评分、平衡功能和6min步行测试评分高于对照组,均有显著差异(均P0.01)。两组患者训练后患侧下肢股直肌和腓肠肌肌痉挛评分显著低于组内治疗前(均P0.05),与对照组比较,观察组患侧下肢股直肌和腓肠肌肌痉挛评分低于对照组(均P0.01)。两组患者训练后功能性步行评分显著高于组内治疗前(P0.05),与对照组比较,观察组功能性步行评分高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:水中平板步行训练能提高脑卒中患者运动功能及步行能力。     

虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响

目的:观察虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能的影响。方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者80例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例。2组均接受常规康复训练,治疗组在此基础上进行虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练,对照组则进行常规步行训练,2组每天每次治疗30 min,连续治疗4周。于治疗前及治疗4周后采用三维步态参数(左右步长差、步速)、功能性步行分级(FAC)、下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定。结果:治疗后,治疗组左右步长差、步速、FAC分级、下肢FMA评分及MBI均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗组与对照组比较,评分优于对照组,有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:虚拟现实技术结合活动平板训练能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫步行功能,且依从性好。     

水中平板步行训练干预脑卒中偏瘫患者临床疗效研究

目的：观察水中平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者患侧静息肌肉厚度及步行功能的影响。方法：选取2021年3—10月在中国康复研究中心治疗的脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,按SPSS 26.0统计软件产生的随机数列分为对照组和试验组,每组20例。2组均接受常规康复治疗（基本动作训练、运动功能促通、站立动态平衡训练、步行训练等）,30 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,共持续训练4周。对照组在常规康复治疗基础上接受天轨悬吊步行训练;试验组在常规康复治疗基础上接受水中平板步行训练。2组治疗均20 min/d,1次/d,5 d/周,共训练4周。分别于治疗前后采用全数字手持式彩色超声诊断仪测量患侧腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横肌、股直肌、胫前肌、腓肠肌内侧头肌肉厚度;采用GaitWatch三维步态分析及运动训练系统分析步速、摆动期对称性和步长对称性。结果：(1)肌肉厚度：与治疗前比较,对照组治疗后股直肌、胫前肌厚度明显增加,试验组治疗后腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横肌、股直肌、胫前肌厚度明显增加,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,试验组腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、股直肌、胫前肌明显更厚,差异具有统计学意义（P&...     

脑卒中偏瘫患者水中平板步行训练疗效的初步观察

目的观察水中平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的康复治疗作用。方法在常规康复训练基础上,利用水中步行运动系统对15例脑卒中偏瘫患者进行训练,20 min/d,5/周,共训练4周。治疗前后利用平衡测试仪评定健侧下肢负重时间、患侧下肢负重时间、睁眼及闭眼时重心移动总轨迹长、重心移动面积、重心X轴及Y轴偏移、稳定极限范围及到达目标总时间。并比较水中步行距离及最大步速的变化。结果经过4周的训练,患者水中行走距离、最大步速、健肢及患肢负重时间显著提高(P<0.001);睁、闭眼重心移动总轨迹长和重心移动面积显著减小(P<0.001);稳定极限范围显著扩大(P<0.001);到达目标总时间明显缩短(P<0.01);重心X轴及Y轴偏移无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论水中平板步行训练可提高脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能及步行能力。     

水中运动训练与减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的 观察水中运动训练与减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响.方法 脑卒中患者76例,分为水中运动训练组40例和减重步行训练组36例.水中运动训练组进行水中偏瘫体操训练、扶杠步行训练和水中跑步机训练等治疗;减重步行训练组进行平衡训练和减重步行训练.2组治疗前、后分别应用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)评定综合运动功能,采用功能性步行量表评定步行能力.结果 2组治疗后FMA评分、步行能力均较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),水中运动组训练疗效优于减重步行训练组(P＜0.05).结论 水中运动训练及减重步行训练均能改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能和步行能力,水中运动训练疗效更佳.     

早期减重平板步行训练对脑卒中患者步行能力的影响

目的研究早期减重平板步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。 方法将76例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,治疗组同时给予减重平板步行训练,共治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后对2组患者功能性步行分级（FAC）及步行速度进行评定。 结果2组患者经8周治疗后,发现其FAC分级及步行速度均较治疗前明显改善（均P<0.01）,且以治疗组的改善幅度较显著,与对照组比较,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论在常规康复治疗基础上辅以减重平板步行训练,对进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能具有显著促进作用。     

肌力训练联合水中步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的观察肌力训练联合水中步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将26例恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组13例。对照组患者给予肌力训练及陆上步行训练,观察组患者则给予肌力训练及水中步行训练。于入选时、治疗9周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA)下肢部分、功能独立性评定量表(FIM)、徒手肌力评定(MMT)及Berg平衡量表(BBS)对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果经9周治疗后,发现2组患者下肢FMA、FIM、MMT及BBS评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）;通过组间比较发现,观察组患者下肢FMA、FIM及BBS评分［分别为（25.4±3.77）分、（99.8±4.86）分和（38.9±4.32）分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,MMT肌力评分组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论在肌力训练基础上辅以水中步行训练,能进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能,提高其独立生活能力,对患者早日回归家庭及社会具有重要意义。     

中心及近端关键点控制训练对脑卒中患者平衡及步行能力的影响

目的:观察中心及近端关键点控制训练对脑卒中患者平衡及步行功能的影响.方法:将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各30例.两组患者均接受常规药物治疗并配合常规康复训练,治疗组患者在此基础上增加中心及近端关键点控制能力训练.治疗前后对两组患者均采用Fugl-Meyer平衡量表和Holden步行分级进行评定.结果:治疗6周后两组患者的Fugl-Meyer平衡量表和Holden步行分级评定均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01),治疗组疗效优于对照组(P<0.05).结论:中心及近端控制训练结合常规康复治疗对改善脑卒中患者平衡功能和步行能力有明显疗效.     

功能性电刺激对偏瘫患者下肢功能及步态的影响

目的:观察功能性电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步态的影响。方法:60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组采用常规康复训练方法,观察组在此基础上增加佩戴步态诱发功能电刺激仪的步态训练,每次20min,每周5次,持续8周。于治疗前后采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)、功能性步行能力分级(FAC)及足印分析法对2组患者进行评定。结果:治疗8周后,2组患者下肢FMA评分、FAC分级及患侧的平均步长、步宽及步速均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:使用功能性电刺激进行步态训练后可进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能,提高步行能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.