超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵中的应用及卵圆孔未闭分流方向的探讨

目的探讨超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭(PFO)治疗中的应用价值.方法 7例封堵治疗PFO患者,术前经胸(TTE)或经食管超声心动图(TEE)明确PFO诊断,术中TTE和X线引导监护,术后TTE随访;并对157例PFO分流方向进行统计分析.结果 7例PFO封堵患者右向左分流的确诊方法:TTE 1例,TEE 4例,TTE或TEE 右心声学造影各1例.术后TTE随访PFO分流消失.157例TTE诊断的PFO以左向右分流表现为主,少数右向左分流和双向分流者多伴其他心脏结构和功能改变.结论超声心动图在PFO封堵术中具有多方面重要作用.TEE及声学造影诊断PFO右向左分流的敏感性高于单纯TTE.常规TTE检查PFO多表现为左向右分流,而非理论定义的右向左分流.     

改良下腔静脉加压法用于无痛经食管超声心动图诊断卵圆孔未闭

超声心动图是诊断卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)的主要方法.经食管超声心动图(trans-esophageal echocardiography,TEE)不受胸腔气体干扰,是诊断PFO的金标准;但部分患者难以忍受食管插管反应;而无痛TEE需要麻醉,患者无法配合完成瓦尔萨尔瓦动作.本研究观察...     

卵圆孔未闭的超声心动图诊断

在原因不明的缺血性脑梗死患者中,卵圆孔未闭(PFO)高达32%～50%[1],尤以年轻患者发生率更高.作者分析14例PFO患者的经胸和经食道超声心动图检查结果,以探讨超声心动图对PFO的诊断价值.     

经食管与经胸超声心动图造影诊断卵圆孔未闭及右向左分流

目的 对比经食管超声心动图造影（cTEE）与经胸超声心动图造影（cTTE）诊断卵圆孔未闭（PFO）及右向左分流（RLS）的价值。方法 回顾性分析117例因偏头痛或隐源性卒中就诊的患者,均依次接受TTE、cTTE、TEE及cTEE检查;比较cTTE与cTEE诊断PFO的敏感度、特异度及对RLS分级的差异,观察二者诊断价值。结果 TEE联合cTEE共检出89例（76.07%,89/117）PFO;TTE、cTTE、TEE及cTEE分别检出18例（20.22%,18/89）、80例（89.89%,80/89）、75例（84.27%,75/89）及88例（98.88%,88/89）。cTTE存在9例（10.11%,9/89）假阴性、7例（25.00%,7/28）假阳性;cTEE存在1例（1.12%,1/89）假阴性,无假阳性病例。cTEE诊断PFO的敏感度（98.88%）及特异度（100%）均高于cTTE（89.89%、75.00%;χ²=6.125、5.143,P=0.008、0.016）;cTEE的PFO-RLS分级结果总体低于cTTE（Z=-3.464,P=0.001）。结论 cTEE诊断PFO的敏感度及特异度均高于cTTE,而其PFO-RLS分级总体低于cTTE。     

卵圆孔未闭经胸超声心动图声学造影及经食管超声心动图的单中心诊断数据分析

目的对卵圆孔未闭（PFO）的经胸超声心动图声学造影（cTTE）及经食管超声心动图（TEE）诊断数据进行分析,探讨cTTE和TEE检查的结果和临床意义。 方法回顾性选取2014年8月至2019年6月疑诊PFO相关疾病、在解放军总医院第一医学中心超声诊断科行cTTE及TEE检查的患者1164例。分析TEE、cTTE及二者联合方法对PFO的检出率,cTTE对右向左分流起源以及分流量的诊断评估结果,TEE对PFO形态结构特点的诊断结果。 结果1164例患者分为先兆偏头痛（MA）组314例、无先兆偏头痛（MO）组219例、隐源性脑梗死（CCI）和（或）短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）组279例和其他病变组352例。cTTE和（或）TTE检出PFO 282例（282/1164,24.2%）。4组不同临床分组间PFO检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²=17.94,P<0.001）,其中MA患者PFO检出率最高（98/314,31.2%）。1164例患者中764例接受了cTTE检查,检出PFO170例（170/764,22.3%）;816例患者接受了TEE检查,检出PFO 221例（221/816,27.1%）。412例患者接受了cTTE和TEE联合检查,检出PFO125例（125/412,30.3%）。接受cTTE检查的764例患者中,cTTE检出右向左分流者474例（474/764,62.0%）。其中170例PFO右向左分流患者中,分流量为大量者居多（101/170,59.4%）;383例肺循环右向左分流患者中,分流量为少量者居多（185/383,48.3%）;79例二者合并存在者,分流量为大量者居多（54/79,68.4%）。TEE检出的221例PFO患者中,均可记录PFO宽度,平均宽度为（1.61±0.92）mm,狭长形态PFO78例,平均长度为（10.53±3.52）mm。TEE检出分流132例,其中左向右分流122例,右向左分流1例,双向分流9例;检出房间隔膨胀瘤14例,左心房房间隔袋20例,瓣膜丝状物41例。 结论MA、CCI和（或）TIA患者PFO检出率高于MO和其他疾病患者。TEE与cTTE联合应用可提高PFO检出率。cTTE对于右向左分流的检出以及右向左分流起源的判断具有重要价值。PFO相关疾病患者中,PFO右向左分流多为大量,半数以上存在肺循环右向左分流,在检查中需注意鉴别。     

经食管与经胸超声心动图造影检出卵圆孔未闭右向左分流效果比较

目的比较经食管超声心动图（TEE）造影和经胸超声心动图（TTE）造影对卵圆孔未闭（PFO）右向左分流（I也s）的检出效果。方法随机选取不明原因脑卒中或偏头痛伴PFO患者29例。所有患者均先、后进行了TEE和TTE造影,TTE造影探头频率为二次谐波1．7MHz／3．4MHz。TEE造影探头频率为7MHz。通过肘前静脉快速注入手振0．9％氯化钠溶液10ml进行造影,观察记录右心房充分显影后前3个心动周期内有无微泡进入左心房,根据进入左心房的微泡数量将PFO—RLS划分为4个等级：1级为无RLS,即未见微泡进入左心房;2级为少量RLS,即左心房内可见1～10个微泡／帧;3级为中量RLS,即左心房内可见11～30个微泡／帧;4级为大量RLS,即左心房内可见〉30个／帧,或左心房充满微泡。结果TTE造影和TEE造影对PFO．RLS的检出率分别为86．2％（25／29）、55．2％（16／29）。对2种方法的检出率进一步作配对,检验,结果表明差异有统计学意义（x^2=5．711,P=0．017）。TTE造影半定量分级;1级（无RLS）4例;2级（少量RLS）1例;3级（中量RLS）5例：4级（大量RLS）19例。TEE造影半定量分级：1级（无RLS）13例;2级（少量RLS）3例;3级（中量RLS）6例;4级（大量RLS）7例。对PFO—RLS半定量分级的Wllcoxon检验显示,2种技术所得结果的差异有统计学意义（Z=-3．789,P4）．000）。结论]r]匝造影对PFO—RLS的检出效率优于TEE造影。以前者替代后者不但便于相关工作的开展,还可能减少和（或）避免经食管超声检查带来的不适和并发症。     

经胸超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图（TFE）在卵圆孔未闭（PFO）封堵术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析43例PFO患者在封堵术前、术中及术后的TTE图像特征。结果 TTE在术前可清晰显示PFO的大小、形态和分流方向,能帮助介入医师选择合适的封堵器;术中可准确地评价PFO患者封堵器的位置、形态及其与周边的临近结构关系;术后可有效地监控PFO患者预后情况。结论 TTE在PFO封堵术前确诊、术中引导、监护及术后随访均具有重要的作用。     

经胸和经食管超声心动图诊断卵圆孔未闭的对比研究

目的 对比研究经胸超声心动图TTE和经食管超声心动图TEE对卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale，PFO)的诊断方法和诊断价值，及对卵圆孔未闭的临床意义。方法 运用经胸及经食管超声心动图检查，诊断卵圆孔未闭24例，根据患者有无合并其他心脏疾患及合并的心脏疾患的血流动力学特点将患者分为卵圆孔未闭组及卵圆孔开放组。结果 经胸超声心动图通过CDFI观察房水平的穿隔血流对卵圆孔未闭的诊断准确率为58．3％。经食管超声心动图检查能对所有患者做出正确诊断。卵圆孔未闭组可见卵圆孔瓣上缘与继发隔之间裂缝，CDFI显示源于卵圆孔瓣与继发隔交界边缘处的穿隔血流；卵圆孔开放组可见卵圆孔瓣上缘与继发隔之间出现回声缺失，但卵圆孔瓣尚完整，CDFI于缺口处探及垂直于房间隔的穿隔分流束。结论 经食管超声心动图是目前卵圆孔未闭诊断金标准的首选方法。卵圆孔未闭可导致反常栓塞，应予以积极治疗。     

卵圆孔未闭患者经胸超声心动图右心声学造影中护理工作要点分析

为探讨卵圆孔未闭(PFO)患者行经胸超声右心声学造影(cTTE)时的临床护理工作要点与意义,本研究选择临床疑为PFO并在我科进行cTTE检查的331例患者为对象,检查前进行心理疏导,指导Valsalva动作或连续剧烈咳嗽训练;检查中及检查后密切观察患者有无不适反应。结果显示,331例中无一例因紧张、恐惧而放弃检查;325例顺利完成平静呼吸及Valsalva动作或连续剧烈咳嗽时cTTE检查,6例因无法完成符合检查要求的连续咳嗽动作而仅行平静呼吸状态cTTE检查。2例于检查结束后出现短暂心慌、胸闷、气短不适,未行特殊处理自行缓解。结果表明,重视心理护理、加强Valsalva动作或连续剧烈咳嗽训练及密切观察患者反应,对顺利完成cTTE检查具有重要意义。     

Lower patent foramen ovale detection with transthoracic echocardiography in atrial fibrillation

Background Patent foramina ovale (PFO) are small defects within the atrial septum that may play a role in paradoxical embolism, stroke and migraines. The relationship between PFO and atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been formally studied. We prospectively studied patients with a history of AF, versus those without (controls), in order to compare PFO prevalence among them. Methods Sixty-one patients with AF and forty-one controls completed the study, all undergoing transthoracic echocardiography using agitated saline microbubbles and a Valsalva maneuver. Results In the control group, 12/41 participants (29.2%) had PFOs compared to 5/61 (8.2%) in the AF group (P < 0.01). PFO positive patients within the entire study population demonstrated greater leftward inter-atrial septal shifting (82% vs 49%, P < 0.05). There was also reduced leftward inter-atrial septal shift observed within the AF group compared to controls (32/61 (52%) vs 31/41 (76%), P < 0.05). Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate an apparent lower rate of PFO in patients with AF, using bubble contrast echocardiography.     

High prevalence of patent foramen ovale in migraine with aura

In this study we evaluated the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in a cohort of 25 consecutive patients suffering from migraine with aura (MA) during an attack presenting to the emergency ward of an Italian hospital. Patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast medium, routine coagulation tests, contrast transcranial echocolour–coded sonography (c–TCCS) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Of the enrolled patients, 88.7% showed a PFO according to the c–TCCS test, whereas only in 72% TEE confirmed the presence of PFO. This discordance could be due to the fact that c–TCCS is more sensitive even with shunts with minimal capacity also located in the pulmonary vasculature. After surgical treatment of the PFO, MA disappeared within two months. Also, the treatment with warfarin as well as with acetylsalicylic acid and flunarizine was able to dramatically reduce the frequency of migraine attacks. These data indicate a higher prevalence of PFO in MA vs. normal population (OR=2.92) and could suggest that the presence of arteriovenous (AV) shunts could represent a trigger for MA attacks as well as for stroke, but more studies are needed to confirm this preliminary hypothesis.     

Transcatheter closure for decompression sickness with a patent foramen ovale: A case report

A patent foramen ovale is one of the predisposing factors of neurotic decompression sickness. Transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale is effective in the secondary prevention of decompression sickness associated with intracardiac shunt. The size of the umbrella should not be limited to the diagnosis of a patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect but should be determined by the supporting force of the soft margin of the atrial septum. The surgical method of patent foramen ovale closure is the same as that of the closure of an atrial septal defect, but the closure umbrella of a patent foramen ovale is different from that of the closure umbrella of an atrial septal defect. The size of the umbrella of the right atrium is larger than that of the left atrium, and it is better to close the atrial septum.     

偏头痛与卵圆孔未闭关系的研究

目的：探讨先兆性偏头痛、无先兆性偏头痛患者和正常人卵圆孔未闭（ PFO）发生率的差异。方法采用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测先兆性偏头痛组（29例）、无先兆偏头痛组（31例）和正常对照组（26名） PFO的发生率,比较各组差异。记录治疗前偏头痛患者的头痛频率、头痛发作日数和头痛程度等,并分析其与PFD分流量大小的相关性。结果先兆性偏头痛组、无先兆偏头痛组和正常对照组PFO发生率分别为72％、45％和31％,先兆偏头痛组PFO发生率较正常对照组高（ P＝0.008）,无先兆偏头痛组较正常对照组高,但比较差异尚无统计学意义（ P＝0.491）;PFO大小与头痛频率、头痛发作日数呈正相关（P均＜0.05）。结论先兆偏头痛患者的PFO发生率较高,提示此两种疾病可能有共同的病理学发病机制。     

心腔内超声在卵圆孔未闭封堵术中的应用

目的探讨心腔内超声(ICE)在经导管卵圆孔未闭(PFO)封堵术中的应用价值。方法应用ICE观察86例PFO的解剖形态及周围结构，测量PFO通道的直径和长度，监测与引导封堵过程、伞释放后位置，并通过彩色血流显像和超声造影判断有无残余分流。结果ICE清晰地观察到各种形态的PFO，86例中有85例封堵成功，1例失败。结论ICE指导经导管封堵PFO是一种安全、有效、简便和创伤小的方法。     

Migraineurs with patent foramen ovale have larger right-to-left shunt despite similar atrial septal characteristics

The objective of the study was to assess differences in proportion of large right-to-left shunt (RLS) and atrial septal characteristics between migraineurs and non-migraineurs referred for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PF0). This retrospective study took place in a large metropolitan medical centre. The patients were migraineurs with aura (n=52), migraineurs without aura (n=19) and non-migraineurs (n=149). RLS was evaluated before closure using bilateral power m-mode transcranial Doppler at rest and after calibrated, sustained Valsalva manoeuvre, and graded with a validated 0–5 scale. Intracardiac echocardiography was used to assess atrial septal characteristics. Migraineurs had a higher proportion of large RLS (Grade IV or V) than nonmigraineurs at rest and after calibrated Valsalva (rest, p=0.04; Valsalva, p=0.01). Atrial septal characteristics were similar between groups. Migraine is associated with larger RLS at rest and strain; however migraine status does not predict PFO characteristics.     

Migraine,patent foramen ovale and migraine triggers

Little information exists about a causal association between PFO and migraine. Some patients identify Valsalva-provoking activities (VPA) as migraine triggers. Therefore, we speculate about a pathogenic connection. The object of the study is to investigate the prevalence of right-to-left shunt (RLS) in a cohort of patients suffering migraine with aura (MA) and its possible association with migraine attacks triggered by VPA. We investigated the circumstances triggering the migraine attacks, in a consecutive series of 72 MA patients and in a series of migraine without aura age and gender-matched. The presence and extent of RLS was assessed by transcranial Doppler. Massive RLS appeared in 38.9% of MA and in 6.5% of migraine without aura (p<0.001). MA patients identified at least one VPA as headache trigger in 45.8%. A trend was found between these triggering activities and massive RLS, both in MAgroup OR 2.7 [1.02–7.17] and in all migraine patients OR 2.5 [1.01–6.11]. According to our results, patients with migraine who have larger RLS tend to recognize activities that increase the extent of the shunt as a trigger of their migraine attacks.