超声弹性成像定量分析诊断BI-RADS4类乳腺肿块良恶性

目的 探讨超声弹性成像（UE）定量分析鉴别乳腺影像和报告数据系统（BI-RADS） 4类乳腺肿块良恶性的应用价值。方法 对86例经超声诊断为BI-RADS 4类乳腺肿块的患者行UE检查,检测弹性指数（EI）和弹性指数差（EID）。以病理结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,评价EI、EID判断乳腺肿块良恶性的效能。结果 86例肿块经病理证实良性44例,恶性42例。ROC曲线分析显示,EI、EID鉴别BI-RADS 4类乳腺肿块良恶性的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.81、0.95。以EID≥2.5为临界值,敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92.86%（39/42）、90.91%（40/44）、91.86%（79/86）、90.70%（39/43）、93.02%（40/43）;以EI≥3.6为临界值,敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为61.90%（26/42）、86.36%（38/44）、74.42%（64/86）、81.25%（26/32）、70.37%（38/54）。EID的诊断准确率、敏感度及阴性预测值均高于EI（χ²=9.33、11.50、7.80,P均<0.05）,二者特异度及阳性预测值差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.45、1.42,P均>0.05）。结论 UE定量分析参数EI、EID均有助于鉴别乳腺BI-RADS 4类肿块的良恶性,且EID诊断准确率更高。     

S-DetectTM分类技术诊断BI-RADS 4类乳腺肿块

目的 观察S-Detect^TM分类技术鉴别诊断BI-RADS 4类乳腺良恶性肿块的价值。方法 对94例经二维超声诊断为BI-RADS 4类乳腺肿块患者（共104个肿块）行S-Detect^TM分类技术检查，以手术或穿刺活检病理结果作为金标准，评价S-Detect^TM分类技术、BI-RADS分类及二者联合应用诊断乳腺BI-RADS 4类良恶性肿块的价值。结果 104个乳腺肿块，经病理确诊为良性41个、恶性63个。S-Detect^TM分类技术诊断乳腺BI-RADS 4a类乳腺肿块的敏感度（SE）66.67%，特异度（SP）89.29%、阳性预测值（PPV）57.14%、阴性预测值（NPV）92.59%；对乳腺BI-RADS 4b类肿块分别为90.91%、60.00%、88.24%及66.67%；对乳腺BI-RADS 4c类肿块分别为95.83%、66.67%、95.83%及66.67%。S-Detect^TM分类技术联合BI-RADS分类诊断乳腺肿块的SE、SP、准确率明显均高于单独运用（P均<0.05）。结论 S-Detect^TM分类技术判断乳腺BI-RADS 4a类良性肿块、BI-RADS 4b类及BI-RADS 4c类恶性肿块均有较高价值。S-Detect^TM分类技术联合BI-RADS分类可明显提高鉴别BI-RADS 4类乳腺良恶性肿块的效能。     

MR动态增强图像纹理分析判断乳腺结节良恶性的价值

目的 探讨MR动态增强图像纹理分析鉴别诊断乳腺结节良恶性的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的78例患者共80个乳腺结节的MR动态增强图像,每个结节获得63个纹理特征参数。绘制纹理参数鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺结节的ROC曲线,并与MR乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）的诊断效能比较。结果 78例患者的80个乳腺结节中,纹理参数中灰度游程长不均匀度判断乳腺结节良恶性的AUC值（0.836）最大且诊断准确率高,其诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为82.93%（34/41）、特异度为94.87%（37/39）、准确率为88.75%（71/80）、阳性预测值为94.44%（34/36）、阴性预测值为84.09%（37/44）。MR BI-RADS分类诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为95.12%（39/41）、特异度为87.18%（34/39）、准确率为91.25%（73/80）、阳性预测值为88.63%（39/44）、阴性预测值为94.44%（34/36）。MR BI-RADS分类和纹理分析判断恶性乳腺结节准确率差异无统计学意义（P=0.11）。与单独应用BI-RADS分类比较,两者联合应用可明显提高诊断恶性乳腺结节的特异度（P<0.001）。结论 MR纹理分析可作为传统诊断乳腺良恶性结节的补充。     

扩散峰度成像模型与传统扩散加权成像单指数模型鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性的对比分析

目的 对比分析扩散峰度成像（DKI）模型与传统DWI单指数模型对乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断价值。方法 对78例乳腺肿块患者于术前行MR检查,包括常规平扫、传统DWI、DKI及动态对比增强（DCE）扫描。通过传统DWI单指数模型获得病灶的ADC值,通过DKI模型获得病灶的平均扩散峰度（MK）及平均扩散系数（MD）值。采用独立样本t检验比较乳腺良恶性肿块间ADC、MK、MD值的差异。以ROC曲线评价ADC、MK和MD值对乳腺恶性肿块的诊断效能。并采用χ²检验比较MK、MD、MK联合MD值的曲线下面积（AUC）与ADC值的AUC间的差异。结果 78例共87个病灶,其中良性病灶29个,恶性病灶58个。恶性病灶的ADC和MD值明显低于良性病灶（P均<0.001）,MK值明显高于良性病灶（P<0.001）。良性及恶性病灶的MD值均高于其ADC值（P均<0.001）。以ADC值诊断乳腺恶性肿块的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为86.21%、89.66%、87.36%;MK值的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为84.48%、96.55%、88.51%;MD值的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为82.76%、93.10%、89.66%。MK值的AUC及MK联合MD值的AUC均为0.94（P<0.05）,且均高于ADC值的AUC（χ²=5.90,P=0.02）,而MD与ADC值的AUC差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.15,P=0.70）。结论 相对于传统DWI单指数模型,DKI模型更有利于乳腺肿块良恶性的鉴别。     

对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影诊断乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类钙化

目的 对比分析全视野数字化乳腺X线（FFDM）与对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影（CESM）对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类钙化的诊断价值。方法 收集常规乳腺X线片中以钙化为唯一征象、且诊断报告定为BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变患者，根据检查方式不同分为FFDM组（n=48）和CESM组（n=31）。FFDM根据钙化分布及形态、CESM根据钙化相应处有无强化为依据作出良恶性诊断，以病理结果为金标准，计算并比较FFDM及CESM对恶性钙化的诊断效能。结果 FFDM诊断恶性钙化的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为69.23%（9/13）、77.14%（27/35）、52.94%（9/17）、87.10%（27/31）和75.00%（36/48），CESM组分别为90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）、90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）和93.55%（29/31）。CESM诊断恶性钙化的阳性预测值和准确率高于FFDM，差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.891、4.444，P=0.049、0.035）。结论 与FFDM比较，CESM可提高对BI-RADS 4类钙化的诊断效能。     

数字乳腺断层摄影诊断乳腺结构扭曲病变

目的 对比观察数字乳腺断层摄影（DBT）与全数字化乳腺X线摄影（FFDM）评价乳腺结构扭曲（AD）病变的优势，探讨DBT与超声鉴别乳腺良恶性AD的价值。方法 回顾性分析58例经DBT检出AD病变患者的DBT、FFDM及超声资料，以病理结果为标准，比较DBT与FFDM评价乳腺AD的敏感度、特异度、准确率，分析DBT与超声鉴别乳腺良恶性AD与病理结果的一致性；绘制DBT与超声鉴别乳腺良恶性AD的ROC曲线，比较其诊断效能。结果 所有病例均接受FFDM，41例接受超声检查。对于DBT检出的58例乳腺AD，FFDM仅发现23例，差异有统计学意义（χ²=33.03，P<0.05）。DBT评估致密型乳腺内AD的敏感度[80.65%（25/31）]及准确率[78.00%（39/50）]高于FFDM[35.48%（11/31）、48.00%（24/50），χ²=12.98、9.65，P均<0.05），而特异度[73.68%（14/19）]与FFDM[68.42%（13/19）]差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.13，P>0.05）。DBT及超声鉴别乳腺AD良恶性的结果与病理结果的一致性中等（Kappa=0.65、0.71，P均<0.05）。DBT及超声鉴别良恶性AD的敏感度、特异度分别为91.30%（21/23）、72.22%（13/18）及82.61%（19/23）、88.89%（16/18），AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=1.45，P>0.05）。结论 DBT评估乳腺AD的敏感度及准确率均高于FFDM；DBT鉴别乳腺AD良恶性的效能与超声相当。DBT检出AD的恶性程度较高，建议及时行活检确诊。     

乳腺MRI特征及ADC值预测乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类良恶性病变

目的 探讨乳腺MRI特征及ADC值对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类良恶性病变的预测能力，并尝试建立Logistic回归预测模型。方法 收集MRI诊断为BI-RADS 4类病变、并取得病理结果的79例乳腺病变患者（82个病变）。采用单因素二元Logistic回归及两独立样本t检验分析各MRI特征和ADC值鉴别良恶性乳腺病变的统计学意义，并建立多因素Logistic回归预测模型，绘制ROC曲线评价回归模型预测BI-RADS 4类病变良恶性的效能。结果 肿块型病变中，将边缘、内部强化及ADC值纳入Logistic回归预测模型中（P均<0.05，伪R²=0.62），其诊断良恶性乳腺病变的ROC曲线AUC为0.981，敏感度为87.80%，特异度为100%。非肿块型病变中，无预测变量纳入建立Logistic回归预测模型（P均>0.1）。结论 乳腺MRI特征（边缘、内部强化）及ADC值对预测肿块型BI-RADS 4类病变的良恶性具有一定意义；Logistic回归预测模型可有效鉴别BI-RADS 4类肿块型病变性质。     

声脉冲辐射力成像鉴别诊断良、恶性BI-RADS 4级乳腺肿块

目的 评价声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)在乳腺影像学报告及数据系统(BI-RADS)4级乳腺肿块良、恶性诊断中的价值。 方法 用ARFI对68例共75个常规超声诊断为BI-RADS 4级的乳腺肿块进行成像,测量声触诊组织成像(VTI)模式下肿块面积与常规二维超声肿块面积比值(AR),并测量声触诊量化成像(VTQ)模式下肿块剪切波速度(SWV);以病理结果(恶性34个,良性41个)为金标准,构建ROC曲线,评价ARFI的2种成像模式对BI-RADS 4级乳腺肿块的诊断价值。 结果 良、恶性BI-RADS 4级乳腺肿块的AR值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.851,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为82.40%、80.50%、81.30%。良、恶性BI-RADS 4级乳腺肿块的SWV值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SWV值AUC为0.861,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为85.30%、85.40%、85.30%。二者AUC差异无统计学意义(Z=1.47,P>0.05)。二者联合诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为88.20%、87.80%、88.00%。 结论 ARFI对鉴别BI-RADS 4级乳腺肿块的良、恶性具有较高价值;联合应用VTI和VTQ可以提高诊断效能。     

全视野数字化乳腺摄影及数字乳腺断层摄影诊断致密型乳腺内病变

目的 探讨全视野数字化乳腺摄影（FFDM）及数字乳腺断层摄影（DBT）对致密型乳腺内病变的诊断价值。方法 收集经病理证实的176例乳腺病变患者,均为致密型乳腺,分别采用FFDM、DBT、FFDM联合DBT进行诊断。以病理结果作为金标准,评价FFDM、FFDM联合DBT对致密型乳腺内病变的诊断价值;比较FFDM与DBT对致密型乳腺内结构扭曲、不同病理类型乳腺癌的检出率及对病灶边缘特征的显示情况。结果 176例中,良性病变83例,恶性病变93例。单纯采用FFDM及以FFDM联合DBT鉴别致密型乳腺内病变良恶性的敏感度分别为77.42%（72/93）、90.32%（84/93）,特异度分别为55.42%（46/83）、71.08%（59/83）,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.757、0.885。FFDM、DBT对致密型乳腺内恶性肿块型病变的诊断敏感度分别为81.43%（57/70）、92.86%（65/70）,特异度分别为56.52%（26/46）、76.09%（35/46）,AUC分别为0.787、0.895。恶性肿块中,FFDM、DBT对毛刺征的检出率分别为31.43%（22/70）、54.29%（38/70）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.467,P=0.006）。DBT检出结构扭曲22例,FFDM仅检出其中5例,差异有统计学意义（χ²=27.704,P<0.001）。FFDM及DBT对原位癌的检出率均为84.62%（11/13）;对浸润癌的检出率分别为77.22%（61/79）、92.41%（73/79）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.075,P=0.008）。结论 对于致密型乳腺,DBT可提高病变检出率,FFDM联合DBT具有较高诊断效能。     

剪切波弹性成像定性技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 探讨SWE定性技术在乳腺病灶良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 对236例患者共261个病灶行常规超声及SWE检查。以常规超声图像进行乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）分类,将SWE图像分为6种类型。以病理结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,评价SWE分型、BI-RADS分类及二者联合的诊断效能。结果 良性病灶100个,恶性病灶161个。以SWE分型3型为诊断界点,敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为85.71%（138/161）、93.00%（93/100）、88.51%（231/261）、95.17%（138/145）、80.17%（93/116）;以BI-RADS 4a类为诊断界点,敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为98.76%（159/161）、73.00%（73/100）、88.89%（232/261）、85.48%（159/186）、97.33%（73/75）;二者联合诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为99.38%（160/161）、70.00%（70/100）、88.12%（230/261）、84.21%（160/190）、98.59%（70/71）。SWE分型的特异度和阳性预测值均高于BI-RADS分类及联合诊断（P均<0.05）,BI-RADS分类及联合诊断的敏感度和阴性预测值均高于SWE分型（P均<0.05）,三者诊断准确率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 SWE定性技术有助于乳腺良恶性病灶的鉴别诊断。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.