Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-arylsulfonylpyrimidones as anticancer agents

For confirming the role of five membered ring of imidazolidinone moiety of N-arylsulfonylimidazolidinones (7) previously reported with highly potent anticancer agent, a series of N-arylsulfonylpyrimidones (10a–g) and N-arylsulfonyltetrahydropyrimidones (11a–e) were prepared and their anti-proliferating activity was measured against human cancer cell lines (renal ACHN, colon HCT-15, breast MDA-MB-231, lung NCI-H23, stomach NUGC-3, and prostate PC-3) using XTT assay. Among them, 1-(1-acetylindolin-5-ylsulfonyl)-4-phenyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (11d, mean GI₅₀ = 3.50 µM) and ethyl 5-(2-oxo-4-phenyltetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-ylsulfonyl)-indoline-1-carboxylate (11e, mean GI₅₀ = 0.26 µM) showed best growth inhibitory activity against human cancer cell lines. Considering the activity results, N-arylsulfonyltetrahydropyrimidones (11) exhibited more potent activity compared to N-arylsulfonylpyrimidones (10) and comparable activity to N-arylsulfonylimidazolidinones (7). Especially, tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one analogs containing acylindolin-5-ylsulfonyl moiety at position 1 demonstrated their strong growth inhibitory activity against human cancer cell lines.     

Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation of N-methyl-3-nitro-4-(nitromethyl)-4H-chromen-2-amine derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents

A series of N-methyl-3-nitro-4-(nitromethyl)-4H-chromen-2-amine derivatives 8 were synthesized from 2-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)phenol 7 and ((E)-N-methyl)-1-(methylthio)-2-nitroethenamine 5. The cytotoxic activity of these molecules was tested against two cancer cell lines namely HeLa (cervical cancer) and HEp-2 (epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma). Among them, two molecules (4H-chromenes 8h and 8i) displayed potent anti-proliferative activity with IC₅₀ values of 115.04 and 18.96 μM for HeLa and 86.94 and 25.08 μM for Hep-2 cell lines, respectively. Morphological evaluation of the cell lines revealed that both 8h and 8i induce the apoptotic process. Molecular docking studies of all the 4H-chromenes 8 with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and Bcl-xL proteins revealed that the 4H-chromenes 8h and 8i have good docking score and thus corroborated in vitro studies. Furthermore, evaluation of Lipinski and ADMET properties revealed their drug-like pharmacokinetic profiles. Thus, 4H-chromenes 8h and 8i exhibit promising anti-cancer properties and can be used as lead compounds for further development.     

Synthesis and evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-dialkyl substituted chalcones as anti-cancer agents

Several new N,N-dialkyl substituted chalcones (chalconoids or benzylideneacetophenones) have been synthesized via the condensation of corresponding N,N-dialkylbenzaldehyde with various aryl methyl ketones. All the chalcones have been synthesized from readily available and cheap starting materials under environmentally benign conditions in very high yields without work up and column chromatographic purification. Synthesized compounds have been tested for their biological activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Anti-cancer activity of these compounds has also been tested against multiple myeloma (RPMI-8226) and human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. The most hydrophilic molecules 23 and 24 showed very good anti-cancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines at low micro-molar concentrations. All the compounds have also been evaluated for their activity against Beta-secretase 1 enzyme. One of the synthesized compounds showed Beta-secretase 1 enzyme inhibition activity at micro-molar concentration.     

Synthesis of novel triazolyl pyranochromen-2(1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-ones and their antibacterial activity evaluation

A series of thirty-three novel triazolyl pyranochromen-2(1H)-one derivatives have been synthesized via Cu (I) catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. All of the synthesized compounds have been fully characterized from their spectral data and evaluated for antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity results revealed that amongst all the compounds screened, six compounds, i.e. 2-[4-(((7-ethyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-8-oxo-2,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-10-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]acetic acid (41), 10-[(1-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]-3-ethyl-4,8,8-trimethyl-7,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-2(6H)-one (44), 3-ethyl-4,8,8-trimethyl-10-[(1-((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]-7,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-2(6H)-one (46), 2-[4-(((7-hexyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-8-oxo-2,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-10-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]acetic acid (52), 10-[(1-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]-3-hexyl-4,8,8-trimethyl-7,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-2(6H)-one (55) and 3-hexyl-4,8,8-trimethyl-10-[(1-((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]-7,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromen-2(6H)-one (57), exhibited moderate activity against all the strains studied with zone of inhibition between 10 and 16 mm and MIC values in the range of 75–170 µg/mL as compared to the standard used. The information obtained from structure–activity relationship can be used to design and develop the next generation of compounds with higher antibacterial efficacy.     

Synthesis,molecular docking,antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activity of novel pyrano[3,2-<Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>]carbazole derivatives

A new series of pyrano[3,2-c]carbazole derivatives which are biologically valuable and synthetically challenging frameworks have been synthesized by domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. The key strategy involve copper iodide catalyzed cyclization of O-propargyl derivative of N-Boc-carbazole-3-carboxaldehyde with cyclic 1,3-diketones or pyrazol-5-ones to afford N-Boc-pyrano[3,2-c]carbazole derivatives. The antiproliferative activity of the all synthesized compounds on three cancer cell lines such as PANC 1 (pancreatic), HeLa (cervical), and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) was investigated. The results clearly demonstrated that compounds 11b, 11d, and 13d were displayed pronounced antriproliferative activity. In addition, antimicrobial activity of these compounds also assayed against three representative gram-positive organisms and gram-negative organisms. Specifically, compound 11c exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. Molecular docking studies revealed that compound 13d selectively occupy the colchicine binding site of the tubulin polymer.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some functionalized 1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-1,2,3-triazole tethered pyrazolo[3,4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>]pyridin-6(7<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-ones as antimicrobial and apoptosis inducing agents

A series of novel molecular hybrids containing pyrazole, pyridinone and 1,2,3-triazoles have been synthesized by one-pot four-component reaction of Meldrum’s acid, substituted aryl azides, 4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)aryl aldehyde and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine using L-proline as a basic organocatalyst besides CuSO₄.5H₂O and sodium ascorbate as catalysts for click chemistry in PEG-400 as a highly efficient and green media. Apoptosis studies have been carried out on ovarian follicles of goat (Capra hircus) and in vitro antibacterial activity has been done against six strains namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against two yeast strains namely, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Synthesis of several 4<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-chromene derivatives of expected antitumor activity

Multi-component reactions for the preparation of 4H-chromene derivatives under microwave irradiation from different aromatic aldehydes with a mixture of malononitrile and phenol derivatives were established. The cytotoxic activity of the target compounds was evaluated against four cancer cell lines MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2 and A549 in comparison with vinblastine and colchicine as reference drugs. Generally, several compounds showed good cell growth inhibitory activity as compared to standard drugs. The structure–activity relationship studies reported that the substitution at 4- and 6-positions in 4H-chromene nucleus with the specific halogen atom increases the ability of the molecule against the different cell lines. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectral data, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS data.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,biological evaluation,electronic aspects of hydrogen bonds,and QSAR studies of some new <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(substituted phenylurea) diazaphosphore derivatives as anticancer agents

A new series of 2-[N-(R-phenylureido)]-1,3,2-diazaphosphore-2-oxide derivatives (R = CH₃, F, NO₂, CN) were synthesized and characterized by ³¹P, ¹H, ¹³C NMR and FT-IR spectral techniques. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative strains of bacteria, as well as for their cytotoxic effects on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, PC-3, HeLa, and K562 human cell lines. In vitro activity results exhibited an important role for six-membered diaza ring in both assays as well as high effect of meta-methyl and ortho-fluoro substitutes on the aromatic ring against the studied human cell lines and B. subtilis bacteria, respectively. To understand the correlation between the anticancer activity and physicochemical properties of the synthesized compounds, the QSAR studies were carried out. Further, the crystal structure of compound 15 was investigated and revealed that the title derivative is composed of two symmetrically independent molecules in the solid state with anti configuration the C=O versus P=O. NBO and AIM analyses were performed to investigate electronic aspects of hydrogen bonding of the crystal cluster, which play an extremely important role in biochemical systems.     

Synthesis,characterization and antimicrobial activity of 4-((1-benzyl/phenyl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde analogues

A diverse series of 4-((1-benzyl/phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde analogues has been synthesized in good yield by the click reaction between 4-O-propargylated benzaldehyde and various organic bromides/azides. All the synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Most of the compounds exhibited good-to-excellent antimicrobial activity. Compound 7b was found to be more potent than ciprofloxacin against B. subtilis, whereas it showed activity comparable to ciprofloxacin against E. coli. Compounds 4h and 4i showed activity comparable to fluconazole against A. niger. Further, the binding mode of compound 7b into the active site of E. coli topoisomerase II DNA gyrase B has also been investigated.     

In vitro cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds from Malaysian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calophyllum</Emphasis> species

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. In our continuing search for new anticancer agents, four Malaysian Calophyllum species, namely C. castaneum, C. teysmannii, C. canum, and C. sclerophyllum, had been phytochemically studied to give compounds 1–12. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against nasopharyngeal (SUNE1, TW01, CNE1, HK1) and breast (HCC38, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, SKBR3) cancer cell lines via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium cell viability assay. Among the tested compounds, isodispar B (1) showed a promising dose-dependent and a broad spectrum of cytotoxic effects on all the tested cancer cell lines; in particular, potent inhibitory activities were observed on nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines (SUNE1, TW01, CNE1, HK1), with IC₅₀ values ranging from 3.8 to 11.5 µM. In comparison with 5-fluorouracil as positive control, compound 1 was found to exhibit at least sixfold much higher activity than the standard drug used against the nasopharyngeal cell lines. Compound 1 was later found to induce apoptotic cell death in nasopharyngeal cancer cells, as evidenced by ‘Cell Death Detection’ ELISA^PLUS kit, and exhibited good cancer-specific cytotoxicity when tested with noncancerous NP460 cells. Meanwhile, compounds 2–12 displayed moderate to weak activities against the tested cancer cell lines. The findings have highlighted the therapeutic potential of compound 1 against nasopharyngeal cancer.     

Synthesis of 2-cyclopropyl-3-(5-aryl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine

Background

1,8-Naphthyridine derivatives have attracted considerable attention because the 1,8-naphthyridine skeleton is present in many compounds that have been isolated from natural substances, with various biological activities.

Findings

N,N-dimethoxy-N-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (1) on reaction with Grignard reagent forms 2-methoxy-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carbaldehyde (2). Compound 2 on reaction with different aromatic aldehydes provided 1-(2-cyclopropyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (3a-e) and these compounds on cyclisation with hydrazine hydrate 99% yielded 2-cyclopropyl-3-(5-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridines (4-a-e).Synthesis of the target compounds involved the formation of 4a-e. It was accomplished using Grignard reaction, condensation reaction, and cyclisation reactions. All the synthesized compounds were readily soluble in DMSO. Spectral data of the synthesized compounds were in full agreement with the proposed structures.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have developed a simple and an efficient Synthesis of 2-cyclopropyl-3-(5-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine.

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Synthesis and biological testing of (5<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis>)-2-aryl-5-arylmethylidene-3,5-dihydro-4<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-imidazol-4-ones as antimitotic agents

Compounds interacting with cell protein tubulin and microtubules represent an important type of antimitotic agents. A series of tubulin-targeted 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazoles were reported to possess high cytotoxicity, and so, we prepared a series of structural isomers of these to be evaluated as antimitotic agents. The synthesis of the novel (Z)-2-aryl-5-arylmethylidene-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ones involved coupling of substituted hippuric acids with aromatic aldehydes. Subsequent conversion of the resulting oxazolones to the corresponding imidazolones was carried out under microwave irradiation in the presence of urea and ammonium acetate. The cytotoxicity of the majority of the compounds to human epithelial carcinoma cancer cell line A549 was in the sub-micromolar range and was found to be more sensitive to the substituents on the 5-arylmethylidene fragment than on the 2-aryl ring in general. The cytotoxicities of the synthesized compounds were lower than those of the previously reported isomeric 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazoles, and the basic structure–activity relationships in the isomeric pairs were different. Synthesized (5Z)-5-[(4-bromophenyl)methylidene]-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one, which had the highest cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ ~ 440 nM) in the series of novel compounds, had a definite cytostatic effect on the A549 cells, but its antiproliferative properties were not linked to action on the microtubules. This would be an interesting lead compound for additional investigation into the mechanism of cytostatic action, and further structural optimization.     

Synthesis of acridine cyclic imide hybrid molecules and their evaluation for anticancer activity

9-Amino acridine derivatives (1a–e) on condensation with dihydrofuran-2,5-dione, hexahydroisobenzofuran-1,3-dione and isochroman-1,3-dione under microwave irradiation gave corresponding condensation products 2a–e, 3a–e and 4a–e, respectively, in good yields. All these compounds were screened in vitro for anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines, i.e., breast (T47D), lung (NCl H-522), colon (HCT-15), ovary (PA-1) and liver (Hep G2). Compounds 1-(3-methoxyacridine-9-yl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (2d) (ovary PA-1), 2-(2-methylacridine-9-yl)hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (3b) (lung NCl H-522), 2-(4-methylacridine-9-yl)hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (3c) (ovary PA-1), 2-(4-methoxyacridine-9-yl)hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (3e) (ovary PA-1) and 2-(2-methylacridine-9-yl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione (4b) (ovary PA-1) exhibited IC₅₀ values 7.1, 8.0, 5.4, 10.0 and 6.56 µM, respectively, and hence possess good anticancer activity.     

An expeditious green route toward 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-imidazoles

Background

Azaheterocycles are an important class of compounds because of their highly potent medicinal activities, and the imidazole subcategory is of special interest in regard to drug discovery research.

Findings

An expeditious synthetic protocol of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been accomplished by reacting phenylglyoxal monohydrate, ammonium acetate, and aldehyde under sonication. Following this green approach a series of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been synthesized using diversely substituted aldehydes.

Conclusions

A rapid and simple synthetic procedure to synthesize diversely substituted 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been reported. Other salient features of this protocol include milder conditions, atom-economy, easy extraction, and minimum wastes. The present procedure may find application in the synthesis of biologically active molecules.

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Graphical Abstract An expeditious synthetic protocol of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been accomplished by reacting phenylglyoxal monohydrate, ammonium acetate, and diversely substituted aldehydes under sonication.

     

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of novel 3-alkyl-6-(4<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-benzo[<Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis>][1,3]oxazine derivatives

To discover new compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, a series of novel 3-alkyl-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was determined using the xylene-induced mouse ear edema model. 3-Heptyl-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e] [1,3]oxazine and 3-p-tolyl-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory activity (74.04?% and 64.99?%, respectively) at 0.5?h after intraperitoneal administration than the reference drug ibuprofen (62.65?%). Further, the time of peak effect after oral administration was 4?h for both compounds. Our results identify new compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in vivo that may have improved safety/side effect profiles relative to the currently approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of 4-(4-phenyl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)salicylhydrazones: revitalizing an old drug

The antitubercular drug; para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was used as the core scaffold for the design of a series of 1H-1,2,3-triazolylsalicylhydrazones upon coupling with triazole and arylhydrazone moietis to furnish a single molecular architecture. The obtained derivatives were screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv revealing good to high activity for the active compounds (MIC values of 0.39–1.5 μg/mL) compared to the marketed drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. Moreover, the most active analogue N-(1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-hydroxy-4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-benzohydrazide (20) was found to be ten-fold more potent than PAS and equipotent to rifampicin (MIC 0.39 µg/mL), while exhibiting low cytotoxicity with a selectivity index of >128. In addition, this compound was shown to be active against persistent forms of mycobacteria comparable to standard drugs in nutrient starvation model. Accordingly, we introduce compound 20 as a valuable lead for further development. A 3D-QSAR study was also conducted to help in explaining the observed activity and to serve as a tool for further development.     

Synthesis and anticancer activity study of indolyl hydrazide–hydrazones

A series of N′-((1-(substituted)-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)hydrazides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against various cancer cell lines. Formation of indole hydrazide–hydrazones was accomplished by the reaction of indole 3-carboxaldehyde with aryl/alkyl hydrazides in the presence of acetic acid. Out of synthesized twenty-two compounds, some of the analogs exhibited specificity toward breast (18b, 18d, 18f and 18j) and prostate (18t and 18v) cancer cells. Among the prepared derivatives, compounds 18b, 18d and 18j were most cytotoxic (IC₅₀ = 0.9, 0.4 and 0.8 µM, respectively) against the screened cancer cell lines. Exposure of PC3 cells to either 18d or 18j resulted in increased levels of cleaved PARP1, indicating that indolyl hydrazide–hydrazones induce apoptosis in PC3 cells.     

Design,docking studies and molecular iodine catalyzed synthesis of benzo[<Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis>]xanthen-one derivatives as <Emphasis Type="Italic">hyaluronidase</Emphasis> inhibitors

A series of novel benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-one derivatives 4a–m were designed and subjected to docking studies. The title compounds were synthesized from 3-aryl-4-formylsydnones 1a–m, β-naphthol and dimedone in presence of molecular iodine as a catalyst and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory effects on the hyaluronidase.     

Synthesis and antiproliferative activity evaluation of new thiazole–benzimidazole derivatives using real-time cell analysis (RTCA DP)

A series of new 2-[(5-substituted-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)thio]-N-[4-[2-phenylthiazol-4-yl]phenyl]acetamide derivatives (4a–p) were synthesized according to the reported literature, and anticancer activity of the compounds was evaluated. Cytotoxic activity was confirmed by real-time cytotoxicity analysis system determining half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of the title compounds based on the dose–response curves derived by xCELLigence measurements against NIH/3T3, A549 and Caco2 cell lines for 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. Compound 4c was found to be as the most efficient molecule that exhibited selective antiproliferative activity against both of the cancer cells.     

Synthesis of new 3-aryl-4-(3-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents

New (E)-1-aryl-3-(3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones 6 (pyrazolic chalcones) were synthesized from Claisen–Schmidt reaction of 3-aryl-1-phenylpyrazol-4-carboxaldehydes 4 with several acetophenone derivatives 5. Subsequently, the cyclocondensation reaction of chalcones 6 with phenylhydrazine in acetic acid medium afforded the new 3-aryl-4-(3-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles 7. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral studies and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and in vitro antifungal activity against three pathogenic fungal strains Aspergillus flavus, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, and Candida albicans.