汉防己碱和MK801对小鼠急性一氧化碳中毒脑损伤的保护作用

目的 研究汉防己碱和MK801对小鼠急性一氧化碳(CO)中毒致脑损伤是否有保护作用。方法 小鼠腹腔注射CO150ml／kg，间隔3h注射1次，连续3次，在每次给予CO前30min腹腔注射汉防己碱15mg／kg和MK8012mg／kg；以CO中毒后小鼠被动回避性学习记忆能力改变、脑组织病理学和Ca^2 Mg^2 -ATPase活力改变为指标，观察汉防己碱和MK801对CO中毒致小鼠迟发性脑损伤的保护作用。结果 给予汉防己碱能明显改善小鼠因CO中毒引起的学习记忆巩固能力障碍，防止海马神经元细胞病理性损伤，阻遏CO中毒引起的小鼠脑组织Ca^2 Mg^2 -ATPase活力的降低；而MK801对CO中毒后小鼠被动回避性学习记忆能力及脑组织病理学和Ca^2 Mg^2 -ATPase活力改变均无明显影响。结论 汉防己碱对急性CO中毒致小鼠脑损伤有明显的保护作用，而MK801至少在本次研究剂量下无明显的保护作用。     

中期因子联用氯沙坦对大鼠急性心肌梗死后心室重塑的影响

目的探讨中期因子与氯沙坦联用对大鼠急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心室重塑过程的影响。方法将60只Wistar大鼠随机均分为4组，假手术组（SO组）、心肌梗死对照组（MI组）、中期因子干预组（MI＋MK组）和中期因子＋氯沙坦干预组（MI＋MK＋LOS组）。制作心肌梗死模型，并对MI＋MK组、MI＋MK＋LOS组分5点梗死周围注射中期因子（1μg／200g），MI＋MK＋LOS组每日给予氯沙坦灌胃（15mg／kg），4周后进行心功能及组织学检测。结果MI＋MK组较MI组、MI＋MK＋LOS组较MI＋MK组大鼠心肌梗死面积、左心室重量显著减小（P〈0．01）；梗死周边新生血管及梗死区的胶原容积分数显著增多（P〈0．01），左心室功能显著改善。结论中期因子能够改善急性心肌梗死后的心室重塑，联用氯沙坦后效果更加明显。     

多药耐药及相关蛋白基因抗砷作用

目的 研究多药耐药基因(MDRI)、多药耐药相关蛋白基因(MRP1)在长期砷暴露的细胞获得对砷的耐受过程中的作用,为抗砷机制的研究提供基础依据.方法 采用抑制剂维拉帕米(Verapamil)、MK571,在单一水平和联合水平上阻断MDR1和MRP1基因发挥作用,通过四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的生存率及半数致死量(IC₅₀);通过原子荧光法(AFS)分别检测给予Verapamil、MK571的实验组和对照组在不同时间点抗砷细胞内砷的含量.结果 在2,4,8,16,32,64μmol/L砷浓度下,给予抑制剂的抗砷细胞生存率分别为(73.5±0.02)%,(54.6±0.07)%,(44.2±0.05)%,(20.5±0.09)%,(13.5±0.1)%,(7.6±0.05)%,明显低于同步对照组的生存率(93.5±0.05)%,(71.5±0.02)%,(49.2±0.03)%,(38.8±0.08)%,(37.6±0.06)%,(19.5±0.04)%.Verapamil作用下IC₅₀为8.8μmol/L,MK571作用下IC₅₀为6.22μmol/L;同时给于2种抑制剂时,逆转作用更为明显,IC₅₀为5.23μmol/L;MK571作用下,抗砷细胞内砷含量增加明显,至10 h时砷含量达到最大值1.62 ng,明显高出Verapmil组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 MDR1、MRP1基因在抗砷细胞获得耐药性过程中起重要作用.     

Treatment with suramin and 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazoles of chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei infections with central nervous system involvement

Mice infected with either of two isolates of Trypanosoma brucei, GVR 23/1 or GVR 35/1, develop a chronic infection in which trypanosomes are localized in the central nervous system. These infected mice were used to evaluate the efficacy of a combination drug treatment comprising suramin and one of three 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazoles. None of the three 5-nitroimidazoles tested alone, cured mice when administered 21 days after infection. However, it was found that T. brucei GVR 23/1 infections could be cured by a single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin followed by a single dose of 80 mg/kg L611,744 [3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2yl)cycloocta(D) isoxazole]. The single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin had to be followed by four doses of 80 mg/kg L611,744 to cure mice infected with another stabilate, T. brucei GVR 35/1. A single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin followed either by four doses of 250 mg/kg MK 436 [3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1, 2-benzisoxazole] or four doses of 70 mg/kg of a dihydroxy analogue of MK 436 [cis-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1, 2-benzisoxazole-6,7-diol] also permanently cured all T. brucei GVR 35/1.     

Evaluation of health risks caused by musk ketone

Among the nitro musks, musk ketone (MK) as a synthetic compound with a typical musk odor is widely used in cosmetics. In the European Community the total amount used in fragrances has been reported to be 110 tons/a. Additionally, relevant amounts of MK are used in Indian joss sticks. As a result of its inherently low biodegradability MK has been detected in the aquatic environment (surface water, sediments, edible fish). Moreover, it has been shown that MK concentrates in human fatty tissue and breast milk, indicating that humans are constantly exposed. Several studies provided convincing evidence of lack of a genotoxic potential for MK. However, MK was identified as a strong inducer of phase I enzymes in rodents and a cogenotoxicant in vitro in human derived cells in rather low doses, suggesting that exposure to MK might increase the susceptibility to health hazards caused by carcinogens in humans.     

Isolation of Salmonella with the use of 100 ml of the R10 modification of Rappaport's enrichment medium.

One hundred and eighty samples of pork sausages were examined after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (P medium), for the presence of salmonellas. From each pre-enrichment four enrichments were made: (1) o.1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Rappaport''s medium formula R 10 (R 10/43 degrees C), /2) 1 ml of the P medium was added to 100 ml of R10 broth (R10/100 ml/43 degrees C), (3) 1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MK medium) prepared in accordance with the International Standards Organization document ISO 3565 (MK/43 degrees C) and (4) 10 ml of P medium were added to 100 ml of MK broth (MK/100 ml/43 degrees C). All the enrichments were incubated at 43 degrees C for 48 h. Forty-six and 47 samples were found positive with the first two enrichment methods (R10/43 degrees C and R10/100 ml/43 degrees C), while only 16 samples were found positive with the method MK/43 degrees C, and 27 with the methods MK/100ml/43 degrees C. The superiority of either one of the two R10 procedures over either one of the two MK methods is statistically highly significant (paired Chi2; P less than 0.001 in all four comparisons). The superiority of procedures MK/100 ml/43 degrees C over the method MK/43 degrees C is also statistically significant (P less than 0.005). Both R10/43 degrees C and R10/100 ml/43 degrees C procedures had a much stronger inhibitory effect on the competing organisms (lactose- and sucrose negative) than the two MK methods.     

兴奋性氨基酸递质系统在乐果诱导星形胶质细胞活化中的作用

目的 探讨兴奋性氨基酸递质系统在乐果染毒后皮层星形胶质细胞活化中的作用.方法 新生大鼠皮层神经细胞传代3次后获得纯化的星形胶质细胞,分别加入终浓度为10-6、10-5、10-4mol/[的乐果,并用50和100 μmol/LN-甲基-N-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体非竞争性拮抗剂MK801对10-4mol/L乐果染毒组进行干预.染毒后48 h收获细胞,高效液相色谱-荧光检测系统(HPLC-FLD)方法测定细胞内兴奋性氨基酸递质含量,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测NMDA受体NR2B亚基、谷氨酸(Glu)、谷氨酸转运体(GLT-1)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸/天冬氨酸转运体(GLAST)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及S100β mRNA表达的变化,免疫荧光染色半定量检测GFAP以及S100β的蛋白表达.结果 各剂量染毒组GLASTmRNA表达下降为对照组的67.8%、68.6%和76.2%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);10-4 mol/L染毒组Glu、Asp含量与对照组相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);与对照组比较,10-4mol/L染毒组GFAP和10-5mol/L染毒组S100βmRNA表达,10-5、10-4mol/L染毒组GFAP蛋白表达,10-4mol/L染毒组S100β蛋白表达明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),有剂量依赖趋势.对10-4mol/L染毒组给予50和100 μmol/L MK801干预后,GLT-1、GLAST mRNA表达水平较10-4 mol/L染毒组明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),NR2B mRNA表达进一步升高,与未干预前相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但均明显高于对照组水平,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);100 μmol/L MK801干预后,Glu的含量升高为10-4mol/L染毒组的1.81倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);50和100μmol/LMK801干预后,GFAP转录及蛋白水平较未干预前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),50 μmol/L干预组S100β蛋白表达水平仍然高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 乐果对兴奋性氨基酸递质系统的影响参与了星形胶质细胞的活化;NMDA受体阻断剂MK801有助于控制星形胶质细胞胶质化.

Abstract：

Objective To study the involvement of excitatory amino acid system in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. Methods Pure-cultured astrocytes were gained by three passages from primary cultured rat nerve cells, then treated with 10-6,10-5,10-4 mol/L dimethoate for 48 h, 50 μmol/L and 100μmol/L MK801, a NMDA receptor blocker, was used to intervene the effects induced by 10-4 mol/L dimethoate.HPLC-FLD was utilized to measure the concentrations of excitatory amino acid (EAA), RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of NR2B, GLT-1, GLAST, GFAP and S100β mRNA, and immunofluresence staining method was applied to measure the expression levels of GFAP and S100β proteins. Results The expression levels of GLAST mRNA in all exposure groups were 67.8% ,68.6% and 76.2% of control level,respectively, which were significantly lower than that of control group (P＜0.05); The concentrations of EAA significantly decreased in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group, as compared with control group (P＜0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group, of S100β mRNA in 10-5 mol/L dimethoate group, of GFAP protein in 10-4 mol/L and 10-5 mol/L dimethoate groups and S100β protein in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group were significantly higher than those in control group (P＜0.01). The expression levels of GLT-1 and GLAST mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μ mol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group (P＜0.01), the expression levels of NR2B mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μmol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with control group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); the concentration of Glu in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 100 μ mol/L MK801 group increased significantly, as compared with 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group (P＜0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA and protein in10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μ mol/L MK801 groups decreased significantly (P＜0.01); S100β protein expression level in 50 μ mol/L MK801 intervention group was significantly higher than thatl in control group (P＜0.01). Conclusion Excitatory amino acid system involved in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. MK801 was useful to control astrocytes gliosis.     

Public health and primary care collaboration--a case study.

This paper describes the approach of one total purchasing project (TPP) to health needs assessment (HNA) and identifies issues that require consideration when undertaking HNA in primary care. It discusses the advantages of adopting a Health Authority (HA) HNA strategy and the development of a decision-making process for implementing this and other strategies to address possible areas of identified need. The prerequisites, advantages and potential difficulties of this approach are highlighted and related to the needs of primary care groups (PCGs) for addressing health needs and population health.     

Evaluation of the cell survival curve under radiation exposure based on the kinetics of lesions in relation to dose-delivery time

We have investigated the dose rate effects on cell damage caused by photon-beam irradiation. During a relatively long dose-delivery time with a low dose rate, lesions created in cells may undergo some reactions, such as DNA repair. In order to investigate these reactions quantitatively, we adopted the microdosimetric–kinetic (MK) model and deduced a cell surviving fraction (SF) formula for continuous irradiation. This model enabled us to estimate the SF from dose and dose rate. The parameters in the MK model were determined so as to generate the SF, and we attempted to evaluate the dose rate effects on the SF. To deduce the cell-specific parameters in the SF formula, including the dose rate, we performed a split-dose experiment and a single-dose experiment with a constant dose-delivery time (10 min) (to retain the condition for equivalent behavior of cell lesions) by means of a clonogenic assay. Then, using the MK model parameters, the SFs were reproduced for a variety of dose rates (1.0, 0.31, 0.18, 0.025 and 0.0031 Gy/min) and were compared with reported experimental data. The SF curves predicted by the MK model agreed well with the experimental data, suggesting that the dose rate effects appear in the kinetics of cell lesions during the dose-delivery time. From fitting the analysis of the model formula to the experimental data, it was shown that the MK model could illustrate the characteristics of log-SF in a rectilinear form at a high dose range with a relatively low dose rate.     

次氯酸钠对池塘微宇宙结构和功能的影响

目的研究次氯酸钠对模拟池塘水生态系统造成破坏的程度及恢复规律。方法构建6个池塘微宇宙模拟水生态系统,连续投加次氯酸钠13天,投加量分别为0、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0和20.0mg/L,13天后再观察10天,定期测定系统中余氯、细菌总数、叶绿素a、总生产力的值。结果余氯量随次氯酸钠投加量的加大和时间的延长而不断升高;叶绿素a、总生产力和次氯酸钠投加量之间呈负相关;1.0mg/L和2.5mg/L次氯酸钠在微宇宙中促进细菌的繁殖,5.0、10.0和20.0mg/L的投加量可有效灭菌。低投加量次氯酸钠(1.0、2.5和5.0mg/L)不影响微宇宙的恢复,高投加量(10.0mg/L和20.0mg/L)对微宇宙造成严重破坏。结论在该试验条件下,根据叶绿素a、总生产力等指标的变化趋势,可认为池塘微宇宙的结构和功能均受次氯酸钠的影响而发生改变,但1.0、2.5和5.0mg/L投加量的影响是可逆的,而10.0mg/L和20.0mg/L的投加量使微宇宙结构和功能难以恢复。     

Nitromusk compounds in women with gynecological and endocrine dysfunction.

Musk xylene (MX), musk ketone (MK), musk ambrette, musk moskene, and musk tibetene are synthetic fragrances. Between 1994 and 1996 these five nitromusk compounds (NMCs) were tested in the blood of 152 women who consulted the Endocrinological Department of the University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heidelberg, Germany, because of gynecological problems. The testing was conducted by gas chromotography with mass-specific detector and mass spectrometry in a retrospective cross-sectional study. MX was detected in 95% and MK in 85% of the blood samples (>20 ng per liter whole blood). The median concentration of MX was 65.5 ng/L and the maximum level of MX was 1183 ng/L; the corresponding values for MK were respectively 55.5 and 518 ng/L. The other three NMCs were found in only a few patients or not at all. Significant associations between MX and MK concentrations were found in blood and different clinical parameters of the endocrine system. MX and MK may act centrally as a disrupter of the (supra-) hypothalamic-ovarian axis, which may result in a mild ovarian insufficiency. On the basis of our data, a reproductive toxicity and an endocrine effect of NMCs in women cannot be ruled out. Further experimental and clinical studies should be conducted.     

Effectiveness and safety of mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT H44A) as an adjuvant for nasal influenza vaccine

The effectiveness and safety of mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LT H44A (His to Arg substitution at position 44 from the N-terminus of the A1 fragment of the A subunit) as an adjuvant for nasal influenza vaccine were examined. (1) When 0.2 microg of LT H44A, together with 0.2 microg of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8, H1N1) vaccine, was administered intranasally into BALB/c mice (twice, 4 weeks apart), anti-PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) IgA and IgG antibody (Ab) responses were induced at levels that were sufficient to provide either complete protection against infection with a small volume of PR8 virus suspension or partial protection against infection with a lethal dose of the suspension. The dose of the mutant LT and vaccine used here (0.2 microg/ 20 g doses mouse) corresponded to the estimated dose per person, i.e. 0.1 mg/10 kg body weight. (2) Using these vaccination conditions, no additional total IgE Ab responses were induced. (3) The mutant was confirmed to be less toxic than the native LT when the toxicity was analyzed either using Y1 adrenal cells in vitro (1/483 EC(50)) or by an ileal loop test. (4) One hundred micrograms of the mutant, administered intranasally or intraperitoneally into guinea-pigs (Heartley strain, 0.3-0.4 kg), caused no body-weight changes 7 days after administration, although 100 microg of the native LT administered intraperitoneally caused death in all guinea-pigs due to diarrhea within 2 days. The intranasal administration of 100 microg of the mutant resulted in almost no pathological changes in the nasal mucosa 3 days after administration. These results suggest that LT H44A, which can be produced in high yields in an E. coli culture (about 5 mg/l), could be used as one of the effective and safe adjuvants for nasal influenza vaccine in humans.     

Natural antibodies and their significance in active immunization and protection against a defined pathogen in fish

Natural antibody activity against Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular A-layer protein (A-protein) showed large individual variations in a farmed group of 101 goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Statistical analyses of these variations led us to divide this group into homogeneous high and low naturally active (HNA and LNA) subgroups. The HNA fish were largely protected against experimental infection with a virulent atypical A. salmonicida strain, while 100% morbidity was recorded in the LNA group. In the course of active immunization with a particulate form of A-protein, a significant antibody response was exhibited by the LNA group only. Significance and implication of these results in vaccination practice are discussed.     

A New Disability-related Health Care Needs Assessment Tool for Persons With Brain Disorders

Objectives

This study aimed to develop a health needs assessment (HNA) tool for persons with brain disorders and to assess the unmet needs of persons with brain disorders using the developed tool.

Methods

The authors used consensus methods to develop a HNA tool. Using a randomized stratified systematic sampling method adjusted for sex, age, and districts, 57 registered persons (27 severe and 30 mild cases) with brain disorders dwelling in Seoul, South Korea were chosen and medical specialists investigated all of the subjects with the developed tools.

Results

The HNA tool for brain disorders we developed included four categories: 1) medical interventions and operations, 2) assistive devices, 3) rehabilitation therapy, and 4) regular follow-up. This study also found that 71.9% of the subjects did not receive appropriate medical care, which implies that the severity of their disability is likely to be exacerbated and permanent, and the loss irrecoverable.

Conclusions

Our results showed that the HNA tool for persons with brain disorders based on unmet needs defined by physicians can be a useful method for evaluating the appropriateness and necessity of medical services offered to the disabled, and it can serve as the norm for providing health care services for disabled persons. Further studies should be undertaken to increase validity and reliability of the tool. Fundamental research investigating the factors generating or affecting the unmet needs is necessary; its results could serve as basis for developing policies to eliminate or alleviate these factors.     

使用体内遗传毒性综合测试体系评价顺铂的遗传毒性

目的使用大鼠体内遗传毒性综合测试体系全面评价顺铂的遗传毒性,为顺铂临床应用提供重要依据。方法雄性SD大鼠(150～160 g)25只,每组5只。溶剂对照组为0.9%生理盐水,顺铂剂量组分别为0.125、0.25、0.5、1 mg/kg.bw,均按5 ml/kg.bw腹腔注射连续28 d染毒。于试验第0、14、28、42、56、84、112 d进行外周血Pig-a基因突变试验;于试验第0、4、28 d进行外周血微核试验;于试验第4、28 d给药后4 h进行外周血彗星试验。主要遗传毒性指标使用ANOVA进行假设检验,使用Dunnett-t进行剂量组和对照组之间的比较(检验水准α=0.05,双侧)。结果 Pig-a基因突变试验,0.250～1.000 mg/kg.bw组RBCs突变率和RETs突变率均有升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义。外周血微核试验,0.500～1.000 mg/kg.bw组RET微核率均有显著升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;彗星试验,0.500～1.000mg/kg.bw组尾部DNA含量均有显著增加,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义。结论顺铂体内重复染毒具有引起DNA损...     

槲皮素在体外哺乳动物细胞中遗传毒性研究

目的研究槲皮素对体外哺乳动物的细胞遗传毒性。方法采用80、40、20、10、5 mg/L5个剂量组的槲皮素在有或无代谢活化条件下处理体外培养的中国地鼠肺成纤维细胞（CHL）3 h后更换新鲜培养液,恢复生长21 h后收获细胞制片,观察槲皮素对哺乳动物细胞染色体的影响。采用200、100、50、25和12.5 mg/L 5个剂量组的槲皮素在有或无代谢活化条件下处理中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞（V79）3 h后,经过7 d的次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（HGPRT）突变基因表达和7 d突变基因选择后计数集落形成率并计突变频率,观察槲皮素对哺乳动物HGPRT基因位点的影响。结果在有或无代谢活化条件下槲皮素在浓度〉10 mg/L均能够诱导CHL细胞染色体断裂和交换等,染色体细胞畸变率显著增加（P〈0.01）;而在有或无代谢活化与溶剂对照组相比较槲皮素各剂量组均未发生基因突变频率显著增加（P〉0.05）。结论在体外试验条件下,槲皮素对哺乳动物细胞显示出明显致突变性,存在潜在的遗传毒性。     

MK801抑制乐果诱导的大鼠皮层神经元凋亡的作用研究

目的通过应用N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体非竞争性拮抗剂MK801探讨兴奋性氨基酸神经递质在乐果诱导的新生大鼠皮层神经元凋亡中发挥的作用。方法在纯化的新生鼠皮层神经元中,加入终浓度为100μmol/L的乐果,并用50和100μmol/L NMDA受体非竞争性拮抗剂MK801对100μmol/L乐果染毒组进行干预。染毒后48小时收获细胞,TUNEL染色检测神经元凋亡情况;HPLC-FLD方法测定细胞内兴奋性氨基酸递质含量,RT-PCR检测NMDA受体NR2B亚基mRNA表达的变化,荧光探针DCFH-DA试剂盒检测细胞内活性氧水平。结果在纯化培养的皮层神经元中,100μmol/L乐果染毒48h后,与对照组相比,Tunel染色强度为对照组1.40倍(P<0.01);兴奋性氨基酸的含量均上升(P<0.01);细胞内ROS水平逐渐增高为对照组的2.47倍(P<0.01)。对100μmol/L乐果染毒组给予50和100μmol/L MK801干预后,高剂量干预组凋亡减少为干预前的79.6%(P<0.01),EAA含量下降(P<0.01);细胞内ROS水平下降为干预前的88.9%和74.8%(P<0.01),但仍远高于对照组细胞内活性氧水平(P<0.01);NR2B mRNA表达上升为干预前的1.59和2.22倍(P<0.01),显著高于对照组水平(P<0.01)。结论兴奋性氨基酸递质和细胞内活性氧共同参与乐果诱导的神经元凋亡。NMDA受体阻断剂MK801不仅能减少活性氧的生成并能降低神经元兴奋性氨基酸含量,从而减少乐果诱导的神经元凋亡。     

槐杞黄联合孟鲁司特钠干预对哮喘大鼠气道炎症以及IL-17表达的影响

目的探讨槐杞黄辅助孟鲁司特钠治疗哮喘的作用机制。方法取40只雄性Spra—gue—Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为对照组（Control）、模型组（Model）、孟鲁司特钠组（MK）、槐杞黄组（H）、孟鲁司特钠＋槐杞黄组（MK＋H）,每组8只。除对照组外,其他各组建立哮喘模型。各药物干预组每天分别予以孟鲁司特钠、槐杞黄、孟鲁司特钠＋槐杞黄灌胃处理。取右肺上叶组织行病理学检查,分析气道炎症,免疫组化方法测定肺组织IL-17表达,计数BALF细胞总数和细胞分类,ELISA方法测定血浆及BALF上清液中IL-17的浓度。结果建模成功后（1）模型组支气管周围炎症细胞浸润程度较对照组显著增强（P〈0．05）;（2）各药物干预组支气管周围炎症细胞浸润程度较模型组明显减轻（P〈0．05）;（3）MK＋H组与MK组比较,支气管周围炎性细胞浸润程度明显减轻（P〈0．05）,IL-17蛋白表达量（11．60±1．58）明显下降（P〈0．05）,BALF细胞总数以及血浆和BALF中IL-17浓度均降低（P〈0．05）;（4）血浆与BALF中IL-17浓度及肺组织IL-17表达量呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论槐杞黄颗粒联合孟鲁司特钠干预哮喘大鼠能进一步降低血浆及BALF中IL—17浓度,下凋肺组织IL—17蛋白的表达量,抑制气道炎症,其抗炎作用可能是通过下调IL-17来实现。     

Effects of diquat on freshwater microbial communities

A static microcosm system was used to evaluate effects of the herbicide diquat (0.3–30 mg/L) on the structure and function of naturally derived microbial communities on polyurethane foam substrates. Microbial communities were exposed to a single application of diquat and were monitored for 21 days. Effects on community structure included changes in algal cell density at diquat concentrations 0.3 mg/L (after an initial decrease in net productivity), bacterial cell density (1 mg/L diquat), and increased biomass accumulation (10 and 30 mg/L diquat). The species richness of protozoa was reduced at diquat concentrations >0.3 mg/L; protozoan species composition was progressively more dissimilar with diquat treatment. Effects on community function included inhibition of net productivity and community respiration (10 and 30 mg/L diquat), and decreased enzyme activities [alkaline phosphatase (1, 10, and 30 mg/L diquat), electron transport system (0.3 mg/L diquat), and -glucosidase (0.3 mg/L diquat)]. Both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms were affected by diquat. Most structural and functional responses were sensitive indicators of stress. Estimated chronic toxicity values ranged from 0.3 mg/L (day 3) to 5.5 mg/L (day 21). Most microbial responses indicated that microbial community structure and function did not recover within the 21-day exposure period.