结缔组织生长因子在血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞中的表达及意义

目的:动态观察结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)蛋白在血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞表达水平的时相变化,探讨其与肝窦内皮细胞下基底膜形成的关系。方法:采用腹部敷贴法建立血吸虫病肝纤维化模型,HE、Masson染色和透射电镜观察其病理变化;免疫组化技术检测CTGF、Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)和层粘连蛋白(LN)在小鼠肝脏组织中的表达和分布;并应用彩色图像分析仪进行定量分析。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组鼠肝窦内皮细胞表达CTGF蛋白阳性或强阳性,肝窦壁LN、ColⅣ表达水平增高,且随着肝纤维化的发展,CTGF和LN、ColⅣ表达逐渐增强,肝窦内皮下基底膜逐渐增厚。图像定量分析两组平均吸光度值、平均灰度值和阳性面积比具有统计学差异;CTGF蛋白与LN、ColⅣ水平呈正相关。结论:血吸虫病肝纤维化时小鼠肝窦内皮细胞通过CTGF蛋白表达上调,调控细胞外基质产生,导致ColⅣ、LN分泌增加,参与肝窦内皮下基底膜形成,从而引起肝内微循环障碍。     

HBV感染的CD68细胞在隐匿性HBV感染产妇胎盘中的分布及与宫内感染的关系

目的探讨HBV感染的外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC)在乙肝宫内传播中的作用及机理。方法12例血清HBV DNA(-)、PBMC HBV DNA(+)产妇分娩的新生儿血清HBV DNA(+)和/或PBMC HBV DNA(+)的胎盘作为实验组,10例乙肝标志物均为阴性产妇的胎盘作为对照。采用SP法在连续切片上检测HBsAg和HBcAg在胎盘CD68细胞及各类细胞中的表达。结果8例新生儿血清HBV DNA(-)、PBMCsHBV DNA(+)胎盘绒毛间质5例CD68细胞HBsAg阳性,6例CD68细胞HBcAg阳性;毛细血管内5例CD68细胞HBsAg阳性,8例CD68细胞HBcAg阳性;滋养层细胞和血管内皮细胞均未见HBsAg、HBcAg阳性信号;2例新生儿血清HBV DNA(+)、PBMCs HBV DNA(-)的胎盘滋养层细胞、绒毛间质、毛细血管内皮细胞均有HBsAg、HBcAg的表达,而绒毛毛细血管内CD68细胞未见表达。2例新生儿血清和PBMC HBV DNA均阳性的的胎盘滋养层细胞、绒毛间质、CD68细胞和毛细血管内CD68细胞均有HBsAg、HBcAg的表达,毛细血管内皮细胞无表达。10例乙肝标志物全阴性产妇胎盘中均无阳性信号。结论HBV感染的外周血单个核细胞可作为宫内传播的载体。     

HIV/AIDS患者肝组织HIV-1 p24抗原的免疫组化检测

目的　检测HIV抗原标志物在肝组织的表达情况,探讨HIV AIDS患者肝损伤发生的可能机制。方法　采用免疫组织化学方法对14例HIV AIDS患者的肝活检组织切片进行HIV 1p2 4抗原检测,比较不同病变肝组织中HIV 1p2 4抗原的表达数量。结果　在14例肝组织切片的Kupffer细胞、内皮细胞、肝细胞均发现HIV 1p2 4抗原表达;阳性肝细胞计数分析显示,表达数量随病变严重程度而增加(P <0 0 5 )。结论　HIV能够在HIV AIDS患者的肝脏内表达,并且可能参与肝细胞的凋亡。     

组织蛋白酶B在大鼠肝脏的分布

目的研究组织蛋白酶B(cathepsins B,CB)在正常SD大鼠肝脏组织中的表达。方法采用免疫荧光组织化学的方法,观察CB在大鼠肝脏组织中的分布。结果 CB免疫反应阳性细胞主要分布在肝细胞、枯否细胞、肝窦内皮细胞,枯否细胞、肝窦内皮细胞的免疫活性比较强,肝细胞的免疫活性比较弱,而肝星状细胞没有CB免疫活性。阳性物质分布于细胞质,细胞核阴性。结论 CB在大鼠肝脏组织的表达提示其可能在肝脏起着非常重要的作用。     

肝组织病理及肝内抗原表达与聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a抗乙肝病毒疗效关系的研究

目的观察聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a（PegIFNα-2a）治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效,探讨肝脏病理改变和肝细胞内病毒抗原的表达类型与PegIFNα-2a抗病毒疗效的关系。方法选择HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎68例,HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎45例,通过肝组织病理检测,观察肝脏病理改变和肝细胞内病毒抗原的表达类型与PegIFNα-2a治疗后血清HBV DNA的阴转率、HBeAg转换率和完全应答率之间的关系,并随访48周,观察持续应答情况。结果 HBsAg的阴转在不同的炎症活动度间差异无统计学意义;在HBeAg阳性患者中,G1组的HBeAg转换率和完全应答率与G3组比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;炎症活动度高的病例经治疗后48周的持续应答率高于炎症活动度低的病例（χ2=4.311,P〈0.05）;肝细胞内HBcAg浆型表达者HBeAg阴转、HBeAg转换率、HBV DNA的阴转率均高于HBcAg核型表达者（P均〈0.05）。结论肝组织病理改变和病毒抗原在肝细胞的表达类型可能成为PegIFNα-2a抗病毒疗效的潜在预测因素。炎症活动度高、肝细胞内HBcAg浆型表达者可能对PegIFNα-2a的治疗应答更好。     

慢性活动性肝炎HBV DNA原位分子杂交研究

对50例慢性活动性乙型肝炎肝组织进行了原位杂交及免疫组化研究；部分作了上述两法的双标记。发现HBV DNA阳性物质在肝细胞内的分布方式可分为全浆型、膜下型、核型和膜间型4种。后者提示HBV DNA有可能通过肝细胞膜直接传播至邻近的肝细胞。双标记显示，大多数HBV DNA强阳性肝细胞并不同时含有HBcAg或HBsAg；反之亦然。此外，少数病例见胆小管上皮和窦内皮细胞胞浆内亦呈HBV DNA阳性。     

p-moesin在血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞中的表达及意义

目的:动态观察血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞moesin表达水平的时相变化,探讨其与肝窦内皮细胞失窗孔化的关系。方法:采用腹部敷贴法感染血吸虫尾蚴建立血吸虫病性小鼠肝纤维化模型,除正常对照组(A组,10只)外,78只成模小鼠分为血吸虫病组(B组,24只)、吡喹酮(Biltricide)杀虫片治疗组(C组,18只)、Rock抑制剂(Hydroxyfasudil)治疗组(D组,18只)、Biltricide+Hydroxyfasudil治疗组(E组,18只),分别于治疗第16周、19周、21周分批剖腹取各组小鼠肝组织进行HE、Masson染色;同时Western blotting检测p-moesin蛋白表达,透射电镜观察超微结构。结果:与A组相比,B组肝组织p-moesin蛋白表达量增加。给予药物干预后,D组、E组p-moesin蛋白降低,16周时最为明显,但D组于19周开始逐渐恢复到原水平,而E组继续下降,明显低于D组。肝窦超微结构观察,药物干预21周时,C组与D组相比,肝组织炎性细胞明显减少,Disse腔内胶原纤维有所减少,但肝窦内皮细胞窗孔、肝窦内皮下基底膜无明显好转。E组与C组比较肝细胞器形态明显恢复,可见窗孔,未见基底膜。结论:血吸虫病肝纤维化小鼠肝窦内皮细胞通过p-moesin蛋白表达上调,参与肝窦内皮细胞失窗孔化,从而引起肝内微循环障碍。     

慢乙肝肠源性内毒素血症患者血清中脂多糖结合蛋白、sCD14的检测

慢性乙型肝炎 (简称慢乙肝 )常伴有肠源性内毒素血症(ＩＥＴＭ )。脂多糖 (ＬＰＳ )与其在单核 /巨噬细胞表面受体ＣＤ14的结合 ,可诱导在单核 /巨噬细胞表面分泌、释放ＴＮＦ α,进而加重肝细胞的损害。脂多糖结合蛋白 (ＬＢＰ )影响并调节ＬＰＳ与ＣＤ14的结合及对肝细胞的毒性。我们测定了慢乙肝患者血清中ＬＢＰ、ｓＣＤ14水平 ,旨在探讨其在慢乙肝肠源性内毒素血症中的作用。1　材料和方法1 1　病例选择　 36例慢乙肝均为住院病人 ,男 31例、女 5例 ,年龄 2 1～ 45岁。其中轻度 10例、中度 12例、重度 14例。所有病例均经肝活检并以活…     

应用非同位素原位杂交检测肝组织中丙型肝炎病毒基因的分布

为了研究丙型肝炎患者肝组织中丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）基因的分布，我们应用地高辛标记的ＨＣＶ基因５＇端非翻译区的探针（长度为３２个寡核苷酸），对２４例急、慢性丙型肝炎患者活检的肝组织石蜡包埋切片进行了原位核酸杂交检测。结果显示：ＨＣＶ基因阳性的肝组织标本有１１例，检出率是４５．８％（１１／２４）。ＨＣＶ基因主要分布于肝细胞浆，偶见于肝细胞核内。此外在肝血窦的ｋｕｐｆｆｅｒ细胞、小血管内皮细胞和汇管区附近均有明显的ＨＣＶ基因阳性染色，而对照组均未发现ＨＣＶ基因阳性信号。     

194例慢性乙型肝炎病理及其与血清HBV DNA、HBeAg、ALT关系的研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎病理及其与血清HBV DNA、HBeAg、ALT关系。方法对194例慢乙肝患者进行肝组织病理、HBV免疫组化检查,并检测肝功能、血清HBVM和HBV DNA。结果血清HBeAg阳性组的肝组织G2、G3~4、S2、S3~4发生率与阴性组比较差异有统计学意义,肝组织S0组与S1~4组比较差异有统计学意义,肝组织G0~1组与G2~4组、HBcAg阳性组与阴性组的HBV DNA含量比较差异亦有统计学意义,肝组织HBsAg表达为" "者与" ~ "者血清HBV DNA含量比较差异无统计学意义,肝组织达S1或(和)G2以上者血清ALT水平分别为:<40U/L组占28.57%,40~80U/L组占53.33%,81~400U/L占80.15%,>400U/L组占77.88%。结论血清HBV DNA与肝组织HBcAg表达有一致性,与肝内HBsAg无关,HBV DNA含量低可能是肝组织炎症活动度和纤维化程度高,ASC和轻度肝损害者应争取肝活检,以及时判断肝组织病理程度和治疗时机。     

Synthesis and receptor sites of endothelin-1 in the rat liver vasculature

Immunocytochemical localization of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1), ET-1, and ET receptor A and B (ET(A) and ET(B)), and gene expression of prepro ET-1 mRNA were examined on the rat liver vasculature. Immunoreactivities for big ET-1 and ET-1 were preferentially seen along the endothelium of interlobular veins (IV) and artery (IA), although the staining intensity was more pronounced in IV. Expression of preproET-1 mRNA was detected in both vascular endothelia and the signal intensity was more prevalent in IV. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that rough endoplasmic cisterns were immunoreactive for big ET-1, while Weibel-Palade (WP) bodies, a storage site for ET-1, were immunoreactive for ET-1 in endothelial cells of IV. These results indicate that endothelial cells of IV are the major site of synthesis of ET-1, which is extracellularly secreted by degranulation and/or exocytosis of WP bodies. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), especially of the plasma membrane of perisinusoidal and interhepatocellular processes, were immunoreactive for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antibodies. These findings suggest that ET-1 receptor-mediated HSC contraction is involved in the regulation of hepatic sinusoidal blood flow as previously cited in mammalian liver cirrhosis. We also showed that sarcolemma and caveoles in the smooth muscle cells of the media of IV, and its branches before reaching the hepatic sinusoids, were immunoreactive for ET(A) receptor antibody. The results suggest that such vessels, which contains a large amount of hepatic blood inflow, participate in pump mechanism toward hepatic sinusoidal circulation in a receptor-mediated paracrine fashion.     

肝素改善慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏微循环的临床研究

目的 :观察肝素 /低分子量肝素改善慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏微循环的疗效 ,探讨其作用机制、剂量、疗程及不良反应。方法 :36例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为A、B二组。A组 14例 ,给予常规治疗 ;B组 2 2例 ,在常规治疗的基础上加用肝素 /低分子量肝素 ,其中 12例应用肝素 ,10例应用低分子量肝素。每位患者用药至少二周。治疗前后分别检测肝功能、血清透明质酸 (HA)水平、vW因子 (vWF)含量、AT Ⅲ活性。B组中有 5例患者在治疗前后分别行肝活组织检查。结果 :治疗半月前后 ,A、B二组ALT、PT水平下降 ,但无统计学意义。B组HA、vWF水平显著下降。肝素组与低分子量肝素组相比 ,AT Ⅲ活性显著下降。与治疗前相比 ,治疗后肝细胞肿胀减轻 ,肝窦腔通畅 ,毛细胆管淤胆减轻。结论 :肝素 /低分子量肝素可以改善肝脏微循环 ,短期应用无明显不良反应。低分子量肝素应用更安全 ,值得推广。     

肝窦及窦周隙病变在慢性乙型肝炎肝微循环障碍中担当关键角色

目的 探讨肝窦及窦周隙病变对肝微循环障碍的影响.方法 对200例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝组织用HE、组化、免疫组化及原位杂交技术,就肝窦及窦周隙病变的形态学、体视学及超微结构改变作了观察.结果 其病变有狭窄、阻塞、扩张、窦周隙淤血、肝窦毛细血管化表现.体视学示肝窦数目减少,总面积、总周长、平均直径增加,与对照组差异有显著性(P<0.01),CHB轻与CHB中、CHB重及CHB/LC之间差异也有显著性(P<0.01).电镜观察示窦内皮有撕裂、窗孔减少、窦内皮细胞增生出芽形成血管腔,贮脂细胞转化为肌成纤维细胞,同时伴相关蛋白表达增加.结论 肝窦及窦周隙病变在肝微循环障碍中担当     

Intrahepatic PD-1/PD-L1 Up-regulation Closely Correlates with Inflammation and Virus Replication in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection

Chronic hepatitis B was characterized by fluctuant immune response to infected hepatocytes resulting in hepatic inflammation and virus persistence. Recently, Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have been demonstrated to play an essential role in balancing antiviral immunity and inflammation in the livers of acute hepatitis B patients, significantly influencing disease outcome. PD-1 up-regulation in peripheral T cells is associated with immune dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients. However, the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 on hepatic damage and chronic infective status is still unknown in patients with chronic HBV infection. Here, we report up-regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 in liver biopsies from 32 chronic HBV patients compared to 4 healthy donors. PD-1/PD-L1 up-regulation was significantly associated with hepatic inflammation and ALT elevation. Moreover, appropriate up-regulation but not overexpression of PD-L1 in the active phase of chronic hepatitis B as well as lower expression of PD-L1 in the inactive phase in liver residential antigen presenting cells (including Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells) may contribute to viral inhibition. Our data suggest that the intrahepatic interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 might play an important role in balancing the immune response to HBV and immune-mediated liver damage in chronic HBV infection.     

Expression of ABH blood group antigens, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, and type IV collagen in the sinusoids of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The expression of blood group antigens (A, B, H, Lewis(a) and Lewis(b)), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), factor VIII-related antigen, and type IV collagen on the sinusoids was examined immunohistochemically in 15 cases of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 11 cases of cirrhosis, 12 cases of chronic active hepatitis, and in a control sample of 16 normal livers. Sinusoidal endothelial cells of HCC characteristically showed a diffuse and strong immunoreactivity to ABH blood group antigens in the specimen with a comparable ABO blood group. The sinusoidal endothelial cells were also diffusely and strongly positive for UEA-I receptors. In contrast, in cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis a few sinusoidal endothelial cells were positive for ABH blood group antigens and UEA-I receptors. In normal livers, only a few sinusoidal endothelial cells were positive for ABH blood group antigens and UEA-1 receptors. Tests for factor VIII-related antigen and Lewis blood group antigens were almost negative on sinusoidal endothelial cells. Although type IV collagen was distributed diffusely in the space of Disse in these four groups, its expression was strongest in HCC. Blood vessels of portal tracts and fibrous septa were positive for ABH blood group antigens, UEA-1 receptors, factor VIII-related antigen, and type IV collagen, but negative for Lewis blood group antigens. These findings suggest that some sinusoidal endothelial cells undergo "capillarization" in cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis, and that the majority of sinusoidal endothelial cells of HCC have phenotypic characteristics of capillaries.     

Ultrastructural observations on sinusoidal endothelial cells in chronic active hepatitis

Ultrastructural features of 12 liver biopsies from patients with chronic active hepatitis were studied, particular attention being paid to endothelial cells. In areas of piecemeal necrosis and parenchymal inflammation sinusoidal endothelial cells show swelling of the cytoplasm, protrusion of the cell body into the sinusoidal lumen, increase in micropinocytotic vesicles and appearance of numerous dense bodies. This cell type is termed 'active endothelial cell'. Subsequent changes include enlargement of the Golgi complex, increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasmic processes with concomitant decrease of dense bodies, appearance of a fuzzy coat and formation of hemidesmosomes in close relationship to basement membrane-like material and reticulin fibres in the space of Disse. The latter ultrastructural characteristics correspond to those of 'fibroblastic reticulum cells' described in lymph nodes. Active endothelial cells and fibroblastic reticulum cells may play a protective role in liver parenchymal inflammation by reducing the accessibility of noxious agents from the blood stream to liver parenchymal cells, and be crucial in the initiation of perisinusoidal fibrosis.     

Frequency and distribution of DNA fragmentation as a marker of cell death in chronic liver diseases

 To study the early stages of cell death in various types of chronic liver injury, liver biopsies from a total of 26 patients, including 7 with chronic hepatitis C(CHC), 4 with chronic hepatitis B(CHB), 7 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 4 with autoimmune or drug hepatitis(AI/DH), and 4 with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC), were examined by an in situ nucleotidyl transferase assay (ISNTA), which detects DNA fragmentation. Positive nuclei in hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells were counted in all parenchymal areas, excluding triads and areas of fibrosis, using a computer with Sigmascan software. The number of positive hepatocytes/mm² was similar in the biopsies of patients with CHC, CHB, ALD and AI/DH, but significantly lower in PBC. The number of positive sinusoidal lining cells/mm² was significantly greater in biopsies with CHC compared to CHB, ALD, AI/DH and PBC. Double staining revealed that the ISNTA-positive sinusoidal lining cells were also CD68 positive, indicating that they were Kupffer cells. The frequency of ISNTA positivity did not correlate with serum AST or ALT levels, steatosis, cell swelling or cirrhosis. ISNTA-positive hepatocytes were more frequent than acidophilic bodies in every disease category. We conclude that apoptosis may be a common pathway of cell death in different liver diseases, that the high frequency of DNA fragmentation in Kupffer cells in CHC suggests that during chronic hepatitis C infection activated Kupffer cells may be subject to regulatory control by apoptosis and that ISNTA is more sensitive than acidophilic bodies in assessing the degree of cell injury in the liver. Received: 17 February 1997 / Accepted: 18 March 1997     

Intrasinusoidal cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver

Diffuse nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver is an acquired architectural disturbance that can lead to portal hypertension. Although frequently associated with autoimmune or hematologic malignancies, its exact pathogenesis remains largely unknown. We observed CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the liver sinusoids of 14 of 44 NRH patients and explored possible relationships between these lymphocytes and vascular damage. The immunophenotype of intrahepatic lymphocytes was determined using immunohistochemical analysis and endothelial injury using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method for apoptosis combined with endothelial cell labeling. Controls for the quantitative analysis of liver-infiltrating lymphocytes consisted of patients with chronic hepatitis C or normal liver (n = 13 and n = 6, respectively). Liver specimens from the 14 patients dislayed intrasinusoidal infiltrate composed of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, located near atrophic liver cell plates. Significantly more granzyme B+ and CD57+ lymphocytes were observed in NRH than chronic hepatitis C samples with quantitatively similar CD8+ infiltrates. Double-labeling revealed apoptotic endothelial sinusoidal cells in CD8+ T-cell-infiltrated areas in all NRH samples but never in chronic hepatitis C or normal livers. T-cell receptor rearrangement or immunoscope analysis suggested liver-specific polyclonal or oligoclonal T-cell expansions. Clinical and biological characteristics of the 14 patients were similar to those observed in the 30 patients with NRH devoid of lymphocytic infiltration. We report here that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells infiltrated the liver sinusoids of a high percentage (32%) of NRH patients and suggest that some NRH cases might result from chronic, cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocyte targeting of sinusoidal endothelial cells.