MRI和MR关节腔造影诊断肩袖撕裂的实验研究

目的 :探讨常规MRI和MR肩关节腔造影诊断肩袖撕裂的价值。方法 :采用 2 0个人离体肩关节标本 ,将常规MRI和追加MR肩关节腔造影检查结果与大体解剖、组织病理学结果进行比较。结果 :常规MRI检出肩袖部分撕裂的敏感度约为 61.9% ,追加MR肩关节腔造影后敏感度提高到 90 .5 %。常规MRI和MR关节腔造影检出肩袖完全撕裂的敏感度和特异度均为 10 0 %和 97.1%。结论 :在常规MRI检查的基础上追加MRI关节腔造影能提高检出肩袖部分撕裂的敏感度。     

MR arthrography of partial thickness tears of the undersurface of the rotator cuff: an arthroscopic correlation

Objective Partial thickness tears of the undersurface (articular surface) of the rotator cuff (RTC) have been recognized increasingly in recent years as a source of treatable shoulder pain in the athletic population. This study evaluated the efficacy of MR arthrography (MR-ARTH) in diagnosing these tears.Design and patients The study design was a retrospective review of medical records of patients who had presented with refractory shoulder complaints and subsequently undergone MR arthrography with multiple signal MRI sequences followed by shoulder arthroscopy. Of particular interest were patients who had oblique T1 fat suppression (COT1FS), coronal oblique T2 (COT2), and coronal oblique T2 fat suppression (COT2FS) images taken. Seventy-six subjects met the study criteria. Investigators examined the MR-ARTH images from these patients' charts while blinded as to arthroscopic results, clinical signs and symptoms.Results Based on COT1FS images, investigators identified nine subjects as having had full thickness tears, 28 as having had partial thickness tears of the undersurface of the rotator cuff (PRTC), and 39 as having had intact RTC. These results were compared to actual findings at arthroscopy: nine full thickness tears, 26 of 28 with PRTC and 34 of 39 intact. The sensitivity of MR-ARTH was 84%, with a positive predictive value of 93%. The overall accuracy was 91% (69/76). The specificity was 96%. That is, if a PRTC was not seen on the MR-ARTH images, it was very unlikely to exist. COT2 and COT2FS sequences failed to increase sensitivity and overall efficacy of MRI.Conclusion PRTC can be diagnosed accurately by MR-ARTH with gadopentatate contrast. A COT1FS sequence is recommended for evaluation when tears are suspected.     

Fast MR arthrography using VIBE sequences to evaluate the rotator cuff

Purpose  The purpose of this paper was to evaluate if short volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequences can be used as a substitute for T1-weighted with fat saturation (T1-FS) sequences when performing magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography to diagnose rotator cuff tears. Materials and methods  Eighty-two patients underwent direct MR arthrography of the shoulder joint using VIBE (acquisition time of 13 s) and T1-FS (acquisition time of 5 min) sequences in the axial and paracoronal plane on a 1.0-T MR unit. Two radiologists scored rotator cuff tendons on VIBE and T1-FS images separately as normal, small/large partial thickness and full thickness tears with or without geyser sign. T1-FS sequences were considered the gold standard. Surgical correlation was available in a small sample. Results  Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of VIBE were greater than 92% for large articular-sided partial thickness and full thickness tears. For detecting fraying and articular-sided small partial thickness tears, these parameters were 55%, 94%, 94%, and 57%, respectively. The simple kappa value was 0.76, and the weighted kappa value was 0.86 for agreement between T1-FS and VIBE scores. All large partial and full thickness tears at surgery were correctly diagnosed using VIBE or T1-FS MR images. Conclusion  Fast MR arthrography of the shoulder joint using VIBE sequences showed good concordance with the classically used T1-FS sequences for the appearance of the rotator cuff, in particular for large articular-sided partial thickness tears and for full thickness tears. Due to its very short acquisition time, VIBE may be especially useful when performing MR arthrography in claustrophobic patients or patients with a painful shoulder.     

MRI、MR肩关节造影及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性分析

目的探讨MRI、MR肩关节造影(MRAr)及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性。方法收集2015年2月—2016年9月间于天津市第五中心医院就诊的疑似肩袖损伤病人84例,其中男52例,女32例,年龄22~64岁,平均(48.2±12.1)岁。回顾分析病人的MRI、MRAr及高频超声影像资料,采用χ~2检验比较MRI和高频超声2种方法诊断效能的差异。采用Kappa检验分析MRI、高频超声,以及MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合分别与肩关节镜检查结果的一致性。结果对于Ⅰ型肩袖撕裂,MRI、MRAr和高频超声3种检查方法的准确度均为100%。MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,总准确度为97.8%(45/46),而对于Ⅲ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型肩袖撕裂则无法检出。MRI和高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为88.8%、75.0%、88.1%和87.5%、75.0%、86.9%,2种方法对肩袖损伤诊断效能的差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.856,P=0.1)。MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为93.7%、100%、94.0%。3种方法分别与肩关节镜检查结果比较,均具有较高的一致性(κ=0.81,P=0.001;κ=0.79,P0.001;κ=0.94,P0.001)。结论高频超声可以作为肩袖损伤的初筛检查方法,MRI可作为有效补充,MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,3种方法相互补充,明显提高诊断准确性。     

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Isotropic and Two-Dimensional Conventional Indirect MR Arthrography for the Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears

Objective

To compare the accuracy between a three-dimensional (3D) indirect isotropic T1-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography and a conventional two-dimensional (2D) T1-weighted sequences of indirect MR arthrography for diagnosing rotator cuff tears.

Materials and Methods

The study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. In total, 205 patients who had undergone indirect shoulder MR arthrography followed by arthroscopic surgery for 206 shoulders were included in this study. Both conventional 2D T1-weighted FSE sequences and 3D isotropic T1-weighted FSE sequence were performed in all patients. Two radiologists evaluated the images for the presence of full- or partial-thickness tears in the supraspinatus-infraspinatus (SSP-ISP) tendons and tears in the subscapularis (SSC) tendons. Using the arthroscopic findings as the reference standard, the diagnostic performances of both methods were analyzed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results

Arthroscopy confirmed 165 SSP-ISP tendon tears and 103 SSC tendon tears. For diagnosing SSP-ISP tendon tears, the AUC values were 0.964 and 0.989 for the 2D sequences and 3D T1-weighted FSE sequence, respectively, in reader I and 0.947 and 0.963, respectively, in reader II. The AUC values for diagnosing SSC tendon tears were 0.921 and 0.925, respectively, for reader I and 0.856 and 0.860, respectively, for reader II. There was no significant difference between the AUC values of the 2D and 3D sequences in either reader for either type of tear.

Conclusion

3D indirect isotropic MR arthrography with FSE sequence and the conventional 2D arthrography are not significantly different in terms of accuracy for diagnosing rotator cuff tears.     

Low-field MR arthrography of the shoulder joint: technique,indications, and clinical results

In the age of cost containment and urgent reductions in health care expenditures, new options have to be explored to satisfy both diagnostic requirements and economic limitations. The introduction of low-field MR systems for assessment of joint disorders seemed to be an option for lower costs. The purpose of this article is to summarize available experiences with low-field MR arthrography of the glenohumeral joint with respect to image quality and diagnostic accuracy in detecting labral and rotator cuff lesions. Up to now, there has been only a limited number of studies available dealing with low-field MR arthrography of the glenohumeral joint. They reveal that, despite a minor image quality in comparison with high-field imaging, low-field MR arthrography of the shoulder allows for sufficient evaluation of intra- and extra-articular structures in the detection of major abnormalities such as glenohumeral instability or rotator cuff disease. Furthermore, open-configured MR scanners enable kinematic studies: Besides the analysis of normal motion, pathological findings in patients with instabilities and impingement syndrome can be delineated. They further offer the possibility for performing MR imaging-guided arthrography of the shoulder. This was first described using an open C-arm scanner with a vertically oriented magnetic field so that MR arthrography may be performed in one setting. Electronic Publication     

Rotator cuff tears: assessment with MR arthrography in 275 patients with arthroscopic correlation

We assessed the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in the diagnosis of articular-sided partial-thickness and full-thickness rotator cuff tears in a large symptomatic population. MR arthrograms obtained in 275 patients including a study group of 139 patients with rotator cuff tears proved by arthroscopy and a control group of 136 patients with arthroscopically intact rotator cuff tendons were reviewed in random order. MR imaging was performed on a 1.0 T system (Magnetom Expert, Siemens). MR arthrograms were analyzed by two radiologists in consensus for articular-sided partial-thickness and full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons. At arthroscopy, 197 rotator cuff tears were diagnosed, including 105 partial-thickness (93 supraspinatus, nine infraspinatus, three subscapularis) and 92 full-thickness (43 supraspinatus, 20 infraspinatus, 29 subscapularis) tendon tears. For full-thickness tears, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 96%, 99%, and 98%, respectively, and for partial tears 80%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. False negative and positive assessments in the diagnosis of articular-sided partial-thickness tears were predominantly [78% (35/45)] observed with small articular-sided (Ellman grade1) tendon tears. MR arthrography is highly accurate in the diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tears and is accurate in the diagnosis of articular-sided partial-thickness tears. Limitations in the diagnosis of partial-thickness tears are mainly restricted to small articular-sided tears (Ellman grade 1) due to difficulties in differentiation between fiber tearing, tendinitis, synovitic changes, and superficial fraying at tendon margins.     

Ultrasonography of symptomatic rotator cuff tears compared with MR imaging and surgery

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of rotator cuff tears.

Materials and methods

Ninety-six patients with clinically suspected rotator cuff pathology underwent ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. The findings in 88 patients were compared with arthroscopy or open surgery.

Results

Full-thickness tear was confirmed in 57 cases, partial-thickness tear in 30 cases and degenerative changes without tear in 1. In all 57 cases of full-thickness tear and in 28 out of 30 cases of partial-thickness tear the supraspinatus tendon was involved. The accuracy in the detection of full-thickness tears was 98 and 100% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. The accuracy in the detection of bursal or articular partial-thickness tears was 87 and 90% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively.

Conclusions

In experienced hands ultrasonography should be considered as an accurate modality for the initial investigation of rotator cuff, especially supraspinatus, tears.     

Gradient-recalled echo sequences in direct shoulder MR arthrography for evaluating the labrum

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of fat-suppressed gradient-recalled echo (GRE) compared with conventional spin echo T1-weighted (T1W) sequences in direct shoulder MR arthrography for evaluating labral tears. Materials and methods Three musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed MR arthrograms performed over a 12-month period for which surgical correlation was available. Of 180 serial arthrograms, 31 patients had surgery with a mean of 48 days following imaging. Paired coronal oblique and axial T1W or GRE sequences were analyzed by consensus for labral tear (coronal oblique two-dimensional multi-echo data image combination, 2D MEDIC; and axial three-dimensional double-echo steady-state, 3D DESS; Siemens MAGNETOM Sonata 1.5-T MR system). Interpretations were correlated with operative reports. Results Of 31 shoulders, 25 had labral tears at surgery. The GRE sequences depicted labral tears in 22, while T1W images depicted tears in 16 (sensitivity 88% versus 64%; p < 0.05). Subdividing the labrum, GRE was significantly more sensitive for the posterior labrum (75% versus 25%; p < 0.05) with a trend toward greater sensitivity at the anterior labrum (78% versus 56%; p = 0.157) but not significantly different for the superior labrum (50% versus 57%; p > 0.7). Specificities were somewhat lower for GRE. Conclusion Thin section GRE sequences are more sensitive than T1W for the detection of anterior and posterior labral tears. As the specificity of GRE was lower, it should be considered as an adjunctive imaging sequence that may improve depiction of labral tears, particularly smaller tears, in routine MR arthrography protocols. Preliminary results of this study were presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Skeletal Radiology, Orlando, FL, USA, on 21 March 2007.     

磁共振肩关节造影在肩袖完全撕裂诊断的临床应用

目的:探讨磁共振肩关节造影检查对肩袖完全撕裂的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析54例肩袖完全撕裂MR关节造影及MRI表现,与肩关节镜手术结果对照.结果:54例肩袖完全撕裂病例,MRI诊断的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别是87.03％、50.00％和79.41％;MR关节造影诊断Ⅰ型9例、Ⅱ型21例,其敏感度分别为88.89％、95.24％;特异度分别为97.87％、97.14％;准确度分别为96.43％、96.43％;明显高于常规MRI诊断,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与关节镜结果对比,其一致性极佳(Kappa=0.841);而对于Ⅲ型肩袖完全撕裂,MR关节造影均不能显示.结论:MR关节造影能较准确判断Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型肩袖完全撕裂范围及程度,是MRI诊断肩袖损伤的有效补充,为临床诊断和治疗能提供更准确的依据,而对于Ⅲ型肩袖完全撕裂,MR关节造影不能显示其损伤部位及程度,无法对其进行诊断.     

Indirect MR arthrography: techniques and applications

Indirect MR arthrography is a relatively new MR technique improving articular and periarticular contrast. It is achieved by injection of paramagnetic MR contrast media intravenously instead of intra-articular injection as in direct MR arthrography. After the injection exercising the joint results in considerable signal intensity increase within the joint cavity. Fat saturated MR sequences then yield arthrographic images. The method is less invasive than direct MR arthrography and first results showed comparable sensitivities and specificities for rotator cuff and glenoid labrum pathology. In this article the technique, established and potential future indications, drawbacks and limitations of the method are reviewed. Received: 26 March 1997; Revision received 31 July 1997; Accepted 1 August 1997     

MRI检查肩袖损伤的临床分析

目的分析肩袖损伤在MR检查时的不同扫描定位及在不同序列上的显示效果。方法对40例肩袖损伤患者行横断位T2WI,斜矢状位T1WI,斜冠状位脂肪抑制(STIR)及双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制(STIR)扫描,分析斜冠状位与双斜冠状位图像对冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱以及肱骨干长轴的显示能力和对肩袖损伤的显示效果;以及在双斜冠状位各个序列(T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制STIR)中对肩袖损伤的图像显示效果按评价标准进行评价和对显示结果比较。结果 40例肩关节的斜冠状位和双斜冠状位都能全部显示冈上肌长轴,且双斜冠状位能把冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱全长及肱骨干长轴显示于一幅图像中,而斜冠状位不能;斜冠状位(STIR)显示肩袖部分撕裂和完全撕裂的分别为13例和14例,双斜冠状位(STIR)分别为22例和14例;双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、STIR三个序列显示肩袖结构好、较好、差的例数分别为(10、26、32;14、11、7;3、2、1)双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、STIR三个序列发现冈上肌肌腱、肩胛下肌肌腱、冈下肌肌腱、小圆肌肌腱、肱二头肌长头肌腱异常的例数分别为(4、21、28;2、9、15;1、6、10;0、2、4;0、1、2)。结论双斜冠状位对冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱全长及肱骨干长轴的显示能力和对肩袖损伤的显示结果均优于斜冠状位;双斜冠状位的脂肪抑制(STIR)序列对肩袖损伤的显示效果和结果均优于T2WI和T1WI。     

Indirect magnetic resonance arthrography

Indirect MR arthrography is useful for evaluation of joints such as the elbow, wrist, ankle and shoulder where there is a large synovial surface area relative to joint volume. It allows simultaneous assessment of both intra-articular and extra-articular soft tissues with the added advantage of minimal invasiveness. The established and potential uses of this imaging technique are reviewed below and the pathology that is demonstrated by this technique is discussed.     

肩袖撕裂的肩关节MR造影评价

目的 评价肩关节MR造影对肩袖撕裂的诊断价值。方法 分析32例病人的肩关节MR造影图像,评价内容包括肩袖肌腱、盂唇、肱二头肌长头腱,结果与肩关节镜及肩部开放手术比较。结果 以肩关节镜和手术结果为标准,32例病人包括14例全层撕裂,6例下表面部分撕裂,12例无撕裂。肩关节MR造影判定有无肩袖撕裂的敏感性、特异性和准确性都为100％;诊断全层撕裂的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为100％、94％和97％。同时,肩关节MR造影还正确诊断了所有的多肌腱撕裂、合并的盂唇异常及肱二头肌长头腱异常。结论 肩关节MR造影可以准确、全面地评价肩袖撕裂。     

肩袖损伤的MR诊断进展

肩袖损伤是引起肩部疼痛和功能障碍的常见原因,可表现为全层撕裂或部分撕裂。MRI具有较高的软组织分辨力,可直接显示肩袖损伤部位及相关病理改变。本文复习肩袖的解剖结构,总结肩袖撕裂的MR诊断标准和主要表现及与X线平片、CT、B超相比的优越性、敏感性。研究表明,高场强MRI能更好地显示肌腱未受损部分与撕裂的对比,为临床制定正确的治疗方案提供帮助。     

MR assessment of the repaired rotator cuff: prevalence, size, location, and clinical relevance of tendon rerupture

The objectives of this study were to use magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to evaluate the prevalence, size, location, and clinical relevance of tendon rerupture following complete repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tear (RCT). A total of 78 surgically proven full-thickness rotator cuff tears in 74 patients were retrospectively included in the study. Clinical assessment was performed using the University of California at Los Angeles score. Postoperative MR imaging was evaluated to determine prevalence, size, and location of tendon rerupture. At a mean 48.4 months’ follow-up, 62 shoulders (79.5%) had favorable outcomes and 45 shoulders (57.6%) showed rerupture on MR imaging studies. Reruptures were significantly more prevalent among patients with intermediate-to-bad outcomes (81.3%), with surgically demonstrated two-tendon tears (78.9%) or three-tendon tears (100%), and with preoperative fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus muscle greater than 1 (91.6%). Reruptures were also significantly larger in those subgroups. Complete repair of RCT of all sizes may have favorable outcomes in a significant proportion of patients in spite of a high prevalence of reruptures. Preoperative tear size and degree of muscle fatty degeneration influence the prevalence and rerupture size. After repair of supraspinatus tears, reruptures tend to invade the posterior aspect of the tendon.     

Coexistence of calcific tendinitis and rotator cuff tear: an arthrographic study

A prospective evaluation of the coexistence of calcific tendinitis and tear of the rotator cuff demonstrated by arthrography was made in patients presenting with shoulder pain. Patients were X-rayed using conventional views and impingement views. Eighty-one patients (mean age 61.2 years) with calcific tendinitis underwent arthrography. Arthrography showed 22 partial or complete tears of the rotator cuff. A small rather than a large amount of calcification was more likely to be associated with a rotator cuff tear (p = 0.005). The coexistence of calcific tendinitis with rotator cuff tear is not uncommon, especially in older age groups.     

Evaluation of post-exercise magnetic resonance images of the rotator cuff

 Objective. To examine the effect of strenuous exercise on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of the rotator cuff tendon. A second objective was to define an optimal time to image the rotator cuff and possibly eliminate exercise-induced false positives. Design and patients. Five male subjects from 24 to 38 years old with normal rotator cuffs by history, physical examination, and screening MRI underwent a rotator cuff exercise session on the Biodex System 2 (Biodex, Shirley, New York). The exercise sessions were followed by sequential MRI scans of the exercised shoulder. These were performed immediately and at 8 h and 24 h after exercise. Results and conclusions. The rotator cuff tendon and subacromial-subdeltoid bursal signal remained unchanged from the pre-exercise through the 24-h post-exercise scans. The rotator cuff muscle signal was increased in five of five subjects on the immediate post-exercise fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. This signal returned to baseline by the 8-h scan. Positive findings of rotator cuff pathology on MRI after strenuous athletic activity should not be discounted as normal exercise-induced changes. Also, diagnostic MRI scanning may take place after a practice session without an increased risk of false positives.     

One-shot MR and MDCT arthrography of shoulder lesions with arthroscopic correlation

Although MR imaging and MR arthrography are the first choice modalities for shoulder imaging, CT arthrography (CTA) may be used successfully to address many clinical questions. The advent of sub-millimeter multiple detector CT (MDCT) technology and subsequent excellent three-plane resolution has considerably increased the quality of CTA examinations and has propelled this technique to the forefront in a growing number of indications.     

肩袖损伤的MRI诊断比较研究

目的:比较常规MRI和MRI间接关节造影检查对肩袖撕裂伤的诊断价值.方法:搜集2002年11月～2006年8月共40例肩袖损伤病例,20例行常规MRI检查,20例行MRI间接关节造影检查.以肩关节镜作为诊断标准,比较两种影像学方法诊断肩袖损伤的敏感性和特异性.结果:肩袖完全撕裂中,常规MRI检查的敏感度为45.5%,特异度为66.7%,准确度为55%;MRI间接关节造影的敏感度为92.3%,特异度为85.7%,准确度为90%.肩袖不全撕裂中,常规MRI检查敏感度为57.1%,特异度为53.8%,准确度为55%;而间接关节造影敏感度为83.3%,特异度为92.8%,准确度则为90%.经Fisher确切概率统计法统计,MRI间接关节造影诊断肩袖全层撕裂敏感性及准确性明显高于常规MRI(P＜0.05),在诊断肩袖部分撕裂时,MRI间接关节造影的特异性及准确性明显高于MRI(P＜0.05).结论:MRI间接关节造影较常规MRI诊断肩袖撕裂准确性较高.同时对盂唇等其它病变诊断有帮助.