两种治疗肺曲菌球外科手术方法的探讨（附63例报告）

目的 探讨肺结核合并肺曲菌球手术适应症和手术方法.方法 63例病人分别采用肺叶切除术和肺曲菌球剔除加带血管蒂肋间肌瓣填塞的方法得到治疗.结果 本病肺叶切除术术式二次进胸止血、呼吸机辅助呼吸、术后胸腔感染发生率高,肋间肌瓣填塞术无严重并发症.结论 对于局限的肺结核合并肺曲菌球患者及早行肺叶切除术,对于周边的局限的肺曲菌球以及老年病人采用肋间肌瓣填塞术能减少并发症的发生.     

外科手术治疗74例肺结核并发肺曲菌球病患者的临床价值

目的 分析外科手术治疗肺结核并发肺曲菌球病的临床价值。方法 搜集2007—2016年在广西壮族自治区龙潭医院行外科手术的74例肺结核并发肺曲菌球病患者,对手术方式、手术治疗转归、并发症、术后随访等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 74例患者中,择期手术68例(91.9%),急诊手术6例(8.1%);73例(98.6%)手术顺利,术中因大出血死亡1例;行肺叶切除术54例(73.0%),肺段切除术5例,全肺切除术2例,复合肺切除术9例,肺楔形切除术4例。24例(32.4%)出现术后并发症:术后大出血1例,再次开胸止血治愈;呼吸功能衰竭1例,呼吸机辅助呼吸28d后成功脱机治愈;肺不张5例,4例经纤维支气管镜吸痰后肺膨胀良好,1例纤维支气管镜吸痰无效,继发呼吸功能衰竭后自动放弃治疗出院后死亡;脓胸4例,3例细菌性脓胸经持续引流治愈,1例曲霉菌性脓胸于术后15个月行电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术时发生肺动脉破溃大出血,改为体外循环下左余肺切除术,但因不能纠正休克而死亡;肺泡胸膜瘘5例,3例经持续胸腔引流,2例行碘伏胸膜固定术加持续胸腔引流后治愈;支气管胸膜瘘1例,给予患者持续的胸腔引流3周后瘘口逐渐闭合治愈;胸部净化残腔7例,未处理。72例患者术后获得随访,1例患者随访期间死亡。最终治愈71例(96.0%),随访1~48个月,平均(11±3)个月,未见肺结核及肺曲菌球病复发。结论 选择合适的患者行外科手术,治愈率高,并发症发生率及死亡率在可以接受的范围之内,绝大多数患者能治愈。     

肺结核并发肺曲菌球47例外科治疗

目的　探讨肺曲菌球与肺结核的关系及其诊断和治疗;方法 对13年经外科手术治疗的47例肺结核合并曲菌球病人进行回顾性分析;结果 男性31例,占66.0%,病程>5年27例。咯血症状突出,41例,占87.2%。47例肺结核合并曲菌球中,术前明确诊断32例,占68.1%,漏误诊率31.8%。45例治愈,占95.7%,死亡2例,占4.2%。术后并发症10例,分别为胸腔感染、支气管胸膜瘘、肺炎、肺不张、支气管哮喘、呼吸衰竭和失血性休克。结论 肺曲菌球病见于肺结核空洞患者,在长期规律抗结核治疗后仍反复咯血,漏诊率较高,手术治疗为首选,效果较好。     

肺曲菌球的外科治疗（附182例报告）

目的探讨肺曲菌球的手术适应证及手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1975年9月至2008年1月经手术治疗的182例肺曲菌球患者资料,分为单纯性肺曲菌球组（SPA,n：42）和复合性肺曲菌球组（CPA,n;140）。行肺叶切除术146例,全肺切除13例,复合切除（肺叶＋肺段或楔形切除）11例,肺段切除7例,楔形切除5例。结果182例患者中治愈178例,治愈率97．8％。无手术死亡,术后发生并发症47例（25．8％）,包括出血5例,持续漏气10例,肺炎11例,肺复张不全8例,支气管胸膜瘘、脓胸3例,心律失常3例,肺脓肿5例,切口感染2例。SPA组术后并发症发生率低于CPA组（P〈0．05）。术后随访173例,随访4个月～5年无复发。结论外科手术为肺曲菌球的首选治疗方法。对于病程短、肺病变局限、胸膜粘连较轻的患者电视胸腔镜具有创伤小、恢复快、术后并发症少的优点是其最佳选择。     

肺结核术后胸膜残腔曲菌病三例

胸膜腔曲菌病可发生于肺切除术后胸膜残腔内,发病率低,治疗复杂。我科自1972年9月～2 0 0 3年6月共治疗肺及胸膜腔曲菌病5 6例,其中胸膜残腔曲菌病3例,均经手术治愈,现报告如下。例1　患者男性,6 2岁。196 4年因右上肺空洞型结核行右上肺叶切除术,术后14年发生咯血,色鲜红,量少,伴咳嗽、咳黄痰,当地医院诊为“肺结核”,经治疗症状好转。术后34年又出现咯血,而且量增多,当地医院摄胸片示“肺结核”,给予异烟肼、利福平和乙胺丁醇治疗8个月,症状好转。入院前10d又咯鲜红色血,每次10 0～15 0ml,伴咳嗽、咳黄痰。查体:一般情况可,右上肺呼吸音降…     

肺结核之肺切除术

目的总结肺结核肺切除术的手术适应症及经验。方法2000年-2006年,252例肺结核患者接受手术治疗,其中全肺切除术17例,复合肺叶切除术10例,肺叶切除术148例,局限性肺切除术77例;空洞性病变86例,结核球或干酪灶115例,支气管病变或肺不可逆病变32例,毁损肺19例。结果手术死亡2例,痰菌阴转率92．9％,一次手术治愈率92．5％,复发率4．0%,术后发生支气管胸膜瘘11例（4．4％）,结核播散6例（2．4％）。结论肺切除术是治疗特殊类型肺结核的有效手段,但应准确掌握手术适应症、把握手术时机。     

肺曲霉病53例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲霉病的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析2008-01～2010-12经肺切除术后病理证实的53例肺曲霉病(曲霉球24例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病21例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病合并曲霉球8例)患者的病历资料.结果 53例中有基础疾病39例,最常见为肺结核,其次为支气管扩张症,临床表现无特异性.影像学检查病变部位以上肺最常见,共37例;病灶特点以肺叶、肺段浸润阴影伴空洞最多见,共43例;新月征7例,空洞内附壁结节影或不规则块状致密影27例.所有患者均经肺切除术后病理检查确诊,50例患者未行抗真菌治疗.术后复发的5例为慢性坏死性肺曲霉病、双肺多叶病变且术后未行抗真菌治疗者.结论 慢性坏死性肺曲霉病与曲霉球临床表现无特异性,易误诊为肺结核,出现新月征有提示性诊断意义,确诊需要病理依据.曲霉球首选手术治疗,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病可予药物治疗或手术治疗,病灶切除完全、无基础病和免疫功能抑制者可不用抗真菌治疗.     

112例结核性脓胸的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨结核性脓胸的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。 方法 总结北京胸科医院1999年1月-2008年底手术切除的112例结核性脓胸的临床疗效。全组包括：结核性全脓胸49例、肺结核合并结核性全脓胸1例、结核性包裹性脓胸53例、肺结核合并结核性包裹性脓胸3例、结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘6例。 结果胸膜纤维板剥脱术67例、胸膜全肺切除术10例、胸膜肺叶切除术4例、胸膜肺部分切除术6例、胸膜纤维板剥脱+胸廓成形术18例,其他手术7例。总治愈率95.0%,手术并发症率12.5%,死亡率0.9%。 结论 患者一旦发展成慢性结核性脓胸应及早外科治疗,手术是治疗慢性结核性脓胸的唯一有效方法 。     

肺曲菌球40例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲菌球的诊断和治疗方法. 方法 分析2001-2005年武汉市结核病院收治的40例肺曲菌球患者的临床诊治情况. 结果 40例中男24例,女16例,年龄17～61岁,平均37.7岁.40例中支气管扩张症和空洞型肺结核37例,肺囊肿2例,空洞型肺癌1例;咯血33例,反复间断小量咯血(＜20 ml/次)27例,大咯血6例;咳嗽、咳痰5例次;发热、盗汗3例次.40例患者均无基础疾病及长期使用抗生素史.术前、术后曲菌球的诊断符合率为60%(24例),原发病的诊断符合率为40%(16例).手术切除肺叶39例,全肺切除1例.死亡1例.随访1年,仅1例抗曲霉治疗6个月,余均未按要求服药.除2例大咯血患者复发外,余均痊愈. 结论 肺曲菌球多见于支气管扩张症及空洞型肺结核患者.多数患者可出现反复小量咯血.术前曲菌球和原发病诊断较困难.可根据病情采取不同的治疗方法,是否应首选手术或预防性手术有待商榷.出院后的抗曲霉治疗似乎并非必要.     

慢性空洞性肺曲菌病临床表现

目的 探讨慢性空洞性肺曲菌病的临床症状、影像学特点、诊断和治疗方法.方法 对3例误诊为肺结核而长期抗结核治疗无效,甚至导致肺毁损,经手术切除病变肺叶或经支气管肺活检术,病理确诊为慢性空洞性肺曲菌病的临床资料进行总结.结果 慢性空洞性肺曲菌病常见的临床症状为慢性咳嗽、疲劳不适,严重者出现气短.影像学显示空洞出现在肺上叶,且进行性增大,有时为多发.组织学检查在空洞内可找到真菌菌丝,周围肺组织有慢性炎症和肺纤维化,伴有胸膜肥厚.结论 慢性空洞性肺曲菌病是慢性肺曲菌病的一种亚型,临床上少见,常见影像学特点是肺内空洞进行性增大,组织学检查在空洞内可找到真菌菌丝,治疗上需积极抗真菌,必要时可手术.     

肺结核咯血患者锁骨下动脉造影结果分析

目的研究分析肺结核致咯血患者的锁骨下动脉血管造影表现，评价其在动脉栓塞治疗中的临床价值。方法39例肺结核伴咯血患者中，肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连及胸部手术后25例。在栓塞治疗过程中完成降主动脉各出血分支栓塞术后，根据病变的部位进行锁骨下动脉造影，影像评判标准：正常为（-）；（＋）：锁骨下动脉、腋动脉诸多小分支紊乱、增生，未见其分支明显增粗；（＋＋）：锁骨下动脉、腋动脉的分支明显增粗、扭曲、瘤样扩张，伴肺循环分流等；出血阳性包括（＋）、（＋＋），其中（＋＋）为强阳性。对造影影像学表现进行归纳分析，并根据基础病变程度进行统计学处理。对造影发现为强阳性的部分患者行动脉栓塞术，符合长期疗效分析的15例患者术后作临床疗效评估。结果造影影像学结果显示，出血阳性与造影人次比为32／39，出血强阳性与造影人次比为17／39；出血阳性与造影的锁骨下动脉支数比为39／58，其中（＋＋）为24／58，（＋）为15／58。强阳性出血动脉以胸廓内动脉、胸外侧动脉及肩胛下动脉的出现概率最高。肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连及胸部手术后的患者有明显高的出血阳性率以及强阳性率。15例动脉栓塞术后，治愈6例，显效和有效7例，无效2例。15例中有8例行降主动脉出血分支栓塞后无效，再行动脉栓塞术时，对锁骨下动脉造影发现的出血血管栓塞疗效显著。结论采用动脉栓塞治疗肺结核咯血，应在完成以支气管动脉为主的降主动脉分支栓塞后，如仍有咯血可行相应的锁骨下动脉造影，对肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连、胸部手术后及栓塞术后疗效不佳者，可根据病情同时行锁骨下动脉造影并对其出血血管进行栓塞。     

Analysis of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. The results of surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in 41 patients between 1988 and 2003 were evaluated retrospectively. Hemoptysis occurred in 31 patients (75.6%) and it was massive (> 300 mL in 24 hr) in 3. The underlying lung disease was tuberculosis in 35, bullous lung disease in 2, hydatid cyst in 2, and lung carcinoma in 2 patients. Lobectomy, bilobectomy, wedge resection, and pneumonectomy were performed in 27, 4, 6, and 4 patients respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 24.4%. One patient, who had a right pneumonectomy, died due to respiratory failure; the mortality rate was 2.4%. Recurrent hemoptysis was observed in only one patient. Early surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma resulted in a satisfactory outcome with acceptable morbidity, low mortality, and effective prevention of recurrent hemoptysis. Pneumonectomy has a high morbidity, thus it should be avoided if possible.     

肺曲菌球病63例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的临床特征和治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2008.1~2014.10年收治63例病理确诊肺曲菌球病患者的临床诊治情况。结果 HCT37%24例,血清前白蛋白(PA)200 mg/L20例,LY1.5×10~9/L 19例;肺结核空洞22例,支气管扩张症19例,6例无明确基础疾病;咳嗽46例,咯血59例,大咯血29例。典型影像学表现48例,误诊4例,漏诊11例;可见纵隔淋巴结23例,短径小于1 cm,淋巴结活检提示反应性增生。病灶位于左肺上叶17例,右肺上叶29例。肺功能检查:总弥散量低于比弥散量(t=-9.422,P0.001);均行外科手术治疗;58例随访影像学未见复发;大咯血与相关危险因素的Logistic分析,肺结核空洞OR=6.113,P=0.008,空洞或空腔内长径OR=2.410,P=0.004。结论肺曲菌球病咯血和咳嗽为主要症状;病灶多位于双肺上叶,影像学特征典型,大咯血患者的曲菌球长径、空洞或空腔长内径长于非大咯血患者;弥散功能有一定特征性;首选手术治疗;肺结核空洞和空洞或空腔内长径是大咯血的危险因素。     

肺结核后空洞内继发曲菌球两种治疗方法的比较研究

目的 比较研究经支气管镜介入清除和手术切除肺结核后空洞内继发曲菌球的临床价值。方法 回顾分析183例肺结核后空洞内继发曲菌球感染患者住院治疗时间、治疗费用、治疗并发症及治疗效果。结果 183例患者,126例接受经支气管镜介入清除治疗,57例接受手术切除治疗,平均住院时间分别为49 d和46 d,平均治疗费用分别为26 535元和50 296元,手术切除治疗的并发症发生率较高且程度较重,但手术切除治疗彻底、复发率较低。结论 对肺结核后空洞内继发曲菌球患者,经支气管镜介入清除治疗可以得到较彻底有效的治疗效果,并发症少且轻微,治疗费用较手术明显减少,在手术风险大、肺功能储备少或不愿接受手术较大损伤的患者,支气管镜介入清除治疗可以作为一种较好的选择。     

Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma with 26 cases in six years: a single center experience

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. We analyzed our results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Between 2003 and 2009, 26 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our center. Results were evaluated retrospectively. There were 5 female and 21 male patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11.6 years (28-70). The patients were divided into two groups, group A (simple aspergilloma; n= 8) and group B (complex aspergilloma; n= 18). Major underlying diseases were tuberculosis (61.5%). The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (57.6%). Of our patients, 23% were complaining of massive hemoptysis or recurrent hemoptysis. Other patients were complaining of mild symptoms and some of them were totally asymptomatic. We performed 15 (57.6%) lobectomies (3 with associated segmentectomies), 8 (30.6%) segmentectomies/wedge resections, 2 (7.6%) pneumonectomies, and 1 (3.8%) cavernoplasty. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (57.6%) patients. Complications occurred in 72.2% patients of complex aspergilloma, whereas 25% occurred in simple aspergilloma (p= 0.03). Major complications included prolonged air leak, empyema, air space. One patient who underwent lobectomies for complex aspergilloma developed bronchopleural fistula and died of respiratory failure on the 20th postoperative day. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The average postoperative hospital stay was 12.9 days. The mean follow-up period was average 44 months. The actuarial survival at 3 years was 90% and 100% for complex aspergilloma and simple aspergilloma, respectively (p> 0.05). There was two recurrence of disease (8%). But no recurrence of hemoptysis. Low morbidity rate may have been due to the selection of patients with localized pulmonary disease in this study. Surgical resection of asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma is effective in preventing recurrence or massive hemoptysis for patients whose condition is fit for pulmonary resection with reasonable mortality, morbidity and survival rates.     

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma and pleural aspergillosis

Pulmonary aspergilloma and pleural aspergillosis are a potentially lifethreatening disease resulting from the colonization of lung or pleural cavities by the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Twenty four patients with pulmonary aspergilloma and five with pleural aspergillosis underwent major thoracic procedures at our hospital between 1976 and 1986. Fourteen of the patients had haemoptysis, in 9 it was recurrent, and in 5 life-threatening. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and sarcoidosis were the most common preexisting lung lesions. Surgical procedures included 7 pleuropneumonectomies, 18 lobectomies and 4 wedge resections. The postoperative mortality rate was approximately 7% (2 pat.). Based on the pathological examination 4 patients had unexpectedly a bronchial carcinoma in addition to the aspergilloma. Bronchopleural fistula with persistent air space was a serious complication only for patients after pleuropneumonectomy. 23 patients including those with complex aspergilloma and pleural infection had no postoperative complications; in none of the 27 operative survivors were there any recurrent symptoms over a follow-up between one and ten years. Good-risk patients with documented aspergilloma, even asymptomatic, should be resected, because of the danger of exsanginating haemorrhage. For patients with pleural aspergillosis only the aggressive resection can provide effective long term palliation.     

Cavernostomy and simultaneous removal of fungus ball of pulmonary aspergilloma]

Between 1991 and 2000, 21 patients (16 male and 5 female) underwent 28 cavernostomies for the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. The median age was 59.4 years (range 37-85 years). The mean %VC was 59.6 (range 30.4-91.2), and the mean FEV 1.0 was 1.51 ml (range 0.64-2.67 ml). The mean body mass index was 17.6 (range 12.7-23.2). The most common complaint was hemoptysis. The underlying lung disease was tuberculosis in 17 cases, atypical mycobacteriosis in 2, and unclassified in 2. All cases had been diagnosed as complex aspergilloma. The mean surgical duration was 136 minutes (range 85-203 min.) and the mean blood loss during surgery was 242 ml(range 5-810 ml). No death or major complications occurred in the postoperative course. During follow-up, 4 patients died of massive hemoptysis, cancer, respiratory failure or an unknown cause. Relapses of aspergilloma occurred in 9 patients (42.9%). Recavernostomy was performed safely on 5 patients. In conclusion, although the relapse rate of aspergilloma was high after cavernostomy, safe reoperations were performed. Cavernostomy is thus an effective treatment in high-risk patients.