超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵中的应用及卵圆孔未闭分流方向的探讨

目的探讨超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭(PFO)治疗中的应用价值.方法 7例封堵治疗PFO患者,术前经胸(TTE)或经食管超声心动图(TEE)明确PFO诊断,术中TTE和X线引导监护,术后TTE随访;并对157例PFO分流方向进行统计分析.结果 7例PFO封堵患者右向左分流的确诊方法:TTE 1例,TEE 4例,TTE或TEE 右心声学造影各1例.术后TTE随访PFO分流消失.157例TTE诊断的PFO以左向右分流表现为主,少数右向左分流和双向分流者多伴其他心脏结构和功能改变.结论超声心动图在PFO封堵术中具有多方面重要作用.TEE及声学造影诊断PFO右向左分流的敏感性高于单纯TTE.常规TTE检查PFO多表现为左向右分流,而非理论定义的右向左分流.     

经胸超声心动图及右心声学造影对成人卵圆孔未闭诊断效能的比较

目的比较经胸超声心动图及经胸右心声学造影检查对成人卵圆孔未闭的诊断价值,为临床治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析本院近两年同时进行经胸超声心动图及右心声学造影检查的患者共183例,明确是否存在右向左分流,并对根据分流量进行分级。结果在成人PFO的诊断中,右心声学造影检出率、灵敏度、准确度均高于单纯经胸超声心动图检出结果,差异有统计学意义。PFO右向左分流量的大小与PFO内径呈正相关,与PFO长度不相关。结论在成人PFO的诊断中经胸右心声学造影较经胸超声心动图有着更好的诊断效果,对下一步的治疗具有重要的价值。     

卵圆孔未闭的超声评估与治疗研究进展

近年来的一些研究表明,不明原因脑血管病的发生与卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)有关。超声心动图是诊断PFO的首选方法,右心声学造影对诊断PFO有较高的敏感性和特异性。PFO封堵术和药物治疗对预防不明原因脑血管病复发的效果上一直存在争议。本文将对PFO的超声评估和治疗的研究进展做一综述。     

卵圆孔未闭的超声心动图诊断

在原因不明的缺血性脑梗死患者中,卵圆孔未闭(PFO)高达32%～50%[1],尤以年轻患者发生率更高.作者分析14例PFO患者的经胸和经食道超声心动图检查结果,以探讨超声心动图对PFO的诊断价值.     

联合声学造影对卵圆孔未闭右向左分流的诊断价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声声学造影(cTCD)联合经胸超声心动图声学造影(cTTE)在卵圆孔未闭(PFO)诊断和介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 本研究纳入南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的112例高度疑似PFO的患者,所有患者均行cTCD、cTTE和经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查,评估PFO右向左分流(RLS)分级情况。以经导管PFO探查封堵术结果为金标准,比较cTCD联合cTTE和cTCD联合TEE对PFO的诊断效能的差异。结果 cTCD联合cTEE的诊断敏感度、准确度分别为98.1%、93.8%,略高于cTCD联合TEE的96.2%、91.1%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。112例高度疑似PFO患者中,行封堵术106例(94.6%),术后随访6～12个月,患者无明显手术相关并发症,无卒中复发,83.1%有不同程度偏头痛的患者得到缓解。结论 cTCD联合cTTE可以准确判断RLS来源及严重程度,敏感度和准确度较高,可以用于临床PFO的筛查。     

经颅多普勒超声诊断脑梗死患者卵圆孔未闭的价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对脑梗死患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的诊断价值。方法运用经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对经食管超声心动图诊断的28例缺血性脑卒中患者进行PFO检测,分析不同卵圆孔特点下经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对PFO诊断检出率的变化。结果 28例患者中,经颅多普勒超声微泡实验在平静呼吸状态下对PFO检出20例(71.43%),配合Valsalva动作后检出24例(85.71%)。卵圆孔大小及开放状态与PFO的检出率无关(P>0.05)。结论经颅多普勒超声微泡实验对脑梗死患者的PFO的诊断具有较高敏感性,配合Valsalva动作可以提高诊断敏感性,可以作为PFO的筛查手段。     

经胸超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图（TFE）在卵圆孔未闭（PFO）封堵术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析43例PFO患者在封堵术前、术中及术后的TTE图像特征。结果 TTE在术前可清晰显示PFO的大小、形态和分流方向,能帮助介入医师选择合适的封堵器;术中可准确地评价PFO患者封堵器的位置、形态及其与周边的临近结构关系;术后可有效地监控PFO患者预后情况。结论 TTE在PFO封堵术前确诊、术中引导、监护及术后随访均具有重要的作用。     

卵圆孔未闭介入封堵预防隐源性脑卒中复发

目的 探究卵圆孔未闭(PFO)封堵治疗的安全性、有效性,进一步讨论介入封堵治疗PFO的临床意义。方法 选取2019年1-7月我院行PFO介入封堵术的PFO患者90例,术前所有患者均行经胸超声心动图右心声学造影（cTTE）及经食道超声心动图（TEE）证实为卵圆孔未闭并存在右向左分流。封堵成功即刻予床旁经胸超声心动图（TTE）,观察封堵器及分流情况。术后3个月,行cTTE及颅脑CT。结果 所有患者均成功置入封堵器,即刻经胸超声心动图证实封堵器位置正常,二、三尖瓣功能正常,未见残余分流,均未出现术中、术后并发症。术后随访3个月,58.9%患者头痛症状完全消失,34.4%患者头痛症状明显改善,发作频率较前明显减少,总的有效率为93.3%。术前27例一侧肢体麻木乏力患者中19例术后肢体麻木乏力症状完全消失,8例肢体麻木乏力症状虽未完全消失但较前不同程度缓解;术前8例恶心呕吐患者,术后症状完全消失。术后3个月复查经胸壁超声心动图右心声学造影示阳性率为5.6%（5/90）。术后3个月复查颅脑CT,提示本研究中90例患者均未发现新发梗死灶,再发脑卒中发生率为0%。结论 介入封堵治疗PFO可明显缓解患者临床症状,解除患者痛苦,减少分流量,降低脑卒中的再发风险,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,对PFO的治疗具有指导意义。     

右心声学超声造影对卵圆孔未闭的探讨

目的:探讨右心声学超声造影对卵圆孔未闭的价值,以提高对卵圆孔未闭的诊断阳性率和准确率。方法:选取我院2019年1月-2019年11月收治的顽固性偏头痛、脑卒中等患者120例,根据随机数字表法分为两组,各60例。对照组采用经胸超声心动图检查,观察组采用右心声学造影检查,对比两组患者PFO诊断结果和诊断指标情况。结果:有55例患者经PFO检查呈阳性,有13例患者经胸超声心动图检查呈阳性;观察组诊断特异度、敏感度和准确度高于对照组。结论:右心声学超声造影诊断PFO有良好效果,可有效提高诊断正确率。     

cTTE与TEE诊断成人单纯PFO的对比分析

目的对比经胸超声心动图声学造影(cTTE)与经食管超声心动图(TEE)对卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的诊断价值。方法选取临床怀疑存在PFO的患者156例,均行经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查,TTE阴性者全部进一步行TEE及cTTE检查。对比分析两种方法的检出结果及超声特点。结果 (1)三项检查共检出单纯PFO 103例,包括TTE检出9例(5.8%)、TEE检出36例(24.5%,均为左向右分流)、cTTE检出94例(63.9%,均为右向左分流)。cTTE的PFO检出率明显高于TEE。(2)cTTE检出的94例PFO,静息状态下检出31例(21.1%),包括Ⅰ级13例、Ⅱ级15例、Ⅲ级3例;Valsalva动作(VM)后检出91例(61.9%),包括Ⅰ级16例、Ⅱ级28例、Ⅲ级47例。VM后PFO右向左分流(RLS)的检出率及量化分级均明显高于静息状态下。结论 (1)cTTE对单纯PFO检出率明显高于TEE。(2)cTTE可用于PFO定性及半定量诊断,应作为PFO-RLS的常规首选检查方法。     

Closing the gap on patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke

Introduction: The treatment options for prevention of recurrent of cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) have been intensely debated in the recent decades. The suggested options were percutaneous closure of PFO versus medical therapy. However, up to these date there is a controversy regarding the indication of percutaneous closure. Multiple meta-analysis and recent randomized control trials showed the benefit of PFO closure when compared with medical therapy alone.

Areas covered: The article reviews the prevalence, physiology, diagnosis and treatment options of PFO after cryptogenic stroke. Furthermore, it will discuss the results of randomized control trials that compared the PFO closure to medical therapy.

Expert opinion: The association between PFO and unexplained cryptogenic stroke has been well established in the multiple studies. The diagnosis and management of PFO might be challenging in some cases. Although multiple studies showed that PFO closure is associated with lower rates of recurrent stroke in patients presenting with cryptogenic stroke, the indication and patient selection for this intervention are not well established yet in the guidelines.     

Thrombus in transit within a patent foramen ovale: An argument for consideration of prophylactic closure?

Recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) in prothrombotic patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) is not considered a setting for elective PFO closure. We describe a 35-year-old woman with known PFO, recurrent PE on warfarin, and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome-a condition with predisposition for thromboembolism-who suffered concurrent saddle PE and devastating stroke with further impending paradoxical embolus across the PFO. Optimal management in patients with biatrial thromboembolus caught in transit across PFO is challenging. Patients with recurrent PE, prothrombotic states, and PFO should be considered for PFO closure. Prompt diagnosis of impending paradoxical embolus with echocardiography and consideration of surgical removal and PFO closure are critical.     

Current evidence for closure of a patent foramen ovale for cryptogenic stroke prevention

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) has long been implicated as a potential mechanism for cryptogenic stroke (CS), which accounts for up to 40% of all cases of ischaemic stroke. Although there is a strong association between a PFO and CS, there is less evidence that percutaneous closure of the defect, as opposed to medical therapy with antithrombotics or anticoagulants, is the most effective form of secondary prevention. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence comparing percutaneous closure with medical therapy, with a particular focus on three recently published randomised controlled trials.     

Patent foramen ovale and migraine: a quantitative systematic review

Initial studies indicate an increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in migraineurs with aura, and an increased prevalence of migraine and migraine with aura in persons with PFO. Retrospective analyses of PFO closure suggest clinically significant improvements in migraine patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of migraine in patients with PFO, the prevalence of PFO in migraineurs, and the effect of PFO closure on migraine. We conducted a quantitative systematic review of articles on migraine and PFO that met inclusion criteria, then reviewed, appraised, and subjected them to data extraction. Of 134 articles identified, 18 met a priori selection criteria. The estimated strength of association between PFO and migraine, reflected by summary odds ratios (ORs), was 5.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.67, 5.59], and between PFO and migraine with aura the OR was 3.21 (95% CI 2.38, 4.17). The grade of evidence was low. The association between migraine and PFO was OR 2.54 (95% CI 2.01, 3.08). The grade of evidence was low to moderate. Six studies of PFO closure suggested improvement in migraine, but had a very low grade of evidence. The low-to-moderate grade of evidence from observational studies supports an apparent association between PFO and migraine. Although PFO closure seemed to affect migraine patterns favourably, the very low grade of available evidence to support this association precludes definitive conclusions.     

Patent foramen ovale and migraine--bringing closure to the subject

There is increasing interest in the relationship between migraine and patent foramen ovale (PFO). PFO is more common in migraineurs with aura, and migraine with aura is more prevalent in patients with PFO. Retrospective analyses of PFO closure for stroke prevention and decompression illness in divers have suggested that migraineurs with and without aura may derive significant benefit from PFO closure, but to date no prospective, randomized, sham-controlled study to confirm this has been completed. Herein we review published data regarding the relationship between migraine and PFO and discuss the rationale, justification, and important factors to consider in the conduct of prospective, controlled, clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous device closure of PFO for migraine prevention.     

Patent foramen ovale transcatheter closure device thrombosis

The role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic stroke (stroke of unknown cause) remains controversial, although an association seems likely in younger patients with atrial septal aneurysms and PFO. The mechanism of cryptogenic stroke in these patients is presumed to be paradoxical embolism via right-to-left shunt across the PFO. The available options for treatment include medical therapy with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy or closure of the PFO surgically or with use of transcatheter PFO closure devices. We describe 2 cases of bilateral device thrombosis associated with use of a transcatheter PFO closure device (CardioSEAL). To our knowledge, only 1 other case of thrombosis associated with use of this device has been reported.     

Patent foramen ovale closure: past,present and future

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital abnormality that has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including cryptogenic stroke and migraine headaches. Medical treatment for these processes is often considered inadequate and mechanical closure of the PFO is an attractive, albeit controversial, alternative. PFO closure has become common practice in many centers, although recent guidelines limit its indication to certain subsets of patients. This review first focuses on the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of PFO, and then reviews the currently available and experimental devices for PFO closure, as well as the present clinical data pertaining to them. Finally, we present our perspective of the PFO closure, with regard to its current use and future directions.     

Patent foramen ovale (PFO): is there life before death in the presence of PFO?

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an embryologic remnant with incomplete postnatal adhesion of the cardiac atrial septum primum and secundum. After birth, the prevalence of PFO decreases from about 35% at young to approximately 20% at old age. PFO has been associated with numerous conditions such as decompression illness in divers, migraine, high‐altitude pulmonary oedema, cerebrovascular and coronary ischaemia, and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. PFO is the cause of intermittent atrial right‐to‐left shunt, and it can be the source of cardiac paradoxical embolism. So far, randomized controlled trials have not documented a reduced rate of cerebrovascular recurrent events in patients receiving PFO device closure as compared to those on medical treatment. The purpose of this article was to critically evaluate evidence on the pathophysiologic, clinical as well as prognostic relevance of PFO.     

Patent foramen ovale closure: past, present and future

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital abnormality that has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including cryptogenic stroke and migraine headaches. Medical treatment for these processes is often considered inadequate and mechanical closure of the PFO is an attractive, albeit controversial, alternative. PFO closure has become common practice in many centers, although recent guidelines limit its indication to certain subsets of patients. This review first focuses on the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of PFO, and then reviews the currently available and experimental devices for PFO closure, as well as the present clinical data pertaining to them. Finally, we present our perspective of the PFO closure, with regard to its current use and future directions.