Toll样受体4与肾脏疾病研究进展

Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)是一种模式识别受体,是链接固有免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁,在免疫系统的调节中有重要作用,它可通过激活信号转导通路、促进炎症因子表达等诱发炎症反应.TLR4不仅表达于各种免疫细胞表面,还在肾小球系膜细胞、肾小管上皮细胞等都有广泛表达.近年来,TLR4在肾脏疾病中的作用受到越来越多的关注,本文就TLR4在肾缺血再灌注损伤、糖尿病肾病、急性肾损伤以及尿路感染等肾脏疾病中的作用作一综述.     

Toll样受体与肾脏疾病

Toll样受体(TLR)是存在于人细胞表面的跨膜蛋白,对机体免疫、特别是感染免疫具有重要意义。目前人体内发现的11种TLR广泛分布于各种组织中,其细胞及组织分布具有特异性,形成了一个复杂的,联系性的网络,特异地识别病原体及组织代谢产物等信号识别系统。新近的研究显示TLR途径介导的感染性和非感染性细胞损伤同样存在于肾脏疾病中,TLR在肾脏疾病的发生及发展机制中起着重要的作用。     

Toll样受体与肾脏疾病研究进展

Toll样受体（TLR）是新近发现的天然免疫受体,它们可以通过广泛地特异性地识别病原微生物,偶联信号转导途径,并激活天然免疫细胞,最终导致一系列的免疫炎症反应。TLR不仅能激活天然免疫,而且也为激活获得性免疫提供共刺激信号。TLR在天然免疫与获得性免疫中起重要作用,是两者之间的桥梁。TLR不仅在单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突细胞等免疫细胞有表达,在肾脏细胞也有表达,它们可能参与了许多肾脏疾病的发生,包括问质性肾炎,免疫复合物性肾炎,肾缺血再灌注损伤以及移植肾排斥反应等。现就TLR的功能、信号转导及在肾脏疾病中作用综述如下。     

Toll样受体4研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll like receptor,TLR）是近几年发现的一类天然免疫受体,其分布十分广泛,主要表达于单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、多形核细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞及自然杀伤细胞等表面,属于模式识别受体（pattern recognition receptor,PRR）,可对病原体相关分子模式（pathogen associated moleeular patterns,PAMP）进行识别、结合,并引发一系列信号转导,进而导致炎性介质的释放,在天然免疫防御中起着重要作用,并最终激活获得性免疫系统。     

Toll样受体4与Nod样受体蛋白3炎性小体在糖尿病肾脏疾病中的研究进展

慢性肾脏病发病率逐年上升,现已成为威胁全世界公共健康的主要疾病之一。导致慢性肾脏病的基本病因众多,主要包括原发性与继发性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾脏疾病、高血压肾损害、肾小管间质病变、遗传性疾病等。而糖尿病肾脏疾病作为慢性肾脏病的病因之一,是糖尿病引起的肾脏微血管病变的并发症,不加以控制可进展为终末期肾病。糖尿病肾脏疾病的具体发病机制尚不完全清晰,主要以高糖等代谢因素导致的免疫介导性炎症对肾脏破坏为主,而近年来发现免疫介导性炎症因素是糖尿病肾脏疾病发生的重要原因之一。在糖尿病肾脏疾病中,机体处在高糖状态下募集如白介素、肿瘤坏死因子等炎症反应细胞在肾脏浸润,从而刺激肾脏微血管病变的发生,这一过程涉及多种信号通路的发生。在天然免疫应答系统中,Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)以及Nod样受体蛋白3(nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体在肾脏相关免疫炎症疾病中扮演着重要角色。近来研究发现,TLR4以及NLRP3炎性小体与糖尿病肾脏疾病的发病机制密切相关。在高糖条...     

NOD样受体在肾脏疾病中的研究进展

NOD样受体(NOD - like receptors,NLR)是细胞内模式识别受体中的一个重要家族,能够识别病原相关分子模式和危险相关分子模式,参与炎症体的组装活化,最终导致一系列的免疫炎症反应.最近研究发现,NOD样受体与NF -KB信号转导通路的活化也有密切的联系,从多方面参与疾病的发生与发展.本文就NOD样受体及其在肾脏疾病中的研究进展作一综述.     

Toll样受体与脓毒症的研究进展

脓毒症系感染引起的全身性炎症反应 ,进一步可发展为脓毒性休克和多器官功能障碍综合征 ,是严重创、烧伤患者死亡的主要原因之一 ,但其确切的发病机制迄今尚未完全阐明。以往研究表明 ,多种病原微生物的细胞壁成分 [如革兰阴性菌的内毒素(ＬＰＳ)、革兰阳性菌的肽聚糖 (ＰＧＮ     

Toll样受体与消化系统肿瘤的研究进展

消化系统恶性肿瘤是最常见的一类恶性肿瘤,严重威胁人类健康,然而目前对其病因及发病机制尚不明确.Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是一种跨膜受体,在固有免疫中起着重要作用,新近发现TLRs与炎性介质、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤等有密切联系.已有研究表明TLRs广泛参与消化系统恶性肿瘤的发生发展、免疫逃逸,并在免疫治疗中发挥作用,对TLRs的深入研究可揭示TLRs在常见消化系统恶性肿瘤发生发展中的作用,并可能寻找到治疗肿瘤的新靶点.本文将对TLRs与常见消化系统恶性肿瘤的关系作一综述.     

干细胞在泌尿系统疾病中的应用研究进展

干细胞研究是当今生命科学的热点方向。干细胞生物学1999年被美国《科学》杂志推举为21世纪最重要的十项科学领域之首,浩大的“人类基因组计划”测序图位居其后。干细胞研究成果在2000年及2003年再度被《科学》杂志评选为当年十大科技成就之一。干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向     

Toll样受体与炎症性肠病关系研究进展

炎症性肠病（IBD）包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD）,其病因和发病机制至今尚未完全明确。近几年来研究显示,炎症性肠病与易感个体在肠腔内正常菌群诱导下过度激活黏膜免疫系统有关。Toll样受体家族（TLRs）在肠黏膜免疫中发挥重要的作用,通过识别病原相关分子结构（PAMPs）激活固有免疫。不同的TLRs识别不同的配体,通过MyD88依赖型信号传导通路或MyD88非依赖型信号传导通路引起不同的效应。近年来研究涉及TLRs的多态性与IBD联系。重点介绍不同TLRs的分布、表达及TLRs多态性与IBD的联系。     

Role of toll-like receptors in respiratory diseases

There has been growing interest in the last 10 years in the study of innate immunity, in particular because of the possible role that toll-like receptors (TLR) may play in the pathogenesis of some respiratory diseases including, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infections. TLR are a family of type 1 transmembrane proteins, responsible for recognising molecular patterns associated with pathogens (PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns), and expressed by a broad spectrum of infectious agents. This recognition leads to a quick production of cytokines and chemokines which provides a long-lasting adaptive response to the pathogen. At present, it is considered //It is currently considered that the administration of drugs which modulate the activity of these receptors upwards or downwards may represent major therapeutic progress for handling these diseases.The aim of this review is to describe the different TLS, define their possible role in the pathogenesis of the main respiratory diseases and finally, speculate over the therapeutic possibilities which their modulation, agonist or antagonist, offers as possible therapeutic targets.     

Urologic manifestations of nonurologic diseases gastrointestinal disorders

A variety of common, gastrointestinal diseases result in significant genitourinary tract pathology. In general, knowledge of these associated disease processes permit rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment. The underlying thread is the recognition of one pathophysiological process to explain patterns of a single disease.     

Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis

PURPOSE: We quantified the burden of urolithiasis in the United States by identifying trends in the use of health care resources and estimating the economic impact of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously. RESULTS: The rate of national inpatient hospitalizations for a diagnosis of urolithiasis decreased by 15% and hospital length of stay decreased from 2.6 to 2.2 days between 1994 and 2000. Rates of hospitalization were 2.5 to 3-fold higher for Medicare beneficiaries with little change between 1992 and 1998. Almost 2 million outpatient visits for a primary diagnosis of urolithiasis were recorded in 2000. Hospital outpatient visits increased by 40% between 1994 and 2000 and physician office visits increased by 43% between 1992 and 2000. In the Medicare population hospital outpatient and office visits increased by 29% and 41%, respectively, between 1992 and 1998. The distribution of surgical procedures remained relatively stable through the 1990s. Shock wave lithotripsy was the most commonly performed procedure, followed closely by ureteroscopy. Overall the total estimated annual expenditure for individuals with claims for a diagnosis of urolithiasis was almost $2.1 billion in 2000, representing a 50% increase since 1994. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of urolithiasis is estimated at almost $2 billion annually and it appears to be increasing with time despite a shift in inpatient to outpatient treatment and the emergence of minimally invasive treatment modalities, perhaps because the prevalence of stone disease is increasing.     

Toll样受体信号转导通路及对炎性因子调控的研究进展

背景 Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLRs)作为先天防御的重要组成部分,通过识别病原相关分子模式而发挥重要的固有免疫功能,同时也能触发树突状细胞的成熟而调节获得性免疫.TLRs通过募集细胞内不同的信号分子及其他调控通路控制炎性反应的类型、程度及持续时间. 目的 通过详细阐述TLRs的信号转导通路及其对炎性因子的调控进而对其有更深一步的理解,为合理调控炎性反应提供新思路. 内容 全面阐述TLRs的信号转导通路及其对炎性因子的调控.趋向 TLRs与感染性炎性反应已有较多研究,但与非感染性炎性反应的关系还不明确,尚需进一步研究.     

Urologic diseases in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen

The urological diseases which alone or intercurrent with surgical and gynaecologic ailments cause most of the problems in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen are reviewed. The necessity of a cooperation between the urologist, surgeon and gynaecologist and the importance of intra-operative diagnosis are stressed.     

Urologic diseases in America project: benign prostatic hyperplasia

PURPOSE: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign neoplasm in American men, is a chronic condition that is associated with progressive lower urinary tract symptoms and affects almost 3 of 4 men during the seventh decade of life. Approximately 6.5 million of the 27 million white men who are 50 to 79 years old in the United States in 2000 were estimated to meet the criteria for discussing treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously. RESULTS: In 2000 approximately 4.5 million visits were made to physician offices to for a primary diagnosis of BPH and almost 8 million visits were made with a primary or secondary diagnosis of BPH. In the same year approximately 87,400 prostatectomies for BPH were performed in inpatients in nonfederal hospitals in the United States. While the number of outpatient visits for BPH increased consistently during the 1990s, there was a dramatic decrease in the use of transurethral prostatectomy, inpatient hospitalization and length of hospital stay for this condition. These trends reflect the changing face of medical management for BPH, ie increasing use of pharmacological agents and minimally invasive therapies. In 2000 the direct cost of BPH treatment was estimated to be $1.1 billion exclusive of outpatient pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSIONS: Given the impact that BPH has on quality of life and health care cost in millions of American men, additional research into risk factors, diagnostic and therapeutic resource use, and effectiveness and cost benefit of therapies are warranted.     

磁共振尿路成像在泌尿外科疾病诊断中的应用

目的：探讨磁共振尿路成像（MRU）对泌尿外科疾病的诊断价值。方法：总结58例泌尿外科患者接受MRU检查的临床资料。结果：肾结核6例,MRU有典型征象;各种先天畸形27例,MRU均清晰显示其尿路形态;肾盂癌2例,MRU不能明确诊断,确诊需结合临床资料综合判断;输尿管癌10例,9例MRU输尿管梗阻部位有截断影;输尿管息肉2例,MRU显示输尿管梗阻部位可见泡沫样充盈缺损,但其影像不如逆行造影清晰;输尿管结石8例,MRU5例可见结石影,3例结石被高信号尿液掩盖;医源性输尿管狭窄3例,MRU均可显示梗阻部位及尿路扩张的形态。MRU检查尿路梗阻部位准确率为100％。结论：MRU用于泌尿外科疾病诊断,有其优势,也有其缺点,应正确合理应用。     

The role of toll-like receptors in solid organ transplantation

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are critical sentinels of the host innate immune system. Prior evidence has clearly demonstrated that these receptors are essential to immune recognition of invading pathogens. However, there is emerging evidence that TLR signaling participates in inflammation that is not driven by microorganisms. In the setting of solid organ transplantation, there is accumulating evidence, both in experimental and clinical studies, that TLR signaling is involved in the immune recognition of allografts. Further investigation of how innate immunity impacts solid organ transplantation will likely lead to improved therapeutics for transplant recipients.