清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法探讨

目的：探讨清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法。方法：将40只ICR小鼠随机均分为阳性对照组、空白组及清开灵高、中、低剂量组,一次性尾静脉注射清开灵注射液,观察清开灵注射液对RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率的影响。结果：清开灵注射液可明显增加RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率,且呈浓度依赖性。结论：ICR小鼠体内类过敏反应检查法联合RBL-2H3细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺释放率检查法可作为清开灵注射液类过敏反应应急检验方法。     

非免疫性过敏反应细胞模型的建立

目的:通过非免疫性刺激物C48/80诱导大鼠嗜碱性粒细胞白血病细胞株RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒反应正交试验,优化非免疫性过敏反应细胞模型建立条件.方法:在不同的孵育时间下,C48/80与不同浓度的RBL-2H3细胞共孵育,通过测定β-氨基己糖苷酶的释放率确定建立非免疫型过敏反应细胞模型的最优实验条件,并且分析不同检测方法间的差异.结果:不同浓度、不同孵育时间下的RBL-2H3细胞均可受C48/80诱导发生典型的脱颗粒反应,但不同条件下的脱颗粒程度和β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率都有显著差异.结论:当RBL-2H3细胞浓度为2×105 mL、孵育时间60 min时,细胞的感受性较好,其脱颗粒程度与药物浓度呈正相关.     

鱼腥草注射液的被动皮肤过敏试验及体外过敏试验

目的探索鱼腥草注射液中的过敏原及其致敏机制,并建立药物过敏原筛选的方法。方法分别用鱼腥草注射液、鱼腥草蒸馏液、吐温80、阴性对照物和阳性对照物对BALB/C小鼠、SD大鼠进行异种被动皮肤过敏试验,并对RBL-2H3细胞进行体外致敏试验。检测BALB/C小鼠和BN大鼠抗血清中IgE的含量、被动皮肤过敏反应中大鼠蓝斑直径大小及体外致敏实验中肥大细胞的脱颗粒反应。结果鱼腥草注射液A组、鱼腥草注射液B组、吐温80组、鱼腥草蒸馏液组和阳性对照组的BALB/C小鼠和BN大鼠血清中的IgE水平均显著升高。当BALB/C小鼠抗血清稀释比例为1∶2时,SD大鼠被动皮肤过敏反应均呈阳性;BALB/C小鼠抗血清稀释比例为1∶8时,仅鱼腥草注射液B组和阳性对照组SD大鼠呈阳性;BALB/C小鼠抗血清稀释比例为1∶32时,各组SD大鼠均未见阳性。体外过敏试验结果显示:鱼腥草注射液组、吐温80组、鱼腥草蒸馏液组和阳性对照组的肥大细胞脱颗粒百分率、β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率和上清中组胺释放量,与阴性对照组相比均有显著性增加。结论吐温80为鱼腥草注射液的主要过敏原,其致敏机制是由IgE介导的,经过吐温80的首次致敏和二次激发出现有细胞因子及炎性介质参与的机体异常的免疫调节,引起一系列过敏症状。鱼腥草蒸馏液中含有其他引起过敏反应的过敏原。体外过敏试验结果与动物试验结果一致,体外致敏模型可用于药物过敏原的筛选。     

几种临床引发Ⅰ型过敏反应的中药注射剂致敏性再评价

目的 通过主动全身过敏试验（ASA）及被动皮肤过敏试验（PCA）对几种临床易于发生Ⅰ型过敏反应的中药注射剂的致敏性进行再评价.方法 取生理盐水、卵蛋白、清开灵注射液、生脉注射液、丹参注射液、喜炎平注射液对豚鼠进行主动全身过敏试验和大鼠被动皮肤过敏试验：（1）Elisa法检测主动全身过敏试验中采集的豚鼠血浆中IgE、组胺、类胰蛋白酶、β-氨基己糖苷酶的含量.（2）观察被动皮肤过敏试验中大鼠背部出现的蓝斑情况.结果 主动全身过敏试验中卵蛋白组、生脉注射液组、丹参注射液组豚鼠血浆中IgE、组胺及β-氨基己糖苷酶含量均高于生理盐水组;被动皮肤过敏试验中卵蛋白组、生脉注射液组、丹参注射液组可见明显蓝斑.结论 主动全身过敏试验结合被动皮肤过敏试验表明卵蛋白、生脉注射液、丹参注射液、清开灵注射液有致敏性,可引起Ⅰ型过敏反应的发生.     

基于BN大鼠动物模型的注射用丹参多酚酸致敏性研究

目的 通过BN大鼠全身主动过敏实验考察注射用丹参多酚酸的过敏反应症状,检测致敏后BN大鼠血清中的IgE、组胺及β-氨基己糖苷酶含量,考察注射用丹参多酚酸是否产生速发型过敏反应。方法 以卵白蛋白为阳性药物、生理盐水为对照,注射用丹参多酚酸分为低、中、高（13.43、26.86、134.30 mg/kg）3个剂量组分别直接对BN大鼠进行致敏和激发,观察过敏反应症状;酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）法检测致敏后动物血清中的IgE、β-氨基己糖苷酶及组胺的含量变化;激发后的BN大鼠立即处死,取肺组织进行HE染色。结果 BN大鼠全身主动过敏实验中仅卵白蛋白组有明显过敏反应;与对照组比较,BN大鼠致敏血清IgE水平仅卵白蛋白组显著升高（P<0.05）,组胺检测各组间均无显著性差异,注射用丹参多酚酸中、高剂量组β-氨基己糖苷酶释放量显著降低（P<0.05）;BN大鼠激发后,肺部组织病理结果仅阳性药组肺泡壁凝固性坏死,肺间质有大量炎症因子浸润。结论 注射用丹参多酚酸未产生由IgE介导的I型过敏反应。     

沙丁胺醇与色甘酸钠对大鼠腹腔肥大细胞脱颗粒过程中磷脂酶D活性的影响

采用主动致敏的大鼠腹腔肥大细胞 (RPMC)为实验材料 ,细胞脱颗粒以 β 氨基己糖苷酶释放率为指标 ,细胞磷脂酶D(PLD)活性采用酶联化学发光法检测 .结果发现 ,卵白蛋白 (4mg·L- 1)攻击主动致敏的RPMC 12 0s后 ,细胞PLD活性与β 氨基己糖苷酶释放率均明显增加 ,分别为对照组的 2倍及 8倍以上 .1%正丁醇 ,10mmol·L- 12 ,3 二磷酸甘油酸能显著抑制PLD活性 ,且使PLD活性及细胞 β 氨基己糖苷酶释放率均降低到对照水平 .Wortmannin ,30 0nmol·L- 1能显著抑制PLD活性 ,并减少细胞 β 氨基己糖苷酶释放 .1,10 μmol·L- 1的沙丁胺醇与色甘酸钠均能部分抑制PLD活性 ,并减少细胞 β 氨基己糖苷酶的释放 .结果表明 ,PLD在主动致敏的RPMC脱颗粒过程中起一定作用 ;沙丁胺醇 (1,10 μmol·L- 1) ,色甘酸钠 (1,10 μmol·L- 1)抑制主动致敏的RPMC脱颗粒的作用机理与抑制PLD有关 .     

卡介菌多糖核酸干预豚鼠急性过敏反应的研究

目的:研究卡介菌多糖核酸对豚鼠急性过敏反应的作用及可能的机制,探讨卡介菌多糖核酸的质量控制效力模型的提高方法。方法:建立牛血清白蛋白诱导豚鼠产生急性过敏反应模型。激发后30 min内观察豚鼠全身反应,并根据致敏性症状评分标准分级。取血用ELISA法测致敏前、攻击前及攻击后豚鼠血清总Ig E和组胺水平。结果:攻击后,模型组和卡介菌多糖核酸低剂量组豚鼠出现不同程度的急性过敏反应症状,而卡介菌中、高剂量组豚鼠急性过敏反应症状明显缓解。模型组在攻击前、后采集的血清总Ig E水平分别为1.637 0±0.158 6,1.683 1±0.228 1μg·ml-1,较正常对照组显著升高(P<0.01),而同时给予卡介菌多糖核酸后,卡介菌高剂量和中剂量处理组在攻击前、后采集的血清总Ig E水平与模型组比较均显著降低(P<0.01)。经牛血清蛋白致敏后,在攻击前后,模型组血清中组胺水平分别为1.499 7±0.133 1,1.512 1±0.050 6μg·ml-1,与阴性对照组相比均显著升高(P<0.01),而同时给予卡介菌多糖核酸后,卡介菌高、中、低各剂量处理组在攻击前、后采集的血清中组胺水平与模型组比较有明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:卡介菌多糖核酸可剂量依赖性抑制牛血清蛋白引起的急性过敏反应。其抗急性过敏反应的可能机制与降低血清总Ig E和组胺水平有关。     

参麦注射液致RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的研究

目的 探讨参麦注射液(SMI)对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响及其原因。方法 以C48/80为工具药建立RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型, 检测不同浓度C48/80与RBL-2H3细胞作用不同时间后细胞β-己糖苷酶、类胰蛋白酶和组胺的释放率以及细胞活力, 在细胞活力大于80%情况下, 选择释放程度较高的指标和条件为优选考察指标和条件。将SMI和其溶剂(Tween-80)原液等比稀释成不同浓度后与RBL-2H3细胞共同培养, 通过中性红染色法观察细胞脱颗粒的形态学变化, 分别用显色法和间接荧光法检测细胞上清的β-己糖苷酶和组胺释放率, 采用细胞计数法(CCK-8)检测细胞的活力。结果 RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型的最佳作用时间为30 min, 最佳指标为β-己糖苷酶和组胺释放率。与空白组相比, SMI质量浓度低于13.3 g生药/L(3倍临床浓度)时, 细胞中性红染色未见脱颗粒现象, 组胺和β-己糖苷酶释放率亦无差异;而在Tween-80质量浓度为1.00 g/L时, SMI 40 g生药/L(9倍临床浓度)组和溶剂1.00 g/L组细胞中性红染色均可见脱颗粒现象, 细胞上清组胺和β-己糖苷酶释放率亦明显增加。此外, CCK-8结果显示, 与空白组相比, 各浓度的SMI对细胞活力均无影响。结论 SMI低于3倍临床浓度无明显RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒作用;而在9倍临床浓度能刺激细胞脱颗粒, 这种脱颗粒作用可能与所含溶剂(Tween-80)有关, 与其对RBL-2H3的细胞毒性作用无关。提示SMI在低于3倍临床浓度相对安全, 在9倍临床浓度时有致类过敏反应的风险。     

齐墩果酶酸对过敏性休克的对抗作用

研究齐墩果醇酸对６－氨基青霉烷酸ＡＰＡ－蛋白致敏豚鼠过敏休克的对抗作用。采用腹腔注射抗原建立豚鼠过敏休克模型，同种被动皮肤人过敏反应测定致敏豚鼠血清抗体滴度，荧光测定致敏豚鼠肺组胺含量，大鼠颅骨骨膜法测定肥大细胞脱粒率。     

药用注射辅料聚山梨酯80诱发类过敏反应的细胞研究

目的:观察聚山梨酯80诱导大鼠嗜碱性粒细胞白血病细胞株RBL-2 H3细胞脱颗粒现象,探讨其诱发类过敏反应的可能机制。方法:聚山梨酯80与RBL-2 H3细胞共同孵育60 min后,透射电镜观察细胞发生脱颗粒反应的形态学变化,荧光显微镜下观察细胞膜磷脂酰丝氨酸与Annexin V结合变化,分光光度法测定细胞上清液β-氨基己糖苷酶释放百分率,并通过阿利新蓝染色试验进行定性观察。结果:不同浓度聚山梨酯80可诱导细胞发生典型的脱颗粒反应形态学变化,与阴性对照组相比脱颗粒率及组胺释放率显著升高,且具有浓度依赖性。结论:聚山梨酯80单次、首次给药即可诱导RBL-2 H3细胞脱颗粒,释放组胺,诱发类过敏反应,这可能是其临床首次用药即引起严重不良反应的机制之一。     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Arsenic induced changes in growth development and apoptosis in neonatal and adult brain cells in vivo and in tissue culture

Arsenic at a nonlethal level in drinking water consumed over a period of time has been reported to produce chronic toxicity and various types of health problems ranging from skin cancer to disturbance in memory. Neurotoxic effects have been reported in clinical cases with chronic exposure to arsenic. Physiological detoxication of arsenic occurs partially through methylation. Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are distributed in different organs and systems. The present study examined the possible interference in the neuronal development and differentiation due to the exposure to arsenic during gestation. The experiments were carried out to examine short and long term effects of arsenic on brain explants and cells grown and maintained in tissue culture system. The effects of arsenic exposure showed changes in brain cell membrane function indicated by generation and release of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates. On the morphological aspect the explants' growth was reduced, ground matrix was lost and neural networking was inhibited. Cells showed signs of apoptotic changes. Arsenic toxicity may induce damage to brain cells prior to more visible clinical conditions. The deleterious effects also pass from the maternal to fetal tissue across the transplacental barrier.     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: roles in diagnosis and prognosis in diabetes and cancer

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.     

SalB stimulates neurogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Aims： Previous studies suggested that Salvianolic acid B （SalB） has strong protective effect against cerebral ischemia. Recently, Sal B has been reported to enhance angiogenesis in vitro. Based on the information above, in this study we are interested in the effect of SalB on neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Methods：In vitro study, we used embryonic mouse （El6） primary cortical neural cultures. Neuron was recognized by anti-MAP2 with immunocytochemistry. Neurogenesis was tested with BrdU incorporation by ELSA method. SalB（ 10 -6 -10 -8M） or vehicle was added to the culture medium 24 hrs before BrdU addition. In vivo, middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats were used as focal cerebral ischemia model.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic determinants and considerations in chemotherapy selection and dosing in infants

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of high-quality data regarding optimal chemotherapy dosage regimens among infants. Dosing regimens for chemotherapy during the first year of life are commonly based on empiric recommendations extrapolated from older children; however, balancing efficacy and toxicity is critical as severe adverse drug reactions may lead to treatment failure or reduced adherence to needed medications. AREAS COVERED: This review describes pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic considerations when administering chemotherapeutic agents to infants. Examples of commonly used agents are provided with practical recommendations for dosing adjustments. EXPERT OPINION: Optimal chemotherapy for children and infants in particular has lagged behind the remarkable progress in cancer treatment and it is clear that far more basic and clinical research are needed with respect to the mechanistic basis of age-dependent differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. More recent studies which have combined pharmacokinetic data with clinical toxicity and outcome data have resulted in a number of more evidence-based guidelines at least for the initial chemotherapy dosing; however, at present, the dosing of chemotherapy drugs in neonates and infants remains largely empiric.     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females

Data from a series of experiments performed on 24 female and 24 male subjects were used to evaluate the consistency in urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion. Data were available from 8 laboratory situations of varying activity level and content, spaced at intervals of maximum 3 months. Correlational analyses showed that for cortisol, interindividual consistency was higher for measures obtained on the same day than for measures obtained on different days. Interindividual consistency was generally high in catecholamine and cortisol excretion during non-stressful situations in both sexes. During experimental stress, however, consistency was as high as during nonstress for males, while it was lower for females. Analysis of variance components confirmed these results and showed that in males variation due to interindividual differences was high during both baseline and experimental-stress situations, while in females it was high during baseline situations only. During experimental stress, variation for females was due primarily to interaction. It is suggested that the males showed a more generalized stress response over situations than the females.