过表达BDNF基因重组慢病毒转染MSCs的实验研究

目的观察BDNF基因重组慢病毒修饰MSCs过表达BDNF的情况。方法构建携带BDNF基因的慢病毒载体;分离培养大鼠MSCs;将基因重组慢病毒转染MSCs;RT-PCR、Western blot检测各组BDNF基因及蛋白表达水平。结果绿色荧光试验证实BDNF基因重组慢病毒转染MSCs成功;RT-PCR、Western blot验证MSCs-EGFP-BDNF组BDNF基因及蛋白表达明显高于MSCs组及MSCs-EGFP组,MSCs组与MSCs-EGFP组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 BDNF基因重组慢病毒修饰的MSCs基因及蛋白表达均增高,MSCs成功过表达BDNF。     

NT-3基因过表达慢病毒载体的构建和包装及鉴定

目的构建神经营养因子-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)基因慢病毒载体,检测其在大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)中的表达。方法体外扩增NT-3,将NT-3全长载体GV287-GFP与扩增出的NT-3用AgeI进行酶切,将NT-3全长序列克隆入GV-287-GFP,转化大肠杆菌DHS a感受态细胞,筛选出阳性克隆进行基因测序。重组GV287-EGFP质粒、pHelper 1.0质粒和pHelper 2.0质粒三质粒共转染至包装细胞293T,培养48 h后收集细胞上清液,将病毒浓缩后在293T细胞中测定病毒滴度,并检测慢病毒载体在MSCs的转染效率。荧光显微镜观察转染是否成功,RT-PCR和Western blot检测MSCs细胞中NT-3蛋白的表达。结果测序结果和Western blot检测均证明NT-3慢病毒载体构建正确,且在细胞中正确表达。与辅助质粒共包装细胞获得慢病毒颗粒,并成功感染MSCs细胞。包装慢病毒、浓缩病毒悬液的滴度为2×109/ml慢病毒浓缩液。结论成功构建了稳定高效表达NT-3基因的慢病毒载体。     

LRIG1基因过表达慢病毒载体的构建和鉴定

目的探讨构建人类富含亮氨酸重复和免疫球蛋白样结构域1(LRIG1)基因过表达慢病毒表达载体并转染胶质瘤细胞系U87细胞的技术方法,为研究LRIG1的功能提供帮助。方法用EcoRⅠ及BamHⅠ双酶切LRIG1基因和plvxDsRed-monomer-n1慢病毒载体,琼脂糖凝电泳回收LRIG1片段和载体片段;通过T4连接酶将LRIG1基因连接至慢病毒载体上;按Lenti-XHT慢病毒包装试剂盒说明包装慢病毒;用EcoRⅠ及BamHⅠ双酶切法鉴定重组慢病毒载体;然后用plvxDsRed-monomer-n1和plvxDsRed-monomer-n1-3×flagLRIG1分别转染293T细胞和胶质瘤细胞系U87细胞,荧光定量PCR和western blot检测LRIG1 m RNA和蛋白表达。结果 U87细胞感染病毒载体后经嘌呤霉素筛选显示细胞红色荧光较空载体感染细胞减弱;实时PCR结果显示LRIG1 m RNA过表达组较对照明显升高;提取感染后细胞蛋白,Western blot鉴定flag标签蛋白表达成功。结论 LRIG1基因慢病毒表达载体能感染胶质瘤细胞系U87细胞,可使外源基因获得稳定表达。     

大鼠硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖基因shRNA慢病毒载体的构建及干扰效率鉴定*☆

背景：最近研究发现硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖(NG2)在中枢神经系统中参与多种生理病理功能,慢病毒载体可感染分裂期细胞或非分裂期的细胞,并能在细胞内高效稳定的表达。 目的：构建大鼠源性NG2基因shRNA慢病毒载体并检测其干扰效率。 方法：选择大鼠NG2基因RNA干扰的靶序列,合成Oligo DNA,退火形成双链DNA,与Hpa Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切后的pFU-GW-RNAi载体连接产生pLV-NG2-RNAi,PCR筛选阳性克隆,测序鉴定。将重组载体与pHelper 1.0载体、pHelper 2.0载体通过lipofectamineTM 2000共转染293T细胞包装产生慢病毒LV-NG2-RNAi,收集病毒上清并浓缩。采用孔稀释滴度测定法计算病毒滴度。将LV-NG2-RNAi慢病毒感染C6细胞,于感染后96 h提取细胞总蛋白,采用Western blot检测NG2的表达。 结果与结论：经PCR和测序证实构建片段大小及DNA序列与目的序列一致,实验成功构建大鼠NG2基因shRNA慢病毒载体LV-NG2-RNAi。包装浓缩慢病毒的滴度为8×1011 TU/L。Western blot检测显示在感染复数为50时,感染LV-NG2-RNAi慢病毒的C6细胞较感染对照慢病毒及未感染细胞NG2的表达明显降低,干扰效率可达100%(P < 0.05)。结果证实了实验成功构建大鼠NG2基因shRNA慢病毒载体,且该载体能够在细胞水平有效沉默靶基因。     

重组大鼠谷氨酸脱羧酶载体的构建和功能分析(英文)

目的谷氨酸脱羧酶2 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 2,GAD65) 是γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)的合成酶。本研究拟构建重组大鼠GAD65基因的慢病毒载体(recombinant lentivirus-rGAD65,rLV-rGAD65),并在体内外分析其功能。方法用RT-PCR法克隆大鼠GAD65基因的cDNA 并亚克隆至慢病毒载体上,形成重组慢病毒质粒(rLV-GFP-rGAD65)。在包装质粒的帮助下,获得重组慢病毒颗粒(rLV-rGAD65)并检测其滴度。用rLV-rGAD65感染原代培养的大鼠肺成纤维细胞,并用免疫细胞化学和蛋白印迹法检测rGAD65在成纤维细胞中的表达,用高效液相法(high-performance liquid chromatograph, HPLC)检测培养上清中GABA的含量。在体内, rLV-rGAD65 定点注射到Sprague-Dawley大鼠的丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)。用免疫组织化学和蛋白印迹法检测GAD65基因在STN中的表达水平,HPLC检测黑质网状部(su...     

构建内皮脂肪酶慢病毒表达载体及在HepG2细胞中的表达*

背景：内皮脂肪酶主要由血管内皮细胞分泌并作用于血管内皮,内皮脂肪酶可能在动脉粥样硬化等疾病的发生发展中起重要作用,但目前机制尚不明确。 目的：构建内皮脂肪酶慢病毒表达载体,产毒感染HepG2细胞,评价重组载体提高内皮脂肪酶表达的效果。 方法：RT-PCR调取大鼠内皮脂肪酶基因,SpeⅠ、Eco RⅠ双酶切后,将内皮脂肪酶基因插入慢病毒载体PRRL.sin.CMV.eGFP中构建内皮脂肪酶过表达慢病毒表达载体PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP;使用PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP质粒及病毒包装系统于293FT细胞中包装产毒,用于感染HepG2细胞,RT-PCR及Western blot检测感染后HepG2细胞内皮脂肪酶mRNA及蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：酶切及测序鉴定证实内皮脂肪酶基因成功插入PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP慢病毒表达质粒;转染PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP慢病毒表达质粒后,HepG2细胞中可见内皮脂肪酶mRNA及蛋白的表达。说明重组PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP慢病毒可感染HepG2细胞,并使其表达内皮脂肪酶mRNA和蛋白。     

构建人热休克蛋白70基因重组腺病毒载体及鉴定

背景：腺病毒载体作为低毒高效的基因载体已被广泛应用,但是人热休克蛋白70基因腺病毒载体较为少见。 目的：构建重组人热休克蛋白70基因的腺病毒载体,鉴定外源基因在真核细胞中的良好表达。 方法：采用AdMax腺病毒系统将外源基因人热休克蛋白70基因重组入腺病毒载体中,转染人胚肾293细胞并重组包装出毒,检测外源基因的表达和病毒滴度。 结果与结论：观察转染后的人胚肾293细胞出现明显细胞病变效应后,收获并纯化重组病毒;荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白表达情况良好,Western blot检测人热休克蛋白70蛋白表达良好,收获病毒的滴度为1×1011 efu/mL,证明实验已成功构建携带人热休克蛋白70基因的重组腺病毒载体。     

hTfR基因在体外神经干细胞的表达研究

目的将人转铁蛋白受体(hTfR)基因克隆到慢病毒表达载体pLENTI6.3,鉴定其正确性,体外感染小鼠神经干细胞并检测其表达,为活体神经干细胞(NSCs)MR分子成像提供实验基础。方法利用聚合酶链反应技术(PCR)扩增hTfR基因,并克隆到pLENTI6.3载体;通过菌落PCR初步筛选、BamH1酶切鉴定和测序鉴定构建的pLENTI6.3-hTfR-IRESEGFP重组载体,利用Lipofectin2000试剂将PLP1、PLP2、PLP-VSVG和pLenti6.3-hTfR-IRES-EGFP共转染293T细胞进行慢病毒包装,48h后收集病毒上清。体外感染NSCs,Western bolt检测hTfR的表达。结果成功构建了hTfR基因慢病毒表达载体,包装的慢病毒颗粒成功感染NSCs,Western bolt鉴定hTfR在NSCs过表达。结论 pLENTI6.3-hTfR-IRES-EGFP慢病毒表达载体构建成功,并建立其慢病毒表达系统,为下一步进行活体干细胞MR分子成像实验研究奠定基础。     

Beclin1 基因慢病毒表达载体的构建和鉴定*☆

背景：Beclin1基因是哺乳动物的自噬调控基因。 目的：实验拟构建Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。 方法：聚合酶链反应扩增目的基因Beclin1 后插入慢病毒表达载体pLenex中,构建重组载体pLenex-Beclin1。使用聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA的测序方法对其进行鉴定,并与辅助包装质粒共感染293T细胞。慢病毒颗粒转染非小细胞肺癌A549细胞后,用蛋白质印迹法检测Beclin1 基因的过表达效率。 结果与结论：聚合酶链反应鉴定结果显示扩增的阳性片段已插入pLenex载体,聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA测序结果表明,重组慢病毒载体pLenex-Beclin1 的插入序列完全正确,重组慢病毒载体感染A549细胞后,细胞内Beclin1蛋白高效表达。结果证实,实验成功构建了Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。     

SNCA基因过表达慢病毒质粒构建及稳定转染293T细胞系

目的构建SNCA基因过表达慢病毒质粒,转染293T细胞,建立稳定转染细胞系。方法应用PCR技术扩增目的基因,并将扩增产物插入慢病毒载体质粒pGC-FU上,并对阳性克隆进行基因测序鉴定。pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP重组质粒包装293T细胞,转染24小时后,用荧光显微镜观察标签GFP绿色荧光蛋白的表达,并用West blotting法测定目的蛋白的表达。结果成功构建了pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP慢病毒过表达质粒,获得了稳定转染的293T细胞株。结论人SNCA基因过表达慢病毒载体成功,构建和稳定转染293T细胞系的建立,为进一步体外研究α-突触核蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.