雪胆素甲诱导非小细胞肺癌系NCI-H460和A549的凋亡效应及其作用机制初探

目的雪胆素甲(CuⅡa)诱导肺癌NCI-H460和A549的凋亡效应及其作用机制初探。方法利用CCK-8检测CuⅡa对肿瘤细胞抑制活性;流式细胞术检测CuⅡa对肿瘤细胞凋亡以及周期的影响;Western blot检测CuⅡa对Aurora A、STAT3以及Cofilin蛋白磷酸化的影响。结果 CuⅡa对肺癌细胞NCI-H460和A549具有明显抑制作用,其IC_(50)分别为224.9和108.3 nmol·L~(-1);CuⅡa能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并阻滞细胞周期于G_2/M期;Western blot实验结果显示CuⅡa对STAT3和Cofilin的磷酸化具有抑制作用,且呈现剂量依赖性,CuⅡa能抑制Aurora A磷酸化,符合Aurora A激酶抑制剂抗肿瘤效应重要特征—阻滞细胞于G_2/M期。结论CuⅡa对非小细胞肺癌细胞系NCI-H460和A549具有明显的抑制作用,CuⅡa可作为抗非小细胞肺癌的先导化合物进行下一步研究。     

刺梨果多糖对黑素瘤A375细胞的作用及其机制

目的:探讨刺梨果多糖对黑色素瘤A375细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、周期以及凋亡的影响。方法:通过细胞增殖试验、划痕试验、Transwell试验检测刺梨果多糖对A375细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭的作用;流式细胞术、实时荧光定量PCR技术和蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测刺梨果多糖对黑素瘤A375细胞周期和凋亡相关调控因子表达的影响。结果:刺梨果多糖显著抑制黑素瘤A375细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,且呈时间和剂量正效应;抑制A375细胞CDK-1和CyclinB1的表达,阻滞细胞周期于G₂/M期;显著上调凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9的表达量,下调抗凋亡Bcl-2蛋白的表达,诱导A375细胞凋亡。结论:刺梨果多糖能够抑制黑素瘤A375细胞的增殖并促进细胞凋亡。     

Hsp90抑制剂新生霉素诱导HL-60细胞凋亡及其机制

目的研究Hsp90抑制剂新生霉素(novobiocin,NB)诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的作用,探讨该作用与线粒体凋亡途径的关系,并进一步研究NB对Hsp90客户蛋白(clientprotein)AKT和ERK2功能的影响。方法细胞用NB处理后,采用AO/EB染色后荧光显微镜观察凋亡形态,采用AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,分光光度法检测Caspase-9和Caspase-3的活性,用蛋白免疫印迹法检测细胞色素C的含量,以及procaspase-3、p-AKT(Ser473)和p-ERK2的蛋白水平。结果NB能明显抑制HL-60细胞增殖,IC50是0.3546mmol.L-1;NB能促进细胞色素C释放入胞质,激活Caspase-3/9的活性,触发HL-60细胞凋亡;NB能抑制AKT和ERK的功能,使细胞内p-AKT(Ser473)和p-ERK2的蛋白含量减少。结论NB可通过线粒体途径诱导HL-60细胞凋亡,还可干扰Hsp90伴侣功能阻断增殖信号通路,抑制HL-60细胞生长。     

氯氧喹对不同类型乳腺癌细胞系的抑制作用及机制

目的探究氯氧喹对不同类型乳腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞周期阻滞的作用及其可能机制。方法采用不同浓度氯氧喹处理乳腺癌Bcap37、MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-453细胞。MTT法检测细胞活力,Annexin V-/PI双染法采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期,蛋白印迹法检测凋亡和细胞周期相关蛋白水平的变化。结果氯氧喹在50 mg·L~(-1)以上对3种细胞系的生长均有明显抑制作用(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性,且200 mg·L~(-1)氯氧喹与40 mg·L~(-1)紫杉醇作用相近。氯氧喹可明显诱导3种细胞凋亡(P<0.05),且对MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的作用尤其明显(P<0.01),并与凋亡相关蛋白cleaved-PARP、cleaved-caspase的表达相一致。氯氧喹还可明显诱导3种细胞G_2/M期的数目增加(P<0.05),但在Bcap37和MDA-MB-453细胞更明显,并伴随p21蛋白下调和CDC2蛋白的上调。结论氯氧喹能有效抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖活力,在MDA-MB-231细胞以促进凋亡为主,而在Bcap37和MDA-MB-453细胞以细胞周期阻滞为主。     

Hsp90抑制剂HDN-1诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病NB4细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨南极土壤来源真菌的次级代谢产物HDN-1对人急性粒细胞白血病NB4细胞的增殖抑制,诱导凋亡作用及其机制。方法：采用MTT法检测HDN-1对NB4细胞的增殖抑制作用;DNA结合染料Hoechst 33324染色,Western Blot实验,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关蛋白的变化。结果：HDN-1能显著抑制NB4细胞的增殖,并呈剂量－时间依赖性;HDN-1作用后,细胞核形态发生明显变化且流式细胞仪分析表明NB4细胞凋亡数量明显增加;HDN-1可引起Caspase-3, 8, 9激活,bid减少,线粒体中凋亡蛋白Bcl-2, Mcl-1的表达降低,以及γ-H2AX、Parp剪切带增加。但是NB4细胞中融合蛋白PML-RARα的表达不能被HDN-1所抑制。结论：HDN-1诱导凋亡是通过Caspase依赖的线粒体途径和死亡受体途径共同介导的,PML-RARα不是Hsp90的客户蛋白,其诱导凋亡机制可能是通过抑制Hsp90的其它蛋白表达进行的。     

荜茇酰胺对人肺腺癌A549细胞的增殖及其辐射敏感性的影响

目的探讨荜茇酰胺对人肺腺癌A549细胞的增殖以及辐射增敏性的影响。方法体外培养人肺腺癌A549细胞,取对数生长期细胞进行实验。采用活细胞计数盒(CCK-8)法测定荜茇酰胺对A549细胞生长增殖的影响;流式细胞术观察细胞周期和凋亡。结果荜茇酰胺明显抑制A549细胞的增殖,引起细胞凋亡和细胞G_0/G_1期的阻滞。荜茇酰胺联合X射线照射能明显增加细胞的增殖抑制率和细胞凋亡。结论荜茇酰胺可明显抑制人肺腺癌细胞的生长增殖。低浓度的荜茇酰胺增加了人肺腺癌细胞的辐射敏感性,可能与其促进细胞的增殖抑制、诱导细胞凋亡、引起G_0/G_1期阻滞有关。     

氯喹对三阴乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响及其机制

目的观察氯喹对三阴乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响,并探讨其机制。方法用氯喹20,40和80μmol·L~(-1)分别处理MDA-MB-231细胞24和48 h,采用CCK-8法和细胞克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡,Western印迹法检测细胞周期相关蛋白即细胞周期蛋白D3、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2(CDK2)和CDK4,细胞凋亡相关蛋白即活化胱天蛋白酶3和活化聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶(PARP)及自噬标志蛋白即自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3B(LC3B)和自噬底物SQSTM1表达水平。结果氯喹20,40和80μmol·L~(-1)与MDA-MB-231细胞作用24和48 h后,均能有效抑制细胞增殖(P<0.01)。与细胞对照组相比,氯喹20和40μmol·L~(-1)处理24 h,G_0/G_1期细胞百分比显著增高(P<0.01);80μmol·L~(-1)组G_2/M期细胞百分比升高(P<0.01),且细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.01)。处理48 h,与细胞对照组相比,氯喹用药3组细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P<0.05)。氯喹3组处理24 h,与细胞对照组相比,细胞周期蛋白D3、CDK2和CDK4表达水平降低(P<0.01),活化胱天蛋白酶3和活化PARP表达增强(P<0.01),LC3B和SQSTM1表达水平显著升高(P<0.01)。结论氯喹可通过抑制MDA-MB-231细胞自噬、阻滞细胞周期进程并促进细胞凋亡而抑制其增殖。     

积雪草酸对人舌癌TCA-8113细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

目的探究积雪草酸(asiatic acid,AA)体外对人舌癌TCA-8113细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞周期阻滞的作用及其可能的作用机制。方法 MTT法检测不同浓度的AA(0、20、30、40、50μmol·L~(-1))作用于TCA-8113细胞24 h的增殖抑制作用;集落形成实验检测AA对TCA-8113细胞集落形成率的影响;Hoechst 33342染色法、Annexin V-FITC/PI法检测AA对TCA-8113细胞凋亡的影响;流式细胞术分析细胞周期变化;Western blot检测AA对TCA-8113细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved caspase-3及p53、p21蛋白表达的影响。结果 AA对TCA-8113细胞抑制率呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05),其IC_(50)值为42.13μmol·L~(-1),细胞集落形成能力降低;随AA浓度的增大,细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.05);当AA浓度达到30μmol·L~(-1)时,细胞周期逐渐阻滞在G_2/M期;Western blot显示,p53、p21及Bax表达升高,Bcl-2表达降低(P<0.05),呈浓度依赖性。结论 AA明显抑制TCA-8113细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡,其机制可能与调控p53通路相关蛋白p53、p21、Bax,以及抑制Bcl-2的表达有关,同时AA能使TCA-8113细胞周期阻滞在G_2/M期。     

人参皂苷Rh2对人黑色素瘤A375—S2细胞的促凋亡作用

目的;研究人参皂苷G－Rh2诱导人黑色素肿瘤细胞A375－S2凋亡的分子生物学机制。方法：用结晶紫染色的方法测定细胞的死亡率。用置显微镜观察细胞形态学的变化。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测核酸片断。用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期。结果：G－Rh2抑制A375－S2细胞增殖并在20μmol/L可以诱导A375－S2细胞产生凋亡,Caspase抑制剂z-VAD-fmk(caspase家族）,z-DEVD-fmk(caspase-3)或z-IETD-fmk(caspase-8)能部分抑制细胞凋亡,但是Ac-YVAD-cmk(caspase-1)不能抑制A375－S2细胞凋亡。结论：GRh2在体外抑制A375－S2细胞的增殖,通过细胞形态学和核酸片断分析,G－Rh2能够诱导A375－S2细胞产生凋亡。这种作用是通过细胞内caspase一类半胱氨酸蛋白酶进行传导的,G－Rh2对A375－S2细胞的周期没有影响。     

夏枯草乙醇提取物体外诱导肺癌细胞A549凋亡的研究

目的探讨夏枯草乙醇提取物对人肺癌细胞系A549细胞的增殖、迁移、细胞周期及凋亡的影响。方法不同质量浓度夏枯草提取物作用于人肺癌A549细胞,采用MTT比色法、细胞划痕实验等检测其对肿瘤细胞的生长及迁移的抑制作用,应用流式细胞术检测细胞增殖周期及凋亡率的变化情况,并使用Annexin-V FITC和PI双染试剂盒进行凋亡分析。结果一定质量浓度的夏枯草提取物可明显抑制肺癌细胞的增殖和迁移,并呈量效和时效关系,可诱导细胞发生G0/G1期或G2/M期细胞周期阻滞,且Sub G1峰比例明显上升,在低、中质量浓度(1.0和2.0mg·L-1)时以晚期凋亡为主,在高质量浓度(4.0mg·L-1)时主要发生早期凋亡。结论夏枯草提取物可抑制肺癌A549细胞的增殖和迁移,改变细胞周期,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.