气囊上滞留物冲洗对预防呼吸机相关肺炎的作用

目的 观察气囊上滞留物冲洗对预防呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的作用.方法 对入住重症监护病房(ICU)预行机械通气(MV)超过48 h的患者使用可冲洗型气管导管,共进行63例次.采用随机数字表法分为2组,即气囊上滞留物定期引流冲洗组为A组(31例次),非冲洗组为B组(32例次).A组每6 h冲洗1次,B组于机械通气后48 h、4,7,14 d取标本时冲洗.分别于机械通气后48 h、7,14 d采用双套管保护性毛刷取下呼吸道分泌物,同步行气囊上滞留物细菌学检测,并进行2组间比较.结果 1周内,A组VAP的发生率为6.1%,与B组31.3%相比明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),1周后,2组VAP的发生率相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组VAP的发生时间较B组明显延迟,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).A组气囊上滞留物致病菌的浓度明显低于B组(P<0.01).在发生VAP的22例次患者中,气囊上滞留物与下呼吸道分泌物菌株分市一致的患者有13例次,占61.1%,主要优势菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌.结论 (1)气囊上滞留物引流和冲洗可以使气囊上滞留物致病菌的浓度明显降低,还可以降低VAP的发生率,使VAP的发生时间延迟.(2)气囊上滞留物病原菌移行是VAP的重要原因之一.     

定期声门下分泌物吸引预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的观察与护理

目的：观察定期声门下分泌物吸引对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的效果。方法：将102例行经口／鼻气管导管插管机械通气的患者随机分为两组,采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下分泌物吸引冲洗的为观察组（52例）,采用普通气管导管进行分泌物吸引的为对照组（50例）。观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况。结果：观察组VAP发生率为26．9％,发生时间（14±3）天;对照组发生率为58．0％,发生时间（6±4）天,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下吸引冲洗,可减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

The interaction of subglottic drainage,cuff pressure,and oral care on endotracheal tube fluid leakage: A benchtop study

BackgroundThe types of endotracheal tube, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level, endotracheal tube cuff pressure level, and nursing activity may influence the occurrence of pulmonary aspiration in ventilated patients with an endotracheal tube, but the evidence on their degree of influence is still inconclusive.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of endotracheal tubes with or without subglottic secretion drainage on fluid leakage across endotracheal tube cuffs under different PEEP levels, different cuff pressures, and with or without oral care.MethodThis was a benchtop study with a multifactorial experimental design using two sets of airway. The two types of endotracheal tubes were tested through 12 scenarios with 240 combinations of different PEEP levels (0, 5, and 10 cmH₂O), endotracheal tube cuff pressures (15 and 25 cmH₂O), and oral care (with or without) using two sets of airway manikins. Each scenario lasted for 30 min, and fluid leakage was measured at the end of each scenario. Generalised Linear Model test was used to analyse fluid leak at 30 min (with and without interaction effect).ResultsA total of 100 cases showed fluid leakage, with more fluid leakage occurring in low cuff pressure (15 cmH₂O), no PEEP, and with oral care. Results of the Generalised Linear Model revealed that endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage, high PEEP (at 10 cmH₂O), normal cuff pressure (at 25 cmH₂O), and no oral care demonstrated a significant effect in reducing fluid leakage than endotracheal tubes without subglottic secretion drainage, low PEEP (at 5 or 0 cmH₂O), and low cuff pressure (at 15 cmH₂O) (all p < 0.001). However, only the interaction effect of endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage*high PEEP showed a significant effect on fluid leakage (p < 0.001), with the combination of endotracheal tube*no PEEP producing the greatest volume of fluid leak.ConclusionUsing endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage, high PEEP, and normal cuff pressure and avoiding excessive endotracheal tube movement during oral care reduced fluid leakage. This study provided strong evidence to inform practice on reducing microaspiration in ventilated patients.     

持续声门下吸引减少呼吸机相关肺炎的研究

目的探讨持续声门下吸引减少和控制呼吸机相关肺炎的效果。方法将ICU111例气管插管行机械通气的患者按住院日单双号分为观察组56例、对照组55例,对照组采用常规气道护理,观察组在此基础上行持续声门下吸引,收集口咽部、声门下、下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌学检查,记录每日声门下分泌物的吸引量。结果两组比较：机械通气5日内观察组呼吸机相关肺炎发生率明显低于对照组;观察组声门下分泌物培养革兰阳性致病菌数明显少于对照组。观察组未发生呼吸机相关肺炎患者声门下分泌物的平均吸引量显著高于发生呼吸机相关肺炎患者的吸引量,每日吸引量较多患者发生呼吸机相关肺炎时间延迟、机械通气时间缩短。结论持续声门下吸引可减少和延迟呼吸机相关肺炎的发生,声门下吸引量多少与呼吸机相关肺炎发生时间及机械通气时间有关。     

人工气道气囊上方滞留物间断持续引流对呼吸机相关肺炎的影响

目的观察人工气道气囊上方滞留物间断持续引流对呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)的影响。方法将132例行人工气道患者分为对照组70例和试验组62例,对照组在患者呛咳,听诊肺部有痰鸣音或者血氧饱和度下降时吸痰;试验组采用滞留物间断持续引流的方法,观察两组VAP发生率。结果试验组患者VAP发生率为17.7%,对照组为32.9%,两组比较,χ2=3.928,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论气囊上方滞留物采用间断持续引流可有效降低VAP的发生率。     

气囊上滞留物引流对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响及致病菌分析

目的：探讨人工气道机械通气患者气囊上滞留物引流对呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）及致病菌的影响。方法将2011年3月至2012年9月于本院重症监护病房（ICU）建立人工气道,且机械通气超过72 h的患者106例随机分为气囊上滞留物引流组（实验组）56例和非引流组（对照组）50例,记录 VAP发生时间、气道开放时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间,不同类型标本病原学培养、鉴定结果及患者病死率等。结果实验组患者 VAP发病率、气道开放时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、病死率等明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）;下呼吸道痰液标本病原学培养结果与气囊上滞留物培养结果一致。结论气囊上滞留物引流可以明显降低 ICU人工气道机械通气患者 VAP发病率,缩短气道开放时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间,降低病死率;清除气囊上滞留物可减少气囊上致病菌侵入下呼吸道,避免下呼吸道感染的发生,是预防 VAP的有效方法。     

Subglottic secretion drainage for preventing ventilator associated pneumonia: A meta-analysis

BackgroundVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been shown to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality.1, 2, 3 It has been reported to affect between 9 and 27% of intubated patients receiving mechanical ventilation.4, 5, 6ObjectiveA meta-analysis was undertaken to combine information from published studies of the effect of subglottic drainage of secretions on the incidence of ventilated associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients.Data sourcesStudies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966 to January 2011), EMBASE (1980–2011), and CINAHL (1982 to January 2011).Review methodsRandomized trials of subglottic drainage of secretions compared to usual care in adult mechanically ventilated ICU patients were included in the meta-analysis.ResultsSubglottic drainage of secretions was estimated to reduced the risk of VAP by 48% (fixed-effect relative risk (RR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.42–0.65). When comparing subglottic drainage and control groups, the summary relative risk for ICU mortality was 1.05 (95% CI, 0.86–1.28) and for hospital mortality was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.81–1.12). Overall subglottic drainage effect on days of mechanical ventilation was ?1.04 days (95% CI, ?2.79–0.71).ConclusionThis meta-analysis of published randomized control trials shows that almost one-half of cases of VAP may be prevented with the use of specialized endotracheal tubes designed to drain subglottic secretions. Time on mechanical ventilation may be reduced and time to development of VAP may be increased, but no reduction in ICU or hospital mortality has been observed in published trials.     

气囊滞留物清除时间与呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关性研究

目的探讨清除气管导管气囊上滞留物的最佳时间。方法将94例气管插管行机械通气治疗48h以上患者随机分为A、B、C三组,分别每4h、8h、12h进行气囊上滞留物清除。结果4h组和8h组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、病死率、机械通气时间均低于12h组（P〈0．05）,4h组和8h组比较,各项指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论8h清除气管导管气囊上滞留物能明显减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生,缩短机械通气时间,降低病死率,节约成本,为最佳清除时间。     

银尔通、呋喃西林、洗必泰用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗的效果观察

目的探讨银尔通、呋喃西林和洗必泰用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)方面的效果对比。方法选择205例ICU气管切开或气管插管的机械通气患者,随机分为A组(0.2%呋喃西林冲洗)61例、B组(0.02%洗必泰冲洗)75例和C组(银尔通冲洗)69例。记录3组每日气囊上和下呼吸道分泌物吸引量、VAP发生时间和例数、声门下分泌物菌落数,并进行统计学分析。结果 C组分泌物吸引量明显低于A组和B组;C组VAP发生率明显低于A组,C组与B组相比机械通气5d内VAP发生率无明显差异,5d后VAP发生率明显低于B组;C组声门下分泌物菌落数明显低于A组,C组与B组相比机械通气5d内声门下菌落数无明显差异,5d后声门下菌落数明显低于B组。结论银尔通用于间歇气囊上滞留物冲洗能显著降低VAP的发生率,是预防VAP行之有效的方法。     

组合式气管导管在机械通气中的应用研究

目的 探讨组合式气管导管声门下引流对机械通气时呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响.方法 将需要气管插管机械通气48 h以上的患者随机分为两组,A组采用普通气管导管,B组采用组合式气管导管并定期行声门下引流.观察两组间患者VAP的发生情况并做统计学分析.结果 治疗A组VAP的发生率明显高于治疗B组.结论 避免VAP的危险因素是降低VAP发生率行之有效的措施.组合式气管导管的临床应用能有效地清除声门下分泌物,降低细菌在呼吸道定植率,是预防VAP比较有效的措施.     

声门下分泌物引流预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 观察声门下分泌物引流(SSD)预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床效果.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究,选择2005年1月-2006年6月收住本院重症加强治疗病房(ICU)、年龄>18岁、机械通气>48 h的患者,按随机原则分为SSD组和对照组,记录两组患者年龄、性别、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分、人工气道内径、鼻饲时间、机械通气时间、VAP发生率和发生时间、ICU住院时间和病死率,以及SSD组每日引流量等指标.结果 符合条件的61例患者中SSD组30例,对照组31例,两组患者年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分、人工气道内径、鼻饲时间差异均无统计学意义.与对照组比较,SSD组VAP发生率明显降低(30.0%比51.6%,P<0.05);机械通气时间[(7.9±2.6)d比(10.4±0.9)d]和ICU住院时间(9.3±2.9)d比(12.3±5.7)d]均明显缩短(P均<0.05);但VAP发生时间[(6.5±1.3)d比(5.5±0.6)d]及ICU病死率(26.7%比38.7%)差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).SSD组以第1日引流量>20 ml作为有效标准,23例引流有效的患者VAP发生率为8.7%,引流无效的7例患者VAP发生率高达57.1%,差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

The ventilator care bundle and its impact on ventilator-associated pneumonia: a review of the evidence

Aims and objectives: The aim of this review was to critically analyse recent research that has investigated ventilator care bundle (VCB) use, with the objective of analysing its impact on ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) outcomes. Background: The VCB is a group of four evidence‐based procedures, which when clustered together and implemented as an ‘all or nothing’ strategy, may result in substantial clinical outcome improvement. VAP is a nosocomial lung infection associated with endotracheal tube use in ventilated patients. Since the VCB was introduced there have been several studies that have reported significant VAP rate reductions. Search strategy: A comprehensive search for research, published between 2004 and 2009, was conducted using Medline and PubMed. Key words were used to identify English language studies reporting VCB implementation within adult intensive care units (ICU) and associated clinical outcomes. Studies that implemented bundle variations that did not include all four elements were excluded. Conclusions: Because of the limitations of the observational designs used in the studies retrieved, a definitive causal relationship between VCB use and VAP reduction cannot be stated. However, the evidence to date is strongly indicative of a positive association. Several studies reported the use of additional VCB elements. In these cases it is difficult to establish which elements are related to the measured outcomes. Further research is recommended to establish baseline outcome measures using the four‐element VCB, before adding further processes singly, as well as research investigating the effect of audit and feedback on VCB compliance and its effect on clinical outcomes. Relevance to clinical practice: A reduction in VAP is associated with VCB use. The evidence to date, whilst not at the highest experimental level, is at the highest ethically permissible level. In the absence of contradictory research, the current evidence suggests that use of the VCB represents best practice for all eligible adult ventilated patients in ICU.     

集束化护理在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的:探讨机械通气集束化护理在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用。方法:选择2011年1~12月机械通气患者225例作为对照组,2012年1~12月机械通气患者262例作为观察组,对照组采用常规的护理方法,观察组采用包括严格手卫生、加强口腔护理、重视气道湿化、定时监测气囊压、持续声门下吸引、每天进行拔管评估、呼吸机管路的护理、半卧位(抬高床头30°~45°)等集束化护理措施,观察两组患者VAP的发病率、入住ICU的时间、机械通气时间、ICU的医疗费用。结果:观察组患者VAP的发病率、入住ICU时间、机械通气时间、ICU的医疗费用均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:集束化护理可降低机械通气患者VAP发病率,减少机械通气时间和医疗费用,值得临床推广应用。     

呼吸机集束干预策略对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的:探讨呼吸机集束化干预策略在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的影响。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,对2008年10月~2010年10月收住ICU的机械通气病人共286例进行集束化治疗与护理。所有病人采取抬高床头、每天"唤醒计划"、消化性溃疡的预防、深静脉血栓的预防等集束化干预策略。通过对体温、痰量和性状、血象、胸部X线片及下呼吸道细菌学检查监测,观察VAP的发生率及死亡率;取本院ICU2006年1月~2007年12月机械通气病人262例作为对照组。结果:机械通气病人集束化干预后,病人VAP的发生率较对照组有显著下降(P<0.01),死亡率较对照组下降(P<0.05)。结论:集束化干预策略能有效降低VAP的发生。     

运用循证护理探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理策略

目的:探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理策略。方法:运用循证护理,先确定60例机械通气病人需要解决的问题,后针对问题查阅相关文献和资料,寻找直接和间接实证,并对其真实性、可靠性、临床价值及实用性进行分析、归纳,选择最佳护理证据,研究出最佳护理策略,制定出最佳护理方案,并执行相应的护理措施。结果:60例机械通气病人发生呼吸机相关性肺炎5例,发生率为8.3%,低于文献报道14.3%。结论:运用循证护理理论指导临床护理可提高护理质量,对机械通气病人运用恰当的护理策略,采取相应的护理措施可降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。     

Effects of three approaches to standardized oral hygiene to reduce bacterial colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised control trial

Background

Ventilator associated pneumonia remains an important concern in the intensive care unit (ICU). An increasing body of evidence shows that mortality and morbidity can be reduced by implementing a range of preventive strategies, including optimizing oral hygiene.

Aim

The aim of this feasibility study was to test two oral hygiene strategies on the effects of microbial colonization of dental plaque with respiratory pathogens (primary outcome) and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (secondary outcome).

Methods

A single blind randomised comparative study was conducted in a 20-bed adult intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients with an expected duration of mechanical ventilation more than 48 h were eligible. Patients were randomised to one of three study regimens (Group A control, second hourly oral rinse with sterile water, Group B sodium bicarbonate mouth wash second hourly, and Group C twice daily irrigations with chlorhexidine 0.2% aqueous oral rinse and second hourly irrigations with sterile water). All study options included cleaning with a toothbrush and non foaming toothpaste.

Results

Data from a total of 109 patients were analyzed. Group A 43, Group B 33 and Group C 33 (mean age: 58 ± 17 years, simplified acute physiology score II: 44 ± 14 points). On admission no significant differences were found between groups for all clinical data. While Group B showed a greater trend to reduction in bacterial colonization no significant differences could be demonstrated at Day 4 of admission (p = 0.302). The incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia was evenly spread between Groups B and C (5%) while Group A was only 1%.

Conclusions

While a number of studies have advocated the use of various mouth rinses in reducing colonization of dental plaque a standardized oral hygiene protocol which includes the use of mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush may be a factor in the reduction of colonization of dental plaque with respiratory pathogens. This feasibility study provides data to inform future adequately powered studies.     

声门下冲洗引流在预防VAP中的作用

目的:观察可冲洗气管导管在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用,并探计相应的护理措施。方法:将收入ICU需行机械通气的病人随机分为二组,采用可冲洗气管导管接受声门下积液冲洗为引流组,采用普通气管导管为常规治疗组,定期从口咽部、声门下分泌物和下呼吸道获取细菌学样本,记录行机械通气的天数和发生VAP的病例数结果。常规治疗组VAP发病率为53.3％,平均发生时间8.4±3.0d积液引流组VAP发病率为25.7％,平均发生时间11.6±4.1d经统计学处理P<0.05,二组结果有显著性差异。结论:声门下积液的仔在是引起机体发生VAP的主要原因之一,应用可冲洗气管导管行声门下积液冲洗引流可以明显减少VAP的发生率,是一种简单而有效的方法。     

声门下吸引对呼吸机相关肺炎发病率的影响:Meta分析

目的 评估声门下吸引对降低呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator associated pheumonia,VAP)发病率及患者病死率有效性的影响.方法 收集1991年至2010年20年的随机对照研究(randomized controlled trials,RCT),将其中需要机械通气的患者分为两组,一组为声门下引流组,即患者的人工气道带有声门下吸引;另一组则为非声门下引流组,即应用标准气管插管者,观察两组患者呼吸机相关肺炎的发病率及病死率.所得研究数据通过RevMan4.3软件进行统计、分析.结果 共7篇RCT研究符合纳入标准,共搜集1647例,声门下引流组(796例)VAP发病率较非声门下引流组(851例)低,提示声门下吸引能明显降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发病率(OR =0.45,95％置信区间:0.32 ～0.63),尤其能降低早发型VAP的发病率,但对患者病死率的影响则不明显(OR=1.03,95％置信区间:0.75～1.41).结论 对于预期机械通气时间超过48 h的患者,声门下吸引能有效降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发病率,但并不改善患者病死率.