Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, oral glucocorticoids, and laser photocoagulation combination therapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: preliminary report

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, oral glucocorticoid, and laser photocoagulation therapy for macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: This study included 16 eyes of 16 patients with RVO-associated ME. Patients were initially treated with oral prednisone and an intravitreal anti-VEGF agent. Two weeks later, patients underwent standard laser photocoagulation. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and retinal vessel oxygenation were examined over 12mo. RESULTS: Patients received 1.43±0.81 anti-VEGF injections. Mean baseline and 12-month logMAR BCVA were 0.96±0.51 (20/178) and 0.31±0.88 (20/40), respectively, in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (P<0.00), and 1.02±0.45 (20/209) and 0.60±0.49 (20/80), respectively, in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (P<0.00). At 12mo, CRT had significantly decreased in eyes with CRVO (P<0.00) and BRVO (P<0.00). Venous oxygen saturation had significantly increased in eyes with CRVO (P<0.00) and BRVO (P<0.00). No examined parameters were significantly different between the 2 RVO groups. No serious adverse effects occurred. CONCLUSION: Anti-VEGF, glucocorticoid, and photocoagulation combination therapy improves visual outcome, prolongs therapeutic effect, and reduces the number of intravitreal injections in eyes with RVO-associated ME.     

Aqueous levels of erythropoietin in acute retinal vein occlusion with macular edema

AIM: To investigate the aqueous erythropoietin (EPO) levels and associated factors in patients with acute retinal vein occlusion (RVO).METHODS:The aqueous EPO level was measured in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to acute branched retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Aqueous fluid from cataract patients served as the control. We also evaluated whether aqueous level of EPO was associated with factors such as serum EPO level, non-perfusion area, central macular thickness (CMT), and arterio-venous (AV) transit timeRESULTS:Twenty-seven RVO patients (16 BRVO, 11 CRVO) and 9 control subjects were enrolled in the study. The aqueous EPO level (mU/mL) was higher in RVO (68.2±54.3) than that in the control subjects (12.9±5.9). More specifically, the aqueous EPO level was higher in CRVO (118.9±52.1) than that in BRVO (33.3±10.8). However, no differences were found in serum EPO levels among three groups. CMT in RVO patients had a positive correlation with the aqueous EPO level (r=0.66). Also, in terms of non-perfusion area, the aqueous EPO levels were more elevated in the ischemic subgroup than in the non-ischemic subgroup in both BRVO and CRVO.CONCLUSION:Aqueous EPO levels are elevated in patients with macular edema secondary to recent onset RVO. Patients with CRVO have higher EPO levels than those with BRVO. The aqueous EPO level in RVO has a positive correlation with CMT and is associated with non-perfusion area. These results suggest that the aqueous EPO level could be associated with retinal ischemia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of macular edema secondary to RVO.     

视网膜静脉阻塞患者视力预后相关因素分析

目的研究各型视网膜静脉阻塞患者的视力预后、并发症及视力降低的相关因素.方法视网膜静脉阻塞患者913例(944只眼),年龄15～89岁,平均(52.8±11.9)岁;平均随访时间20.7个月.患者所有临床资料均输入计算机,应用SPSS软件进行统计学处理.结果 (1)按部位分型总干阻塞406只眼,占43.0%;半侧阻塞60只眼,占6.4%;分支阻塞478只眼,占50.6%.(2)按缺血分型944只眼中,缺血型633只眼,占67.1%;非缺血型311只眼,占32.9%.(3)患者视力预后各型静脉阻塞患者治疗前、后视力比较,总干阻塞和半侧阻塞的差异无显著性(t=1.45,1.62;均P>0.05),分支阻塞的差异有显著意义(t=7.89,P<0.05).(4) 患者初诊视力水平与预后3种类型静脉阻塞患者视力预后均差;患者的初诊视力水平均与视力预后密切相关(χ2=175.261,21.357,106.408;均P<0.01).(5) 静脉阻塞导致的低视力和盲目率各型静脉阻塞患者的低视力与盲目率比较,差异有显著意义(χ2=85.251,P<0.01).(6) 缺血型与非缺血型患者视力预后比较视网膜静脉总干阻塞、半侧阻塞、分支阻塞患者中缺血型与非缺血型比较,差异均有显著意义(χ2=157.819,19.637,56.737;P<0.01).(7)导致静脉阻塞的危险因素高血压占57.8%,动脉硬化占67.4%,血液黏稠度增高占24.6%,原发性青光眼占1.5%,糖尿病占6.2%.(8) 静脉阻塞患者并发症的发生率黄斑囊样水肿占46.7%,视网膜和(或)视乳头新生血管占21.5%,玻璃体出血占11.4%,新生血管性青光眼占4.2%.其中总干阻塞发生新生血管性青光眼39只眼,占总干阻塞的9.6%,占半侧阻塞的1.7%.(9)并发症导致的低视力和盲目率低视力者中,黄斑囊样水肿占37.9%,新生血管占29.9%;盲目者中,黄斑囊样水肿占19.5%,新生血管占23.0%.新生血管性青光眼导致的盲目者中,视力<0.05者占95.0%.结论视网膜静脉阻塞的致盲率较高,影响视力预后的最重要因素是缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞.初诊视力水平与视力预后关系密切,黄斑囊样水肿、新生血管及新生血管性青光眼为致盲的重要原因.     

Photocoagulation for retinal vein occlusion

The role of photocoagulation in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) has been studied since 1974. The most serious complications of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) are: (i) visual deterioration, most commonly due to macular edema, and (ii) the development of ocular neovascularization (NV), particularly neovascular glaucoma (NVG), with hazardous consequences for vision and even the eye itself.Before discussing the role of photocoagulation in the management of NV and macular edema in RVO, it is crucial to gain a basic scientific understanding of the following relevant issues: classification of RVO, ocular NV in RVO, and the natural history of macular edema and visual outcome of RVO. These topics are discussed.In CRVO, ocular NV is a complication of ischemic CRVO but not of nonischemic CRVO. Photocoagulation has been advocated to prevent and/or treat the development of ocular NV and NVG. Since NVG is the most dreaded, intractable and blinding complication of ischemic CRVO, the role of photocoagulation and its management are discussed. Findings of three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with photocoagulation in ischemic CRVO are discussed.The role of photocoagulation in the management of ocular NV and macular edema in BRVO, and three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with those are discussed.Recent advent of intravitreal anti-VEGF and corticosteroid therapies has drastically changed the role of photocoagulation in the management of macular edema and NV in CRVO and BRVO. This is discussed in detail.     

Improved visual outcome with early treatment in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusions: 6-month results of a Korean RVO study

Purpose

To determine the correlation between the duration of macular edema (ME) and visual outcomes among Korean patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Methods

Multicenter, interventional case series. Treatment-naive patients (n = 249) with branch or central RVO (BRVO/CRVO) and ME for <6 months were included. We assessed the correlation between the duration of ME and treatment outcomes including the mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR BCVA) improvement, the proportion of patients achieving at least a 3-line gain in BCVA, and the mean reduction in central retinal thickness (CRT) at 6 months.

Results

One hundred and fifty-six patients with BRVO and 93 patients with CRVO were divided into five groups based on the duration of ME (<2, 2–4 weeks, 1–2, 2–3, 3–6 months); the mean baseline BCVA and CRT among the groups did not differ significantly. In BRVO, the mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA improvements in the groups were 0.51, 0.32, 0.17, 0.19, and 0.13, respectively (P = 0.002). The respective percentages of at least 3-line gains were 64, 53, 39, 38, and 21 % (P < 0.001). The BCVA didn’t significantly improve in CRVO. The decrease in CRT was not correlated significantly with the duration of ME in either disease.

Conclusions

Treatment of BRVO as early as 2 weeks after onset of ME enhanced the visual outcome; there was no correlation in the patients with CRVO. This finding supports the current trend favoring early treatment to obtain better visual outcomes in patients with BRVO.     

Long-term follow-up of OCT-guided bevacizumab treatment of macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion

Background

To evaluate the long-term outcome of an OCT-guided reinjection scheme for bevacizumab treatment of macular edema (ME) due to retinal vein occlusion.

Methods

Patients with persistent ME (>250 μm) due to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) or branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) received intravitreal bevacizumab 2.5 mg/0.1 ml. Visual acuity (ETDRS), ophthalmic examination and OCT were performed at baseline and at 6- to 8-week intervals. Reinjections were only performed if OCT showed persistent or recurrent ME.

Results

Sixty-one patients with a minimum follow-up of 25 weeks were included in this analysis. Mean follow-up was 60?±?29 wks. In CRVO patients, central retinal thickness (CRT) decreased from 748?±?265 µm to 372?±?224 µm (p?<?0.001) and visual acuity (VA) improved by 1.9?±?3.2 lines. In BRVO patients, mean CRT decreased from 601?±?206 µm to 386?±?178 µm (p?<?0.001) and VA improved by 1.8?±?2.6 lines. Thirty-three percent of CRVO and 15% of BRVO patients did not show a ME recurrence for ≥25 wks at last visit. Thirty-seven percent of CRVO and 50% of BRVO patients suffered recurrences of ME within the last 25 wks, whereas 30% of CRVO and 35% of BRVO patients did not achieve a complete resolution of ME at any follow-up visit after receiving a minimum of three injections. CRVO patients with dry interval of ≥25 weeks at last visit were significantly younger, had a thinner CRT at baseline and more often had a complete resolution of ME after the first injection. In CRVO and BRVO, final VA was correlated significantly with initial VA, patients’ age and final CRT. Change of VA was correlated with change of CRT in BRVO.

Conclusions

Patients with retinal vein occlusion benefit from treatment with bevacizumab. Favourable long-term results without necessity of further injections were achieved in 33% and 15% of CRVO and BRVO patients respectively. The remaining patients needed repeated injections to treat ME recurrences. However, one third of the CRVO/BRVO patients did not improve in VA, and further injections might be discontinued in these patients.     

玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗伴玻璃体积血和新生血管膜的视网膜静脉阻塞

目的评估玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗伴玻璃体积血、新生血管膜或牵拉性视网膜脱离的视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)的疗效。方法复习连续的37例RVO患者经玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗的38只眼临床资料。视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)19例20只眼，视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)18例18只眼。结果手术中确认27只眼有新生血管膜，23只眼有牵拉性视网膜脱离。手术后34只眼视力改善，占89.5%，其中22只眼有0.1以上的视力。4只眼视力未变。CRVO组病史较长，手术后视力改善较少。结论玻璃体手术和眼内光凝能改善多数伴有玻璃体积血、新生血管膜和牵拉性视网膜脱离的RVO眼预后。(中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:3-6)     

玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗伴玻璃体积血和新生血管膜的视网膜静脉阻塞

目的评估玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗伴玻璃体积血、新生血管膜或牵拉性视网膜脱离的视网膜静脉阻塞（ｒｅｔｉｎａｌｖｅｉｎｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ，ＲＶＯ）的疗效。方法复习连续的３７例ＲＶＯ患者经玻璃体手术和眼内光凝治疗的３８只眼临床资料。视网膜分支静脉阻塞（ｂｒａｎｃｈｒｅｔｉｎａｌｖｅｉｎｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ，ＢＲＶＯ）１９例２０只眼，视网膜中央静脉阻塞（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｒｅｔｉｎａｌｖｅｉｎｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ，ＣＲＶＯ）１８例１８只眼。结果手术中确认２７只眼有新生血管膜，２３只眼有牵拉性视网膜脱离。手术后３４只眼视力改善，占８９．５％，其中２２只眼有０．１以上的视力。４只眼视力未变。ＣＲＶＯ组病史较长，手术后视力改善较少。结论玻璃体手术和眼内光凝能改善多数伴有玻璃体积血、新生血管膜和牵拉性视网膜脱离的ＲＶＯ眼预后。     

量化OCTA在视网膜静脉阻塞中的应用

目的:应用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)测量视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)患者黄斑区血流密度、黄斑中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积和黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度。方法:选取RVO患者30例30眼,视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)和视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者各15例,双眼接受OCTA检查,获取黄斑中心3mm×3mm大小范围的血流密度、FAZ面积、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度,以及双眼最佳矫正视力(BCVA)。比较患眼与健眼上述指标的变化及其与BCVA的相关性。结果:CRVO患者患眼黄斑区视网膜浅层毛细血管网(SVN)、深层毛细血管网(DVN)总血流密度较健眼降低[SVN:(43.07±4.95)%vs(50.09±2.86)%,DVN:(45.89±4.12)%vs(53.29±2.62)%,均P<0.01],与BCVA呈负相关(r_s=-0.6、-0.5,均P<0.05)。BRVO患者患眼SVN、DVN总血流密度较健眼降低[SVN:(45.62±3.04)%vs(52.10±2.98%),DVN:(49.21±3.80)%vs(55.52±3.33%),均P<0.01],与BCVA呈负相关(r_s=-0.5、-0.5,均P<0.05)。BRVO患眼病变区域与患眼未病变区域、健眼对应区域比较,SVN、DVN血流密度均下降(均P<0.01);患眼未病变区域DVN血流密度较健眼相应区域下降[(56.86±1.95)%vs(58.15±2.24)%,P=0.02];患眼病变区域DVN血流密度与BCVA呈负相关(r_s=-0.6,P=0.01)。CRVO、BRVO患眼SVN的FAZ面积较健眼明显扩大(CRVO:0.515±0.26mm²vs 0.27±0.08mm²,P<0.01;BRVO:0.376±0.12mm²vs 0.261±0.07mm²,P<0.01),且均与BCVA呈正相关(CRVO:r_s=0.6,P=0.01;BRVO:r_s=0.5,P=0.01)。CRVO、BRVO患眼黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度均较健眼增加(CRVO:431.2±191.3μm vs 235.5±18.2μm,P<0.01;BRVO:373.2±188.7μm vs 233.8±13.7μm,P=0.01),均与BCVA呈正相关(CRVO:r_s=0.9,P=0.01;BRVO:r_s=0.6,P=0.01)。结论:OCTA可作为测量RVO患者黄斑区血流密度、FAZ面积及黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度的有效工具。     

Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose

To investigate the correlation between hyperreflective foci (HF) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at baseline and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB) in branch retinal vein occlusion.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 97 eyes of 97 patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO, who were treated with IVB. The eyes were divided into three groups according to the location of HF on SD-OCT: HF in outer retinal layers, HF in inner retinal layers, and no HF. The baseline and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), foveal thickness (FT), external limiting membrane (ELM) status, junction between photoreceptor inner and outer segments (IS/OS) status, and the number of HF were evaluated and compared among three groups.

Results

Baseline BCVA was correlated with baseline FT (R?=?0.366, p?R?=??0.008, p?=?0.942). Baseline BCVA was significantly better in eyes with intact ELM at baseline (p?=?0.006), and final BCVA was significantly better in eyes with intact ELM and IS/OS at final visit (p?p?=?0.003 respectively). At the final visit, 15 of 37 eyes (40.5 %) with HF in outer retinal layers had a disrupted ELM (p?=?0.001), while 28 of 37 eyes (75.7 %) with HF in outer retinal layers had a disrupted IS/OS (p?p?Conclusions HF on SD-OCT at baseline might predict the photoreceptor status and final VA after IVB in BRVO.     

糖尿病黄斑水肿OCT中高反射灶与视力预后的关系

目的 分析糖尿病黄斑水肿患者相干光断层扫描（OCT）中不同位置的高反射灶是否与视力预后相关,并观察抗VEGF治疗后OCT中高反射灶的变化情况。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 2013年2月至2016年8月糖尿病黄斑水肿经抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）治疗的患者28例。方法  所有入选病例在基线及末次访视时,均行最佳矫正视力、眼压、裂隙灯、间接检眼镜、彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影及OCT检查。采用Heidelberg Spectralis OCT获得通过中心凹的黄斑区OCT图像,计数所扫范围内97幅B扫描中视网膜各层和玻璃体腔所有高反射灶的数量。平均随访（4.96±1.37）个月。分析不同位置高反射灶数量与视力预后的相关性。主要指标 基线及末次随访的最佳矫正视力、中心视网膜厚度、视网膜各层高反射灶的数量、所扫玻璃体腔高反射灶数量与所扫玻璃体腔总面积的比值（RATIO）。结果 内层视网膜中高反射灶数量为（156.00±118.76）个,外层视网膜为（3.79±5.25）个,RATIO为0.05±0.06。28眼（100%）均能在内层视网膜见到高反射灶,17眼（60.71%）在外层视网膜可见高反射灶。末次随访视力与基线期外层视网膜中高反射灶的数量呈明显的负相关（r=-0.506, P=0.006）,与RATIO也呈负相关（r=0.462, P=0.013）,而与内层视网膜中高反射灶的数量不相关（r=-0.163, P=0.408）。经抗VEGF治疗后内层视网膜及外层视网膜中高反射灶的数量均明显减少,而RATIO无明显变化。结论 在经抗VEGF治疗的糖尿病黄斑水肿中,外层视网膜高反射灶的数量与视力预后呈明显负相关,而内层视网膜内高反射灶数量则与视力预后不相关。     

Long-term evaluation of patients treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term visual prognosis and complications of patients who received intravitreal Ozurdex injections for the treatment of macular edema (ME) due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Methods

A total of 17 patients who received Ozurdex injections in our institution as part of the GENEVA study were recalled for examination. Recorded parameters included final visual acuity (VA), final retinal thickness by optical coherence tomography, persistence of ME, and the occurrence of any complications.

Results

Mean follow-up time was 50.5 months. Patients with branch RVO (BRVO) had a more favorable prognosis than central RVO (CRVO), and their mean VA had improved significantly, whereas the mean VA for the patients with CRVO did not improve significantly. Retinal thickness had reduced significantly in the whole group and in each subgroup separately. Complications included 10 patients with cataract progression, 1 with elevated intraocular pressure, and 1 with neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage.

Conclusions

This is the first reported long-term evaluation of patients treated with Ozurdex. Our results indicate that it has favorable long-term safety profile, and may have a beneficial effect on the visual prognosis in BRVO even in the absence of continuous treatment. Further research is required to establish the optimal retreatment schedule for Ozurdex.     

Comparison of cytokine levels from undiluted vitreous of untreated patients with retinal vein occlusion

Purpose: To compare cytokines in undiluted vitreous of treatment‐naïve patients with macular oedema without vitreomacular traction secondary to branch (BRVO), central (CRVO) and hemi‐central (H‐CRVO) retinal vein occlusion. Methods: Ninety‐four patients (median age 72 years, 42 men) underwent an intravitreal combination therapy, including a single‐site 23‐gauge core vitrectomy and the application of bevacizumab and dexamethasone due to vision‐decreasing macular oedema. Among these were 43 patients with BRVO, 35 with CRVO and 16 patients with hemi‐CRVO, which were distributed in a fresh or old retinal vein occlusion type (seven or more months after onset). Undiluted vitreous samples were analysed for interleukin 6 (IL‐6), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) with cytometric BEAD assay. Vitreous samples from patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane served as controls (n = 14). Results: The mean cytokine values were highest in the CRVO group with IL‐6 = 64.7 pg/ml (SD ± 115.8), MCP‐1 = 1015.8 pg/ml (±970.1) and VEGF‐A = 278.4 pg/ml (±512.8), followed by the H‐CRVO group with IL‐6 = 59.9 pg/ml (SD ± 97.5), MCP‐1 = 938.8 pg/ml (±561.1) and VEGF‐A = 211.5 pg/ml (±232.4). The BRVO group had IL‐6 = 23.2 pg/ml (SD ± 48.8), MCP‐1 = 602.6 pg/ml (±490.3) and VEGF‐A = 161.8 pg/ml (±314.4). The values of MCP‐1 and VEGF‐A were significantly different for CRVO or H‐CRVO versus BRVO. All values were significantly higher than in the control samples, which had 6.2 ± 3.4 pg/ml (IL‐6), 253 ± 74 pg/ml (MCP‐1) and 7 ± 4.9 pg/ml (VEGF‐A). Within the old RVO type, only MCP‐1 was significantly different for CRVO or H‐CRVO versus BRVO. Conclusions: Both inflammatory markers and VEGF‐A were higher in CRVO and H‐CRVO than in BRVO undiluted vitreous samples. It seems that monocyte recruitment to the vessel wall, which might underlie the importance of eosinophils in tissue remodelling after RVO, is of special interest owing to the significant difference in MCP‐1 in the older RVO types.     

视网膜电图明视负向反应在视网膜静脉阻塞中的变化

目的 观察视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)患者视网膜电图(ERG)明视负向反应(PhNR)的变化特点.方法 对间接检眼镜、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查确诊的RVO患者30例30只患眼以及对侧健康眼进行视力、视野、闪光ERG(FERG)检查,同时选取与其性别、年龄相匹配的正常人25例50只眼作为正常组进行FERG检查.所有检查均按常规方法进行.RVO患者中,视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)患者14例14只眼、视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者16例16只眼.根据其病史及FFA检查结果,将其按病程时间划分为小于1个月、1～3个月、大于3个月组;另外再根据RVO分型标准及具体检查结果,将RVO患者分为缺血型和非缺血型.对比分析RVO患眼与对侧健康眼以及正常眼PhNR振幅变化及ERG其他参数指标,包括振荡电位(Ops),视锥细胞反应(Cone-a、Cone-b),视杆细胞反应(Rod-b),暗适应眼的最大反应(Max-a、Max-b),30 Hz闪烁光反应(30 Hz)的差异以及PhNR振幅变化与RVO疾病缺血类型、病程的关系.结果 PhNR振幅在CRVO患眼为(28.20±5.80)μV,BRVO患眼为(36.96±4.71)μV,对侧健眼为(61.25±3.93)μV,正常眼为(59.33±16.92)μV.CRVO组与对侧健眼、正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=10.69,9.80;P＜0.001),BRVO组与对侧健眼、正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=9.69,9.75;P＜0.001).CRVO组中缺血型PhNR值为(22.77±5.73)μV,非缺血型为(36.63±12.91)μV,二者差异有统计学意义(t=6.54,P＜0.01);BRVO组缺血型PhNR值为(32.39±13.22)μV,非缺血型为(46.73±10.43)μV,二者差异无统计学意义(t=2.12,P＜0.05);病程小于1个月组CRVO与BRVO分别为(24.58±4.60)、(27.94±15.73)μV,1～3个月组分别为(50.39±13.80)、(58.69±12.43)μV,大于3个月组为(25.40±19.94)、(34.48±16.72)μV,CRVO中1～3个月组与大于3个月组差异有统计学意义(F=4.30,P＜0.01).结论 RVO患眼的PhNR振幅较对侧健康眼以及正常对照眼明显降低,缺血型较非缺血型降低,随病程变化呈现下降、上升、下降的变化趋势.     

视网膜静脉阻塞的多焦振荡电位

目的 探讨多焦振荡电位(multifocal oscillatory potentials, MOPs)在视网膜静脉阻塞中的临床应用价值。 方法 应用VERIS 4.0视诱发反应图像系统检测视网膜静脉阻塞患者19例19只眼，其中视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion, CRVO)8例8只眼，视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion, BRVO)11例11只眼。20例正常人作为本组患者的正常对照组。放大器通频带的低频截止为100 Hz，高频截止为1 000 Hz。检测试野的水平视角为±26.6°，垂直视角为±22.1°，于4 min(分8段)记录103个六边形的视网膜反应。 结果 无论在整个测试区或分成五个环，正常眼的一阶反应于37 ms内，二阶反应的第一部分于47 ms内可见三个振荡电位OP-1，OP-2，OP-3，二阶反应振荡波形较一阶反应更明确。视网膜中央静脉阻塞和视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者有91.6%(66/72)的OP-1，OP-2和OP-3潜伏期较正常的延迟，68.1%(49/72) 的OP-1，OP-2和OP振幅较正常的降低，视网膜中央静脉阻塞较视网膜分支静脉阻塞的改变更明显。 结论 MOPs能有效和定量评价视网膜静脉阻塞患者不同区域的视网膜功能。 （中华眼底病杂志，2002，18：20-22）     

视网膜静脉阻塞激光治疗后玻璃体出血的临床分析

目的：了解视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)激光治疗后发生玻璃体出血的原因。方法：回顾分析2年来门诊11例(11眼，CRVO：2眼；BRVO：9眼)激光后的视网膜静脉阻塞发生玻璃体出血的病例。结果：11例RVO中：少量玻璃体出血5例；中-多量玻璃体出血6例，其中2例作玻璃体切除术，其余激光治疗后出血停止而治愈。由初次激光治疗到玻璃体出血时间6月-11年，再次激光或／和手术后视力均有改善。结论：不规范或不完全的视网膜光凝是导致RVO激光治疗发生玻璃体出血的主要原因，规范的视网膜光凝、定期随诊和眼底荧光造影是保证疗效的关键。     

Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion

A prospective natural history study was conducted in 721 eyes with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to determine the incidence of various types of ocular neovascularization (NV) and the factors that influence the development of ocular NV. The material was 360 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 97 eyes with hemi-CRVO, and 264 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO); these cases were further subdivided into six groups for logical data analysis: nonischemic CRVO (venous stasis retinopathy-VSR, 282 eyes), ischemic CRVO (hemorrhagic retinopathy-HR, 78 eyes), hemi-VSR (66 eyes), hemi-HR (31 eyes), major BRVO (191 eyes) and macular BRVO (73 eyes). Ocular NV attributable to RVO was seen only in HR, hemi-HR, and major BRVO. In HR the anterior segment was the major site of NV, with iris and angle NV and neovascular glaucoma (NVG), while in hemi-HR and major BRVO the retina and optic disc were the major sites of NV. The principal factor influencing the development of ocular NV in RVO seems to be the severity and extent of retinal ischemia, while duration of follow-up since onset also plays an important role in determining the incidence of ocular NV. The findings and subject of ocular NV in RVO are discussed in detail along with a review of the pertinent literature.     

532激光激发Erythrosin B建立大鼠视网膜静脉阻塞模型

目的：用光敏剂Erythrosin B激光诱导建造大鼠视网膜静脉阻塞模型,并观察该疾病模型的疾病过程以及组织学改变。 方法：分别于0,1,3h;1,2,4,7,14,21d对激光建模后的中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）和分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）大鼠模型行眼底观察、眼底照相和荧光造影。再分别于7,14,21d行视网膜组织切片检查。 结果：可以观察到CRVO组和BRVO组大鼠阻塞的静脉在造模后7d完全再灌注。视网膜出血和水肿在第4d最严重,到第14d时,造模组大鼠的视网膜都可观察到苍白水肿;第21d时,CRVO组视网膜内可观察到有黄色沉淀物。在BRVO组,视网膜出血局限于阻塞的静脉区域,但是视网膜水肿往往在一定程度波及到静脉未阻塞的象限。无论CRVO还是BRVO组,14d后都可以观察到显著的神经节细胞层细胞缺失。 结论：采用Erythrosin B作为光敏剂,532nm激光照射视网膜制备大鼠视网膜静脉阻塞模型血管阻塞可以持续7d。CRVO组和BRVO组都可以观察到显著的视网膜神经节细胞层细胞的缺失。该动物疾病模型稳定,可以为视网膜缺血和细胞凋亡的分子机制研究提供帮助。     

Hematologic abnormalities associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to investigate hematologic abnormalities associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and comparison of their prevalence among those various types of RVO; (2) to review the conflicting literature on the subject, to place the information in perspective. METHODS: In patients with various types of RVO seen in our clinic since 1973, we conducted planned prospective studies on the prevalence of: (1) routine hematologic tests (535 patients) and (2) certain special hematologic parameters (platelet aggregation, antithrombin III, and proportional, variant(2) globulin in 110, 81 and 91 patients, respectively). Patients were categorized into six types of RVO, based on defined criteria: non-ischemic and ischemic central RVO (CRVO), non-ischemic and ischemic hemi-CRVO (HCRVO), and major and macular branch RVO (BRVO). The patients had a detailed ophthalmic, systemic and hematologic evaluation. The data were abstracted and analyzed retrospectively from the detailed information originally collected prospectively in the patients' records. For data analysis, patients were divided into young, middle-aged and elderly. Observed prevalence rates of hematologic abnormalities were estimated. Logistic regression, adjusting for age and gender, was used to compare the observed prevalence of hematologic abnormalities among the various types of RVO. RESULTS: No generalizations about the prevalence of hematologic disorders in all six types of RVO are possible. Ischemic CRVO showed a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal hematocrit ( P=0.044), hemoglobin ( P=0.018), and blood urea nitrogen ( P=0.025) than non-ischemic CRVO, while a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal antinuclear antibody (ANA; P=0.049) was seen in non-ischemic CRVO than in ischemic CRVO. There was a significant ( P=0.011) difference in the prevalence of abnormal uric acid among the three main RVO groups (CRVO, HCRVO, BRVO), highest in BRVO and lowest in HCRVO. There was a higher prevalence of abnormal glucose ( P=0.069) and ANA ( P=0.071) in CRVO+HCRVO than in BRVO. Results of special hematologic studies are given. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that a variety of hematologic abnormalities may be seen in association with different types of RVO, and any generalization about these disorders applied to all RVO patients may be misleading. The evidence of our study and in the literature indicates that there is no good reason why all patients with RVO should be subjected to extensive, expensive, special hematologic and hypercoagulability investigations, unless, of course, there is some clear indication; the routine, inexpensive hematologic evaluation is usually sufficient for RVO patients. Treatment with anticoagulants or platelet anti-aggregating agents may adversely influence the visual outcome, without any evidence of protective or beneficial effect.     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网相关标志物与视网膜静脉阻塞的相关性研究

目的 探索外周血中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)相关生物标志物与视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)之间的相关性。方法 采用病例对照研究,纳入常熟市第二人民医院眼科2020年1月至7月因RVO入院的患者作为RVO组,从临床中心的体检部门随机选取年龄和性别相匹配的志愿者作为对照组。检测所有受试者外周游离DNA(cfDNA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)-DNA和瓜氨酸化组蛋白H3 (H3Cit)三种NETs相关标志物的水平,以及炎症因子[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-6]和凝血功能指标[血浆样本凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)]的水平,从而分析NETs与RVO的关系及潜在机制。利用相关性分析探索外周血NETs相关标志物与RVO分型、病程及远期黄斑水肿(ME)发生、炎症水平以及血栓形成的相关性,并进一步分析具有不同水平NETs相关生物标志物的RVO患者中的炎症反应程度和血栓形成标志物的差异。结果 最终纳入了RVO组77例(77眼)患者及对照组受试者48例(48眼)。在RVO组患者外周血中,cfDNA、MPO-DN...