Anatomy of the right liver lobe: a surgical analysis in 124 consecutive living donors

Bageacu S, Abdelaal A, Ficarelli S, ElMeteini M, Boillot O. Anatomy of the right liver lobe: a surgical analysis in 124 consecutive living donors.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E447–E454. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: Understanding anatomic variations of the right lobe is fundamental in adult to adult living donor liver transplantation. Methods: We analysed anatomy in 124 right liver (RL) donors. Results: Portal vein: normal anatomy was found in 85.5% donors. In 14.5% the main right portal vein (PV) was absent. Hepatic artery: single arterial inflow of the RL was identified in 96% of donors. In 4% two arterial stumps were found. Bile duct: classic anatomy was identified in 50.8% of donors; 9.7% had a trifurcation of the common bile duct; in 7.2% the right anterior and in 15.3% the right posterior bile duct opened into the left bile duct; one segmental bile duct opened directly into the common bile duct in 12.1% and two segmental bile ducts in 4.8%. Hepatic veins (HV): in 74.3% the right HV was the single outflow; in 24.2% significant accessory HV (>5 mm) were preserved, in 2.4% the middle HV was harvested. We found that patients with PV variations had high incidence of multiple bile ducts (88.9%) while patients with single right PV had lower incidence (42.4%) (p = 0.00026). Conclusion: While anatomic variations in the RL donor were common, no contraindication to RL harvesting was noted in this study.     

A suitable animal model for laparoscopic hepatic resection training

Background There is a growing interest in using laparoscopy for hepatic resection. However, structured training is lacking in part because of the lack of an ideal animal training model. We sought to identify an animal model whose liver anatomy significantly resembled that of the human liver and to assess the feasibility of learning laparoscopic hepatic inflow and outflow dissection and parenchyma transection on this model. Methods The inflow and outflow structures of the sheep liver were demonstrated via surgical dissection and contrast studies. Laparoscopic left major hepatic resections were performed. Results The portal hepatis of all 12 sheep (8 for anatomic study and 4 for laparoscopic hepatic resection) resembled that of human livers. The portal vein (PV) was located posteriorly; the common hepatic artery (CHA) and the common bile duct (CBD) were located anterior medially and anterior laterally with respect to the portal hepatis. The main PV bifurcated into a short right and a long left PV. The extrahepatic right PV then bifurcated into right posterior and anterior sectoral PV. The CBD and CHA bifurcated into left and right systems. The cystic duct originated from the right hepatic duct. The cystic artery originated from the right HA in 11/12 animals. The left hepatic vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC). The middle and the right hepatic veins formed a short common channel before entering the IVC. Multiple venous tributaries drained directly into IVC. Familiarity with sheep liver anatomy allowed laparoscopic left hepatic lobe (left medial and lateral segments) resection to be performed with accuracy and preservation of the middle hepatic vein. Conclusions The surgical anatomy of sheep liver resembled that of human liver. Laparoscopic major hepatic resection can be performed with accuracy using this information. Sheep is therefore an ideal animal model for advanced surgical training in laparoscopic hepatic resection.     

Correlation Between Portal Vein Anatomy and Bile Duct Variation in 407 Living Liver Donors

Our aim was to determine whether variant bile duct (BD) anatomy is associated with portal vein (PV) and/or hepatic artery (HA) anatomy. We examined the associations between BD anatomy and PV and/or HA anatomy in 407 living donor transplantation donors. We also examined whether the right posterior BD (RPBD) course was associated with the PV and/or HA anatomy. Variant PV, HA and BD anatomies were found in 11%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of 407 donors enrolled in this study. The presence of a variant BD was more frequently associated with a variant PV than with a normal PV (61% vs. 20%, p < 0.0001). By contrast, the presence of a variant HA was not associated with a variant BD. A supraportal RPBD was found in 357 donors (88%) and an infraportal RPBD was found in 50 donors (12%). An infraportal RPBD was significantly more common in donors with a variant PV than in donors with a normal PV (30% vs. 10%, p = 0.0004). Variant PV, but not variant HA, anatomies were frequently associated with variant BD anatomy. Additionally, an infraportal RPBD was more common in donors with a variant PV than in donors with a normal PV.     

Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1000 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variations in the hepatic arteries were studied in donor livers that were used for orthotopic transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Variations have occurred in 25% to 75% of cases. Donor livers represent an appropriate model for study because extrahepatic arterial anatomy must be defined precisely to ensure complete arterialization of the graft at time of transplantation. METHODS: Records of 1000 patients who underwent liver harvesting for orthotopic transplantation between 1984 and 1993 were reviewed. RESULTS: Arterial patterns in order of frequency included the normal Type 1 anatomy (n = 757), with the common hepatic artery arising from the celiac axis to form the gastroduodenal and proper hepatic arteries and the proper hepatic dividing distally into right and left branches; Type 3 (n = 106), with a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery; Type 2 (n = 97), with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery; Type 4 (n = 23), with both right and left hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric and left gastric arteries, respectively; Type 5 (n = 15), with the entire common hepatic artery arising as a branch of the superior mesenteric; and Type 6 (n = 2), with the common hepatic artery originating directly from the aorta. CONCLUSIONS: These data are useful for the planning and conduct of surgical and radiological procedures of the upper abdomen, including laparoscopic operations of the biliary tract.     

成人间活体肝移植供肝的后台准备

目的 探讨成人活体肝移植供肝的灌注和管道重建的技术。方法 回顾性分析41例成人活体肝移植供肝的后台处理临床资料。结果 41个供肝,均为不包括肝中静脉的右半肝,供者男9例,女32例,年龄19～65岁。供肝切取后经门静脉灌注HTK液2～3L（平均2.45L）。只有一支门静脉右支者35例,右前支＋右后支门静脉6例。右肝管29例,右前叶肝管＋右后叶肝管10例,右后叶肝管＋右前上段支＋右前下段支2例。肝静脉：右肝下静脉＋V_5/V_814例,只有一支右肝静脉15例,2支肝中静脉分支8例,4例有3支肝中静脉分支。肝中静脉分支直径〉0.5cm者均重建,重建V_5/V_8和右肝下静脉28例次（70.0%）,右前叶肝管和右后叶肝管整形6例（14.6%）,右后叶肝管和右前叶下段肝管整形3例（7.3%）,门静脉整形2例（4.8%）,门静脉搭桥4例（9.7%）。结论 成人活体肝移植的供肝后台处理与尸体肝移植有明显的不同,其断面的管道处理直接影响移植肝的存活和预后。     

The blood supply of the hilar bile duct and its relationship to the communicating arcade located between the right and left hepatic arteries

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing demand for living donor liver transplants. However, the biliary complication rates are still high. METHODS: The anatomy of the communicating arcade (CA) between the right and left livers and its relevance to the blood supply of the hilar bile duct was evaluated using adult cadaveric livers and cast specimens. RESULTS: In all specimens that were of sufficient quality for evaluation, the CA was found to be located extrahepatically in the hilar plate with thin tributaries branching to the hilar bile duct. On the left side, 55% of the CA originated from a segment IV artery. On the right side, 73% of the CA originated from the right anterior hepatic artery. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain an adequate blood supply for the hilar bile duct of the donor graft during living donor liver transplantation, the branching point of the CA should be preserved.     

Surgical management of anatomical variations of the right lobe in living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To review the anatomical variations of the right lobe encountered in 40 living liver donors, describe the surgical management of these variations, and summarize the results of these procedures. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anatomical variability is the rule rather than the exception in liver and biliary surgery. To make effective use of liver segments from living donors for transplantation, surgical techniques must be adapted to the anomalies. METHODS: Donor evaluation included celiac and mesenteric angiography with portal phase, magnetic resonance angiography, and intraoperative ultrasonography and cholangiography. Arterial anastomoses were generally between the donor right hepatic artery and the recipient main hepatic artery. Jump-grafts were constructed for recipients with hepatic artery thrombosis, and double donor arteries were joined to the bifurcation of the recipient hepatic artery. The branches of a trifurcated donor portal vein were isolated during the parenchymal transection, joined in a common cuff, and anastomosed to the recipient main portal vein. Significant accessory hepatic veins were preserved, brought together in a common cuff if multiple, and anastomosed to the recipient cava. The bile ducts were individually drained through a Roux-en-Y limb, and stents were placed in most patients. RESULTS: Forty right lobe liver transplants were performed between adults. No donor was excluded because of prohibitive anatomy. Seven recipients had a prior transplant and five had a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Arterial anomalies were noted in six donors and portal anomalies in four. Arterial jump-grafts were required in three. Sixteen had at least one significant accessory hepatic vein, and one had a double right hepatic vein. There were no vascular complications. Multiple bile ducts were found in 27 donors. Biliary complications occurred in 33% of patients without stents and 4% with stents. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variations of the right lobe can be accommodated without donor complications or complex reconstruction. Previous transplantation and TIPS do not significantly complicate right lobe transplantation. Microvascular arterial anastomosis is not necessary, and vascular complications should be infrequent. Biliary complications can be minimized with stenting.     

Anatomy of the hepatic hilar area: the plate system

To surgically manage hilar bile duct carcinoma successfully, it is important to be familiar with the principal anatomical variations of the biliary and vascular components of the plate system in the hepatic hilar area, because all the variations in the bile ducts and vessels occur in the plate system. The plate system consists of bile ducts and blood vessels surrounded by a sheath. There are three plates in the hilar area: the hilar plate, the cystic plate, and the umbilical plate. The bile duct and blood vessel branches penetrate the plate system and form Glisson's capsule in all segments of the liver, except for the medial segment. The right hepatic duct is usually (in 53%–72% of individuals) formed by the union of the anterior segmental duct and the posterior segmental duct in the hilar area. However, three other variations have been found in which these segmental ducts do not form the right hepatic duct. Few anatomical variations have been identified in the left hepatic duct, but confusion arises because of the variations in the medial segment ducts (B4) which join the left hepatic duct at different sites. In 35.5% of individuals they join the hepatic duct in the vicinity of the hilar confluence (type I B4 anatomy), and in 64.5% of individuals they join the left hepatic duct some distance away from the confluence (type II B4 anatomy). Because B4 is very close to the hilar confluence in type I, hilar bile duct carcinoma can easily invade B4 and, for that reason, for curative resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma, resection of S4a (the inferior part of the medial segment) should be considered along with the resection of extrahepatic bile duct and caudate lobe. Variations in the portal vein and hepatic artery are found in 16%–26% and 31%–33% of individuals, respectively. Because a considerable number of anatomical variations in the bile ducts and vessels persist in the hilar area, and the reported proportions of the different variations vary, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the plate system and the variations in the bile ducts and blood vessels in the hilar area to perform safe and curative surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Received: June 3, 2000 / Accepted: July 20, 2000     

Left hepatic trisectionectomy for hepatolithiasis with occluded left and right anterior branches of the portal vein: report of a case

A 64-year-old male was admitted to a local hospital with epigastric pain. Diagnostic imaging revealed hepatolithiasis in the atrophic left lobe. However, endoscopic intervention was impossible because of the presence of many large stones. He was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment. Enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography revealed that the right posterior portal vein (PV) was branched from the portal trunk as a first-order branch, and the bile duct of segment 3 ran caudally to the umbilical portion of the left PV. Furthermore, the umbilical portion of the left PV, which was located between the dilated bile ducts of segment 2 and segment 3, and also the right anterior PV, was occluded with thrombus. Based on these findings, he underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy. Although the indications for left hepatic trisectionectomy for hepatolithiasis are limited, it is therefore extremely important to determine the most appropriate surgical procedure based on the anatomy and findings of hepatic hilus in individual cases.     

多层螺旋CT术前评价右叶活体肝移植供肝血管系统

目的探讨MSCT在右叶活体肝移植（LDLT）术前供体筛选中的应用价值。方法对40名拟行肝右叶捐献的志愿者于LDLT术前行MSCT腹部平扫及三期增强扫描,由2名医师观察肝脏血管系统的显影情况（采用4分法进行评价）、解剖结构及变异,并对最终作为供体接受肝右叶切除术者的CT表现及术中所见进行对照分析。结果 2名医师对肝动脉（HA）、门静脉（PV）、肝静脉（HV）分支及副肝静脉（AHV）显影情况的评分均为3～4分,观察者间一致性好（Kappa值分别为0.84、1.00、1.00和1.00）。40名志愿者中,HA正常19名,变异21名;PV正常28名,变异12名。10名志愿者因HA变异影响肝右叶捐献而被排除,包括7名肝右动脉（RHA）纤细和3名S4段肝动脉（S4A）变异;7名志愿者因PV变异被排除,包括2名PV右前支起自门静脉左支（LPV）、3名三叉型PV和2名门静脉右支（RPV）短干。最终包括2名RPV短干、1名PV右后支起自PV主干及2名三叉型PV在内的共15名志愿者作为供体接受肝右叶切除术。LDLT术中所见15名供体的肝脏血管系统解剖结构均与术前MSCT检查结果相符。结论MSCT是LDLT术前评价供肝血管系统的有效方法。     

The main hepatic anatomic variations for the purpose of split-liver transplantation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Variant hepatic anatomy must be recognized and appropriately managed during split-liver transplantation to ensure complete vascular and biliary supply to both grafts. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of an assessment of the hepatic anatomical structures for the purpose of split-liver transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human cadaveric livers (n = 60) were obtained during routine autopsies. The cadavers and the livers had to comply with the following requirements: (1) minimum age 18 years, (2) no liver pathology expected from medical history, and (3) no liver pathology noted at autopsy. Resections were carried out en bloc with liver, celiac trunk, left gastric artery, lesser omentum, superior mesenteric artery, and head of the pancreas. The main anatomical structures of the liver as hepatic artery, portal vein, biliary tree, and hepatic veins were dissected and correlated hepatic segments for the application of liver splitting. RESULTS: The right the median, and the left hepatic veins were unique, with in 59 (98.3%), 53 (88.3%) and 46 (76.3%) cases, respectively. The portal vein trunk divided into right and left branches in 59 (98.3%) cases. A median branch appeared in 9 (15.2%) cases and no bifurcation of the portal vein occurred in 1 (1.6%) case. The right and left hepatic ducts were multiple in 47 (78.3%) and 57 (95%) cases, respectively, however, the median, hepatic duct was unique in 16 (26.6%) cases. Examining the intrahepatic distribution of the right hepatic duct, we found 4 branches in 28 (59%) cases (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) 2 branches in 11 (23%) cases, (segments V and VI) and 2 branches in 8 (17%) cases (segments VII and VIII). Fifty-seven cadavers had multiple left hepatic ducts. The intrahepatic dissection showed that the distribution of the major branches were toward hepatic segments II and III. Three separate branches of the left hepatic duct were found in 11 (19%) cases (segments II, III, and IV). Two intrahepatic ducts coming from hepatic segments V and VI drained separately into the left intrahepatic biliary tree in 1 (2%) case. The arterial supply of the liver was by right and left hepatic artery with only 9 (15%) cases there being median hepatic artery. The right hepatic artery, coming from the superior mesenteric artery, was present in 15 (25%) cases and a left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery in only 2 (3.3%) cases. The left hepatic artery had 2 exceptional origins, in 1 (1.6%) case coming directly from the abdominal aorta and in the other from the superior mesenteric artery. The right and left hepatic artery was accessory, in 11 (18.3%) and 2 (3.3%) cases, respectively. The right hepatic artery was dominant in 4 (6.6%) cases. The median hepatic artery was directed to segment IV in 6 (10%) cases and to segment II and III in 3 (4.9%) cases. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the technique of controlled liver splitting for transplantation in 2 recipients is an acceptable method to increase the number of liver allografts. The anatomical and technical details of the splitting procedure are critical for the success of this technique. Good graft function and avoidance of complications depend on each graft having an intact arterial and portal blood supply as well as biliary and venous drainage from all retained liver segments. The absence of a bifurcation of the portal vein is a rare anomaly and would certainly contraindicate a partition.     

胆道数字成像技术在活体肝移植肝内胆道解剖分型及胆道切面确定中的应用

目的 评价术中胆道数字成像技术在活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT)肝内胆道解剖分型和胆道切面确定中的作用及临床价值.方法 66例LDLT供者,通过术中胆道数字减影了解胆道分型及变异,结合金属标志物准确选择胆道离断位置,与手术结果比较,分析其在LDLT供者术中胆道解剖描述及切面确定中的作用.结果 所有供者均采用胆道数字成像技术对肝内胆道解剖进行分型,Ⅰ型(经典型)45例(68.2%),Ⅱ型(三叉型,胆总管由右前肝管、右后肝管、左肝管汇合而成)7例(10.6%),Ⅲ型(无右肝管主干,右后肝管汇入肝总管)13例(19.7%),Ⅳ型(无右肝管主干,右后肝管汇入左肝管)1例(1.5%),Ⅴ型(复杂分型)0例(0%).Ⅰ型所有供者均形成单一吻合口;Ⅱ型7例供者中4例形成2个吻合口,3例经成形或非成形后形成1个吻合口;Ⅲ型13例供者中9例形成2个吻合口,4例经成形后形成1个吻合口;Ⅳ型1例供者,2个胆道吻合口.所有供者都完成活体右半肝切取术.结论 术中胆道数字减影结合金属标志物可以精确显示肝内胆道解剖及变异并准确定位肝管切面,减少胆道吻合口数目,有助于供肝的安全获取和移植.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate biliary digital imaging technology in determining the type of the intrahepatic bile duct anatomy and the transection plane of the duct in right lobe living donor liver transplantation(LDLT). Methods Mobile digital subtraction angiography was performed to show the intrahepatic bile duct anatomy of 66 liver transplant donor candidates. Combined with metal markers, the bile duct transection plane was defined. Comparing with the actual results, the effect of digital imaging technology in determining the intrahepatic anatomical variations and transection plane of the duct in LDLT was evaluated. Results Intrahepatic bile duct anatomical variations were showed in all donors by using digital imaging technology. type Ⅰ (classical type) was identified in45 cases (68.2%), type Ⅱ (with triple confluence, the simultaneous emptying of the right anterior segmental duct, right posterior segmental duct and left hepatic duct into the common hepatic duct) in 7 cases ( 10.6% ), type Ⅲ (no right hepatic duct stem, right posterior segmental duct draining into common hepatic duct) in 13 cases ( 19. 7% ), type Ⅳ (no right hepatic duct stem, right posterior segmental duct draining into left hepatic duct) in 1 case (1.5%), and type Ⅴ (complex variation ) in no case (0%). As a result, cases of type Ⅰ form a single anastomosis. In type Ⅱ, four cases formed double anastomoses, three cases formed single anastomosis with or without ductoplasty. In type Ⅲ, two anastomoses were formed in 9 cases, single anastomosis in 4 cases with ductoplasty. The case of type Ⅳ had double anastomoses. In all cases right lobe liver were harvested.Conclusions Biliary digital subtraction image combined with metal markers accurately defines intrahepatic bile duct anatomy and the transection plane, helping to reduce number of bile duct anastomosis, and contributes to safe graft harvesting.     

Anatomic variants of the biliary tree with MR Cholangiography: feasibility and surgical applications

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of MR Cholangiography for evaluation of anatomic variants of the biliary tree before biliary surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study group consisted of 45 consecutive patients (29 males, 16 females; mean age 57 years), who were referred for MR evaluation of malignant (n=26) and benign (n=19) cholangiopancreatic diseases. MR Cholangiography studies were independently reviewed by two radiologists. RESULTS: Anatomic variants of the biliary tree were observed in 9 patients (20%); 6 variants involved the biliary confluence and 4 the cystic duct (one patient had both). Anatomic variants involved principally the right posterior duct: 1 (2,2%) drainage of right posterior duct into left hepatic duct; 2 (4,4%) triple confluence of right posterior duct, right anterior duct, and left hepatic duct, and 3 (6,6%) aberrant drainage of right posterior duct into common hepatic duct. Observed cystic duct anomalies included: 2 (7,44%) low insertion of the cystic duct into the common hepatic duct and 3 (11,1%) medial insertion of the cystic duct into the common hepatic duct. CONCLUSION: MR Cholangiography accurately shows anatomic variants of the biliary tree. Noninvasive preoperative evaluation of the biliary anatomy may be important for the detection of anatomic variants that may increase the complexity of hepatic surgical procedures and biliary interventions.     

Preliminary study of the anatomy of the venous drainage of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and its relevance to the practice of hepatobiliary surgery

Background : Although there have been many studies of the arterial supply of the biliary system, attempts to study the corresponding venous drainage have been few and all have been incomplete. The purpose of the present investigation is to describe the anatomy of the venous drainage of both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and to determine its relevance to hepatobiliary surgery. Methods : The intrahepatic and extrahepatic venous drainage of the bile ducts was investigated in seven specimens by injecting a solution of 10% gelatin coloured with Alcian blue into the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein to outline the venous drainage. The specimens were dissected under loop magnification and representative drawings were obtained. Results : The surface of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts was covered by a fine venous plexus. On the surface of the supraduodenal common hepatic duct and common bile duct the venous plexus drained laterally into marginal veins, usually two in number and known as the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock marginal veins. Inferiorly the marginal veins and the venous plexus communicated with the pancreaticoduodenal venous plexus, which in its turn drained into the posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal vein, a branch of the superior mesenteric vein. Superiorly the marginal veins divided into a number of branches. Some branches followed the left and right hepatic ducts into the liver, communicating with the venous plexus and the adjacent branches of the portal vein. Other branches of variable size entered either segment IV or the caudate lobe or process via the hilar venous plexus. A most important finding was that even after dividing the bile duct and all communicating veins at the upper border of the duodenum, the venous plexus and the marginal veins filled normally to the level of transection. This occurred almost certainly by retrograde filling from above. Conclusion : The satisfactory results of end‐to‐end anastomosis in whole liver transplantation depends partly on the presence of adequate venous drainage. This has been amply demonstrated by the injection studies. This would indicate that the poor results of end‐to‐end repair of the bile duct after surgical trauma results from other factors such as poor technique, devascularization of the cut ends due to trauma, and carrying out the anastomosis under tension. After resection of the hilum for cholangiocarcinoma the venous drainage of the left and right hepatic ducts and their branches depends mainly on the communications between the venous plexus on the ducts and the adjacent branches of the portal vein, even at a lobular or sinusoidal level. The satisfactory results obtained after anastomosis of the left and right hepatic ducts or their branches to a Roux loop of jejunum attest to this. This applies also to the transplantation of segments II and III in paediatric patients from related adult donors and in patients receiving split liver transplants. Finally, the venous drainage at the bifurcation of the common hepatic duct has been shown to enter the caudate lobe and segment IV directly. This suggests that a hilar cholangiocarcinoma may metastasize to these segments, and perhaps partly explain the significantly better long‐term results when the caudate lobe and segment IV are resected en bloc with the cholangiocarcinoma as part of modern radical surgery for this condition.     

原位肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理

目的探讨肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理。方法统计2000年8月至2002年12月期间进行肝移植术的67例次供、受者肝动脉的变异情况；分析肝动脉的重建方式，探讨肝动脉变异与手术后肝动脉血栓形成的关系、肝动脉血栓形成的危险因素及肝动脉血栓形成后的处理。结果67例次供者肝脏和65例受者肝脏共出现肝动脉变异12例次，发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(5例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(3例)。肝动脉的重建方式如下：供者及受者肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉分叉处成型后吻合58例；腹主动脉与肝动脉搭桥2例；利用变异的肝动脉分支吻合7例。手术后发生肝动脉血栓形成3例，均经腹股沟处股动脉插管行肝动脉溶栓治疗，此3例患者中死亡1例。结论避免变异的肝动脉损伤、选择适当的肝动脉吻合方式可以保证移植肝脏的动脉血供。肝动脉血栓形成与肝动脉变异无关。作为肝动脉血栓形成后的保守治疗方法，肝动脉内溶栓治疗有可能避免2次移植。     

Designing Triple Adult Liver Grafts From an Ideal Deceased Liver

Splitting deceased donor livers and creating 3 grafts from a whole liver may be feasible and shorten the waiting time for organ donation in patients with high mortality rates. We hypothesized that it might be reasonable to procure 3 grafts for donation from one deceased donor liver by splitting the liver into left (segment II, III, IV), right anterior (segment V, VIII), and right posterior lobes (segment VI, VII) for liver transplantation according to the portal system trifurcated variations. We designed the right anterior branch with the main portal trunk and middle hepatic artery to become inflow of right anterior lobe, the left portal vein and left hepatic artery to become the inflow of left lobe and right posterior branch, and right hepatic artery to become the inflow of right posterior lobe. We retrospectively reviewed the volumetric computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography of 153 liver donors. The hepatic and portal veins, hepatic artery, and biliary system were reorganized and classified. The volumetric proportions of the liver grafts were measured. Trifurcation of the portal vein variation was found in approximately 13.7% of portal systemic variations. The left lobe accounted for 29.18% of the total liver volume, the right anterior lobe, 35.22%, and the right posterior lobe, 35.6%. We validated this principle by dissecting the explanted liver and identified the triple grafts' weights, percentages, vessels, and biliary ducts system. The splitting of deceased donor livers into 3 split liver grafts for use in liver transplantation surgery can be clinically useful.     

Biliary secretion of extracorporeal porcine livers with single and dual vessel perfusion.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic support systems that provide detoxification without biliary secretion (i.e., isolated hepatocyte systems) are sufficient to improve encephalopathy and bridge patients to transplantation. However, biliary secretion may be critical when hepatic support attempts to restore function and regeneration of the host liver. The purpose of these studies was to optimize the support liver secretory response to bile acid by either single-vessel (portal vein; PV) or dual-vessel (hepatic artery [HA] + PV) perfusions during extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion. METHODS: Extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion of anesthetized pigs was developed using support porcine livers perfused through the PV (n=4) alone and through the HA + PV (n=4) via a venovenous circuit. Support livers were provoked with taurocholate (TC) to enhance bile aqueous and hydrophobic outputs. RESULTS: After cold preservation and reperfusion, both PV and HA + PV livers had initial 1-hr bile aqueous outputs < 15% of in vivo flow, with cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (PC) outputs <25% of in vivo flow. Bile flow was significantly greater for recovered HA + PV livers (3.0+/-0.01 ml/15 min) than PV livers (1.9+/-0.01 ml/15 min). Despite this, PC output was significantly greater for PV than HA + PV livers. The C/PC ratio of PV livers was twice that of HA + PV livers. TC infusion (48 micromol/kg/15 min) of HA + PV livers demonstrated significantly greater increments in bile flow, PC output, and C output than PV livers. CONCLUSION: In the unstimulated state, porcine support livers with dual-vessel perfusion generated greater aqueous and C outputs despite diminished PC output than in those with single-vessel perfusion. TC stimulation increased bile flow, PC output, and C output in dual-perfused livers more than in PV livers. HA + PV perfusion of support livers is the preferred technique for removing hydrophobic compounds that require PC transport for excretion or exist in the aqueous phase.     

Combined resection of aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis in panceaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer: A case report

IntroductionThis case report is intended to inform pancreas surgeons of our experience in operative management of aberrant pancreatic artery.Presentation of caseA 63-year-old woman was admitted to our institute’s Department of Surgery with obstructive jaundice, and the pancreas head tumor was found. To improve liver dysfunction, an endoscopic retrograde nasogastric biliary drainage tube was placed in the bile duct. Endoscopic fine-needle aspiration showed a pancreas head carcinoma invading the common bile duct, the aberrant right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, and the portal vein. Enhanced computed tomography showed the communicating artery between the right and left hepatic artery via the hepatic hilar plate. By way of imaging preoperative examination, a pancreaticoduodenectomy combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery and portal vein was conducted without arterial anastomosis. Hepatic arterial flow was confirmed by intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography, and R0 resection without tumor exposure at the dissected plane was achieved. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.DiscussionIn this case report, perioperative detail examination by imaging diagnosis with respect to hepatic arterial communication to achieve curative resection in a pancreas head cancer was necessary. Non-anastomosis of hepatic artery was achieved, and the necessity of R0 resection was stressed by such management.ConclusionBy the preoperative and intraoperative imaging managements conducted, combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis was achieved by pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreas head cancer. However, improvements in imaging diagnosis and careful management of R0 resection are important.     

The paracaval segments of the liver

Two segments constitute thedorsal sector: I to the left and in front of the inferior vena cava, and IX in front and to the right of the cava; they are united inferiorly by the caudate process. Segment I includes the caudate lobe, and segment IX is incorporated in the posterior surface of the right liver. Small dorsal pedicles, which are quite numerous, arise from the posterior margin of the main portal elements, and ascend upward. Segment I receives twigs from the left or right livers, many from the right lateral pedicle (67 biliary branches enter the right lateral duct, the unique duct in three cases). Segment IX consists of three subsegments. IXb lies under the interval between the middle and right superior hepatic veins, in 40% of the cases examined the veins come from the left portal vein or the bifurcation, in 6 cases the ducts enter the left hepatic duct, in 40 cases the branches extend higher than the plane of the main hepatic veins, in 18 cases reaching the upper surface of the liver. IXc is under the right hepatic vein, and IXd is to the right of a vertical plane passing by the right superior vein. Hepatic veins, enter the cava directly, sometimes the middle or the left hepatic veins.     

机器人胰十二指肠切除术

解剖胰颈下缘肠系膜上静脉，离断胃结肠干，游离十二指肠及胰头，解剖下腔静脉、左肾静脉、肠系膜上动脉并清扫淋巴结。离断空肠、胰十二指肠下动静脉及钩突；解剖变异肝总动脉(起源于肠系膜上动脉)。解剖胰颈上缘门静脉及胆管、离断胃右和胃十二指肠动脉并清扫淋巴结；离断远端胃、胰颈、胆管、切除胆囊。消化道重建：胰管内置硅胶管行内引流；4－0普理灵缝扎胰腺断端，4－0普理灵连续缝合胰腺断端与空肠浆肌层。4－0普理灵行胆肠吻合。胃后壁与空肠用3－0普理灵行连续侧侧吻合。文氏孔及胰肠吻合前置引流管。病理：中分化腺癌，T₂N₁M₀。