Evans calcaneal osteotomy for flexible pes valgus deformity. A preliminary study

This procedure was quite successful, particularly in patients with a transverse plane dominant flexible pes valgus deformity. The modifications that have proved to be successful include the use of the oblique skin incision following the relaxed skin tension lines, the use of allogeneic bone graft, and the use of ancillary procedures, including the gastrocnemius recession and medial arch tendosuspension. The procedure is less predictable in those patients whose deformity is primarily in the frontal or sagittal plane. It is most critical that preoperative analysis be used to discover the presence of the masked metatarsus adductus prior to performing this procedure.     

The developmental anatomy of pes valgo planus

Pes planus or flatfoot becomes a medical problem only when symptoms develop. The mere absence of a well-formed medial longitudinal arch does not necessarily imply pathology. Many apparently "flat feet" demonstrate congruent joints, and the extremities function normally. The size and shape, as well as the angles of declination for the talus or astragulers and the calcaneus or os calcis, are most often determined at the moment of fertilization by the genes of the patients. The zygote or fertilized ovum is a first totipotent. Cell division normally occurs as development proceeds, but the embryo is vulnerable to alterations of the cell cycle. Teratogenic substances can induce death or substantial structural modifications to the developing fetus. The post-World War II tragedy of the medical use of the drug thalidomide in pregnant mothers resulting in amelia is testimony as to how the lower extremity can be adversely affected. Early chromosomal aberrations including duplication, deletion, breakage, inversion, translocation, and mosaicism have been shown to be involved in faulty development of the foot, and there is no reason not to implicate pes valgo planus to these events. Intrauterine development apart from the genetic considerations just mentioned place the fetus under additional jeopardy. Even extraembryonic membranes can form strands of tissue that can entangle the delicate developing foot plate, and calcaneovalgus deformities could conceivably be established. The developing embryo and fetus first demonstrate a blastema that forms limb buds on the ventral caudal aspect. Anlage of the scleroblastema and myoblastema of the prospective leg and foot develop in the presence of nerve trunks. Such nerves are related to the lumbosacral plexus and they are thought to exert inductive developmental influences. Interference with any of these events may be implicated in pedal deformities such as pes valgo planus. This is also true of subsequent morphogenetic events involving embryonic rotations, osteogenesis, and myogenesis. Many pedal deformities have congenital basis and it is clear that pes valgo planus is one of them. Post-natal structural changes further accentuate underlying etiologies. For example, the calcaneus normally exhibits a varus position at birth, but this feature diminishes until the cessation of bone growth. The adult talar neck-calcaneal angle is normally about 24 degrees, representing a 6-degrees reduction from that of 30 degrees, which is demonstrated at birth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The Evans calcaneal osteotomy for correction of flexible flatfoot syndrome

The Evans calcaneal osteotomy is used to correct the flexible flatfoot deformity. The procedure restores functional integrity to the medial longitudinal arch and reestablishes the locking mechanism of the midtarsal joint complex. A preliminary analysis of 36 cases (50 feet) performed at Atlanta Hospital and Medical Center during the past 3 years has yielded favorable results.     

Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术治疗青少年距跟联合合并前足外展畸形

目的探讨Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术并联合切除治疗青少年距跟联合(TCCs)合并严重前足外展畸形的疗效。方法回顾性分析郑州市骨科医院足踝外科自2014年2月至2018年8月收治的11例(14足)青少年症状性TCCs合并严重前足外展畸形患者资料。男6例(8足),女5例(6足);双足3例,单足8例,左足7例,右足7例;年龄13~17岁,平均15岁。所有患者均采取TCCs切除后行Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术。测量患者术前及末次随访时负重正位X线距舟覆盖角(TCA)、距骨-第2跖列角(T-2MT),负重侧位X线距骨倾斜角(TH)、距骨-第1跖列角(T-1MT)。采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估足部功能和疼痛改善情况。结果11例患者术后获12~24个月(平均16.5个月)随访。TCA由术前平均22.3°(20°~26°)改善为末次随访时10.5°(8°~13°);T-2MT由术前平均17.6°(16°~20°)改善为末次随访时6.5°(5°~11°)。侧位X线TH由术前平均35°(25°~40°)改善为末次随访时17.5°(16°~21°);T-1MT由术前平均15.5°(10°~22°)改善为末次随访时3.5°(2°~6°)。AOFAS的踝-后足评分由术前平均56.5分(50~62分)改善为末次随访时90.6分(75~95分),VAS评分由术前平均6.0分(5~7分)改善为末次随访时2.0分(0~3分)。结论对于青少年TCCs合并严重前足外展畸形患者,联合切除后行Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术可以有效纠正畸形,缓解症状,改善足部功能和影像学表现。     

Utility outcome assessment of pes planus deformity

Background

Despite being a common condition, there are no objective measures in the literature to reflect the burden of pes planus on affected individuals. Our primary objective was to evaluate this burden by recruiting a sample from the general population using validated utility outcome measures.

Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形

目的探讨Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形的疗效。方法2014年1月—2017年10月,采取Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗10例(13足)距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形患者。男6例(8足),女4例(5足);年龄13~18岁,平均15.8岁。病程10~14个月,平均11.5个月。患侧跟骨外翻、前足外展、足弓低平。疼痛部位:跗骨窦4足、距跟联合5足、踝关节4足。Silverskiold试验腓肠肌腱膜紧张3例(4足),跟腱挛缩7例(9足)。术前美国矫形外科足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分为(46.54±9.08)分,行走1 km后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.54±0.88)分。术后采用AOFAS踝与后足评分、VAS评分,以及X线片测量距骨-第1跖列角(talar-first metatarsal angle,T1MT)、距舟覆盖角(talonavicular coverage angle,TCA)、距骨倾斜角(talar-horizontal angle,TH)、跟骨倾斜角(calcaneal pitch angle,CP)、跟骨外翻角(heel valgus angle,HV),评价手术疗效。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。10例患者均获随访,随访时间12~30个月,平均18个月。末次随访时,AOFAS踝与后足评分为(90.70±6.75)分,VAS评分为(1.85±0.90)分,均较术前明显改善(t=-23.380,P=0.000;t=35.218,P=0.000)。X线片复查示截骨均达骨性愈合,愈合时间为2~4个月,平均3个月。末次随访时,T1MT、TCA、TH、HV均较术前明显降低,CP明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间1例(1足)疼痛缓解不明显,1例(1足)出现腓肠神经皮支损伤症状。结论对于距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形患者,Evans跟骨外侧延长术可以有效纠正畸形、缓解疼痛。     

Percutaneous double metatarsal osteotomy for correction of severe hallux valgus deformity

Double osteotomy of the first metatarsal is an option in treatment of severe hallux valgus deformity. Good short-term results have been reported with percutaneous surgery in hallux valgus with moderate deformity. We report short-term results with percutaneous double osteotomy of the first metatarsal in severe deformities. This is a prospective study of 6 patients with severe hallux valgus deformity who were treated with percutaneous double osteotomy of the first metatarsal (proximal closing wedge and distal chevron osteotomy) in 2008. They were assessed preoperatively and one year and two years after surgery, with clinical and radiological AOFAS MTP-IP score. All patients were satisfied. The AOFAS score improved from 34 to 84. The postoperative radiological assessment showed significant improvement, compared with preoperative values of the intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles. No complications were encountered. Post-operative stiffness of the first MT joint was observed but resolved after physiotherapy. This preliminary study showed that correction of severe hallux valgus deformity by percutaneous double osteotomy can achieve good clinical and radiological results. A larger number of cases with a longer follow-up is needed to firmly demonstrate the advantages of this technique compared with classical open surgical techniques in the treatment of severe hallux valgus deformities.     

Percutaneous osteotomy for deformity correction in adolescents with severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Various methods of performing proximal femoral realignment in adolescents with severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis exist. We report the technique and early results of a percutaneous, opening wedge subtrochanteric femoral osteotomy using an external fixator for correcting multiplanar deformities in such patients. Nine adolescents with severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis underwent a percutaneous osteotomy at an average age of 14.5 years. Mean operative blood loss was 61 ml, with 2 days of inpatient stay and 129 days of external fixation time. At an average follow-up of 23 months, hip flexion improved from 74 to 106 degrees, internal rotation from -5 to +17 degrees, external rotation from 71 to 41 degrees and abduction from 29 to 36 degrees. Radiographs revealed an improvement in anteroposterior head shaft angle from 112 to 134 degrees and lateral head shaft angle from 72 to 15 degrees. One patient had transient chondrolysis. No fixation-related problems, deep infection, avascular necrosis or refracture occurred. On the basis of our preliminary results, this percutaneous technique offers several advantages over currently available methods for surgical correction of severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis deformities.     

Correction of flexible pes planus deformity: medial column stabilization procedure

A review of five distinct medial column stabilization procedures sets forth criteria specific to certain presentations of pes planus deformity. The importance of considering the manifestation of the condition and its implications with regard to the overall health of the particular patient cannot be overemphasized. The collective goal of all such corrective procedures is identical; it is the variable factors particular to a specific presentation that dictate the preferred corrective action. The course selected by a physician with respect to surgical correction of flexible pes planus must be determined by taking both the procedure and the presentation of the condition under advisement.     

Talonavicular joint arthrodesis and Evans calcaneal osteotomy for treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of talonavicular fusion and Evans calcaneal osteotomy for the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. This was a retrospective study of 10 patients, mean age 48.7 years, who had continued pain despite 6 months of conservative treatment and a minimum Johnson and Strom stage II deformity. Patients completed a detailed questionnaire, were physically examined, and their postoperative improvement was graded according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Rating Scale. At a mean of 35 months (range 8-72 months) after surgery, patients demonstrated a significant improvement (p<.001) both in their subjective discomfort and in the structural alignment and function of their feet. The authors feel that this combination of procedures allows greater correction and stability than either procedure performed alone, and provides a viable alternative to triple arthrodesis.     

经椎弓根椎体间截骨联合V形截骨术矫正强直性脊柱炎合并重度胸腰椎后凸畸形

目的 评估后路联合经椎弓根椎体间截骨手术(PSO)和椎板关节突V形截骨术矫正强直性脊柱炎(AS)合并重度胸腰椎后凸畸形的临床疗效.方法 2004年8月至2007年6月,共收治AS合并重度胸腰椎后凸畸形患者8例,均为男性,年龄28～46岁,平均32岁;平均胸椎后凸角度(T1～T12)96°(80°～112°),腰椎前凸角度(L1～S1)平均10°(5°～15°),平均颏眉角47°(40°～58°),平均注视角43°(32°～50°).8例患者均在L3椎体行PSO术并在胸腰段(T12～L1,L1-2)之间进行椎板关节突V形截骨.术后综合评估影像学、临床疗效以及并发症的情况.结果 8例患者平均手术时间(298.1±20.7)min,术中失血量(1588.8±171.6)ml.8例患者均获随访,随访时间为(11.5±7.7)个月.术后平均胸椎Cobb角76.1°±9.6°,矫正20.3°±1.1°;术后平均腰椎前凸角48.4°±4.7°,矫正38.4°±4.7°.术后平均颏眉角16.5°±4.6°,注视角73.0°±5.2°.矢状面平衡矫正(12.3±1.6)cm.无血管、神经损伤、应力性骨折等重大并发症发生,术后未发生冠状面的失代偿.结论 后路联合单节段PSO联合双节段楔形截骨术矫正As合并重度后凸畸形效果安全可靠,可明显改善患者视野范围.     

A new surgical technique for the treatment of pes planus deformity: a preliminary report

This posteriorly placed, extra-articular, calcaneal osteotomy was developed at the Atlanta Hospital and Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Using a posterior, transverse approach, a frontal or sagittal plane Z-plasty lengthening of the Achilles tendon is performed to gain access to the superior aspect of the calcaneal body. An opening wedge osteotomy is then directed posterior-dorsal to anterior-plantar, to effectively plantarflex the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. It is indicated in clinical conditions involving a sagittal plane flatfoot with minimal heel valgus.     

Associated correction of forefoot alignment with hindfoot fusion for pes planovalgus deformity

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate changes in hallux alignment after corrective surgery for adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD).Patients and methodsThe present study retrospectively investigated the changes of hallux alignment in 37 feet (33 patients) which were treated with double or triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot for AAFD between 2015 and 2021 and could be followed up to one year postoperatively.ResultsHallux valgus (HV) angle significantly decreased by a mean 4.1° among the whole 37 subjects and by a mean 6.6° among the 24 subjects who had a preoperative HV angle of 15° or more. Those who had HV correction (HV angle correction ≥ 5°) demonstrated more near-normal postoperative alignment of the medial longitudinal arch and hindfoot than those without HV correction.ConclusionsHindfoot fusion for AAFD could improve preoperative HV deformity to some degree. HV correction was associated with proper realignment of the midfoot and hindfoot.Level of evidenceLevel IV; retrospective case series