Hemobilia as a result of right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture: An unusual complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

INTRODUCTION

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has many complications which may be seen due to anatomical variations, lack of experience of the surgeon or three dimensional visualization, or insufficient exposure of the surgical field; including vascular injuries. Here we present a case of pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery leading to hemobilia after rupturing into the biliary system.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 43-year-old male patient presented to our clinic 3 weeks post laparoscopic cholecystectomy with right upper quadrant pain, melena and hematemesis. After stabilizing the patient, Doppler ultrasonography, abdominal computer tomography and selective right hepatic artery angiography were performed and a pseudoaneurysm was established on the anterior posterior bifurcation of right hepatic artery. Right hepatic artery ligation and a T-tube placement after choledocotomy were performed. The patient recovered completely.

DISCUSSION

Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery may arise as a complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clip encroachments, mechanical or thermal injury during the procedure are likely to be precipitating factors. Today, transarterial embolization (TAE) is the gold standard for the management of hemobilia, and if it fails, the next step in management is surgical. Surgery is limited to extra-hepatic or gallbladder bleeding, and for TAE failure.

CONCLUSION

In cases of GI bleeding the awareness of the surgeon should be drawn to a clinical suspicion of hemobilia and an underlying hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm that can arise as a complication. CT angiography should be performed for early diagnosis and management in such patients.     

Hemobilia and cystic artery stump pseudoaneurysm associated with liver abscess after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Report of a case

A 63-year-old woman was admitted for cholecystitis and underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). She experienced abdominal pain and hemobilia 11 days after the LC. Angiography was performed but it did not show any source of bleeding. Thereafter, at 27 days after LC, a repeat angiogram was performed which revealed a pseudoaneurysm (PA) arising from a cystic artery stump and an embolized PA sack. However, another PA arising from near the embolized PA and liver abscess was observed 4 days after embolization. The arterial collateral flow was evaluated by endovascular balloon occlusion of the right hepatic artery and it was embolized proximal and distal to the bleeding point. The embolization of the partial hepatic artery was effective for PA when packing the PA sack proved to be insufficient. In patients with liver cirrhosis or liver abscess who require an adequate arterial liver flow, it is important to evaluate the collateral arterial flow before hepatic artery embolization.     

Chronic cholecystitis following hemobilia due to traumatic intrahepatic injury

We report a patient who presented with colicky abdominal pain, hematemesis, and melena following a blunt abdominal injury sustained in an automobile accident. Serologic tests suggested liver dysfunction and computed tomography (CT) revealed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct. Duodenoscopy demonstrated hemobilia originating from the duodenal papilla of Vater. Angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery and angiographic embolization successfully stopped the hemorrhaging. However, even following the angiographic embolization, the patient remained symptomatic and repeat CT demonstrated thickening of the gallbladder wall and a lesion resembling a blood clot. We strongly suspected cholecystitis and performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Grossly, the resected specimen revealed wall thickening with a congested mucosa and three blood clots; histologically, these changes were consistent with a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis. The clinical message of this paper is that patient should be observed for this usual complication of hemobilia after liver injury.     

Hemobilia in a Patient with Multiple Intrahepatic,Hepatic Artery Aneurysms

Hemobilia is a rare form of upper gastrointestinal system (GIS) bleeding. Rupture of the hepatic artery aneurysm into the biliary tract is also an uncommon cause of hemobilia. We report a case of hemobilia, secondary to rupture of one of multiple aneurysms of both right and left hepatic arteries. It was treated by hepatic artery ligation.     

Hemobilia — successful treatment by angiographic embolization

Summary Hemobilia after major liver trauma is a difficult problem to manage. We report a case of an 18-year-old male who sustained major liver trauma. Bleeding was controlled at laparotomy. Seventeen days after surgery hematemesis and intermittent bleeding from the drain occurred. Hepatic artery angiography demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm of one of the branches. Gelfoam embolization successfully controlled the bleeding. Review of the literature reveals that hemobilia has been treated by a conservative means as well as by surgery. Hepatic angiography to localize the site of bleeding and then embolization to control the hemorrhage now constitute the preferred method of treatment.     

Laparoscopic Management of Massive Hemobilia From an Intrahepatic Aneurysm

Background:

Intrahepatic arterial aneurysms are rare and typically related to trauma, transplantation, iatrogenic injury, or infection. They account for approximately 10% of clinically significant hemobilia.

Case Report:

We present the case of a 49-year-old man with an intraparenchymal hepatic artery aneurysm that presented as massive hemobilia following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aneurysm could not be managed by interventional embolization and required a left hepatic lobectomy, which was performed laparoscopically.

Discussion:

Evaluation of hemobilia requires a multidisciplinary team approach. The diagnosis of hepatic artery aneurysm can be most readily made by MRI or CT scan. Interventional embolization of the aneurysm may be effective treatment but is not always possible due to anatomic considerations. Where indicated, surgical resection in a manner that preserves a maximal amount of normal hepatic parenchyma is the treatment of choice.

Conclusion:

This is the first report of laparoscopic liver resection performed for bleeding from a hepatic artery aneurysm and adds an effective treatment modality to the surgical armamentarium.     

Hemobilia Due to Cystic Artery Stump Pseudoaneurysm Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Case Presentation and Literature Review

Hemobilia is the process of bleeding into the biliary tree and is an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. When this event results from a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm, it is a particularly rare phenomenon; fewer than 20 cases are described in the literature. Alongside the literature review, we report a case of a 34-year-old woman presenting 3 months post laparoscopic cholecystectomy with hematemesis. Computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm. Following an ineffective hyperselective arterial embolization, the patient was successfully treated by surgical ligation of the right hepatic artery. Even though this complication is uncommon, all surgeons need to be aware of its presentation and of available therapeutic options.     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术对比分析

我院于1994年8月～1996年6月完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)70例,为了客观地评价LC的优越性及不足之处,本文随机将1993年7月～     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术168例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术(laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy,LSC)的可行性和技术特点。方法对168例因各种原因无法完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者转行LSC,方法包括从分离Calot三角开始和从切开Hartmann袋减压、取石开始。结果5例中转开腹行胆囊次全切除术;122例在胆囊管和胆囊动脉夹闭后行胆囊大部切除;41例先在Hartmann袋处切开胆囊,然后寻找、夹闭胆囊管和胆囊动脉或缝扎胆囊颈部,再行胆囊大部切除。手术时间(65.5±15.2)min,术中出血量(71.5±15.5)ml,术后恢复进食时间(20.4±6.3)h,出现局部并发症7例(4.2%),术后住院时间(4.2±2.6)d。105例随访(25.5±6.5)月,消化不良5例,右肩牵涉痛3例,右上腹部不适9例。结论对于复杂胆囊炎,LSC是可行的,术者要熟练掌握LSC的技术特点,正确处理好出血和胆漏是LSC成功的关键。     

Videolaparocholecystectomy: Casuistry of 1000 Cases

Despite the ongoing evolution in the medical treatment of biliary pathology, the standard of treatment for gallstones remains cholecystectomy. There are no alternative treatments that have shown the same efficacy as surgery. Current alternative treatments have shown high recurrence and failure rates. Cholecystectomy remains the gold standard for management of gallstones.The surgical access of laparoscopic cholecystectomy accomplished by Mouret in 1987 allows for a reduction in operative trauma, hospital stay, postoperative pain and convalescence. These factors permit a faster return to normal activities. Today, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed in almost all medical centers around the world; however, the procedure is not free of complications.The objective of this study was to analyze our first 1000 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, giving emphasis to the morbidity and mortality of the procedure.     

Three-port versus standard four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled clinical trial in a community-based teaching hospital in eastern Nepal.

OBJECTIVES: With increasing surgeon experience, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has undergone many refinements including reduction in port number and size. Three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported to be safe and feasible in various clinical trials. However, whether it offers any additional advantages remains controversial. This study reports a randomized trial that compared the clinical outcomes of 3-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional 4-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to undergo either the 3-port or the 4-port technique. Four surgical tapes were applied to standard 4-port sites in both groups at the end of the operation. All dressings were kept intact until the first follow-up 1 week after surgery. Postoperative pain at the 4 sites was assessed on the first day after surgery by using a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale (VAS). Other outcome measures included analgesia requirements, length of the operation, postoperative stay, and patient satisfaction score on surgery and scars. RESULTS: Demographic data were comparable for both groups. Patients in the 3-port group had shorter mean operative time (47.3+/-29.8 min vs 60.8+/-32.3 min) for the 4-port group (P=0.04) and less pain at port sites (mean score using 10-cm unscaled VAS: 2.19+/-1.06 vs 2.91+/-1.20 (P=0.02). Overall pain score, analgesia requirements, hospital stay, and patient satisfaction score (mean score using 10-cm unscaled VAS: 8.2+/-1.7 vs 7.8+/-1.7, P=0.24) on surgery and scars were similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulted in less individual port-site pain and similar clinical outcomes with fewer surgical scars and without any increased risk of bile duct injury compared with 4-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thus, it can be recommended as a safe alternative procedure in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜腹部手术临床应用117例

目的　探讨腹腔镜在胆囊及其它腹部手术中的应用。　方法　回顾性分析 1998年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 10月腹腔镜下胆囊切除、阑尾切除、溃疡病穿孔修补、肠粘连松解、肝囊肿开窗及腹部联合手术等病例的临床资料。　结果　 117例中 ,2例因胆囊三角解剖不清且胆囊萎缩而中转开腹手术 ,1例因存在迷走胆管而发生胆汁瘘 ,术后第三天 ,经再次腹腔镜手术 ,痊愈出院。　结论　腹腔镜在腹部联合手术方面具有明显优越性。腹腔镜的手术适应证随技术进步和设备改善将逐步拓宽 ;高龄合并心、脑、肺、血管疾病的患者 ,可采取控制气腹压力、减低流速 ,间断气腹的方式完成手术 ;诊断性腹腔镜在诊断腹部疑难疾病中有重要价值     

T-tube placement during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary The management of common bile duct stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy can pose a challenge to the surgeon as no definitive management plan is universally accepted at this time. We present a case where a common bile duct exploration was performed through a choledochotomy, describing how the t-tube was placed.The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense     

Pseudoaneurysm of the Cystic Artery Secondary to Cholecystitis as a Cause of Hemobilia: Report of a Case

Spontaneous intracholecystic bleeding is very rare. We report herein a very rare case of a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery due to acute cholecystitis. A 58-year-old man presented at the emergency department complaining of colicky pain in the right upper quadrant. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an early-enhanced pooling of contrast material (suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery) inside the neck of the gallbladder. After the proximal control of the hepatic artery, the patient underwent a cholecystectomy and a ligation of the cystic artery. The resected specimen of the gallbladder showed evidence of a massive intracholecystic hematoma. Proximal to the impacted gallstone in the neck, a 2-cm diameter saccular-type pseudoaneurysm was identified. Although a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery is very rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of hemobilia. Once the pseudoaneurysm is confirmed, its embolization before a cholecystectomy (which can be attempted laparoscopically) may be useful to ensure the safety of the patient.     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的可行性,总结困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术的经验,尤其是腹腔镜胆囊次全切除理念在困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的体现及应用。方法回顾分析我院2008年1月至2013年10月所行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除病例,并以2011年5月为时间节点分为 A 组（节点前时段）、B 组（节点后时段）,分别比较前后两组的（胆囊切除实行专病专治）,手术时间、术后住院时间、术中出血量。结果 B 组手术时间（78.1±6.6）min 少于 A 组（97.5±7.3）min,B 组术后住院时间（3.5±0.4）d 少于 A 组（5.6±0.5）d,出血量 B 组（68.9±7.2）ml 多于 A 组（56.7±7.7）ml。差异均有统计学意义。结论腹腔镜胆囊次全切除应成为腹腔镜术者的常规理念;熟练掌握腹腔镜技术、积累一定经验后,腹腔镜胆囊次全切除可作为常规手术操作应用于临床。     

Three-port microlaparoscopic cholecystectomy in 159 patients

apd: 12 December 2000     

Interventional Therapy for the Treatment of Severe Hemobilia After Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangial Drainage: A Case Series

From May 2003 to May 2010, a total of 9 patients with severe hemobilia after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) were diagnosed using superselective angiography and cholangiography, and then were treated with interventional procedures. Two patients with hepatic arterio-biliary fistula underwent proximal and distal arterial embolization of the responsible vessel. Six patients with pseudoaneurysm had pseudoaneurysm occlusion with proximal and distal embolization. Another patient with biliary-portal vein fistula received a biliary fully covered stent placement. The effects in these patients were evaluated using superselective angiography immediately after the intervention and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. In all patients, hemobilia was stopped right after the treatment and no sign of recurrence was noted at 3- and 6-month follow-up after the interventional therapy. Our findings demonstrate that interventional therapy is a simple, minimally invasive, and safe approach for treating severe hemobilia in patients receiving PTCD.     

Two-port versus four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported to be safe and feasible. However, whether it offers any additional advantages remains controversial. This study reports a randomized trial that compared the clinical outcomes of two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: One hundred and twenty consecutive patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to receive either the two-port or the four-port technique. All patients were blinded to the type of operation they underwent. Four surgical tapes were applied to standard four-port sites in both groups at the end of the operation. All dressings were kept intact until the first follow-up 1 week after surgery. Postoperative pain at the four sites was assessed on the first day after surgery using a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale (VAS). Other outcome measures included analgesia requirements, length and difficulty of the operation, postoperative stay, and patient satisfaction score on surgery and scars. Results: Demographic data were comparable for both groups. Patients in the two-port group had shorter mean operative time (54.6 ± 24.7 min vs 66.9 ± 33.1 min for the four-post group; p = 0.03) and less pain at individual subcostal port sites [mean score using 10-cm unscaled VAS: 1.5 vs 2.8 (p = 0.01) at the midsubcostal port site and 1.3 vs 2.3 (p = 0.02) at the lateral subcostal port site]. Overall pain score, analgesia requirements, hospital stay, and patient satisfaction score on surgery and scars were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Two-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulted in less individual port-site pain and similar clinical outcomes but fewer surgical scars compared to four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thus, it can be recommended as a routine procedure in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Paper presented at the Fifth World Congress of the International Hepato-pancreato-biliary Association, Tokyo, Japan, April 2002     

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目的减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的并发症,提高手术安全性。方法回顾分析1993年6月至2004年6月6012例LC资料。结果6012例中胆囊息肉544例,胆囊结石5451例,结石伴胆囊息肉17例。在胆囊结石病人中,慢性胆囊炎急性发作196例,伴胆囊颈或管结石嵌顿126例,慢性萎缩性胆囊炎204例,胆囊癌5例。中转开腹手术218例,占36%。共发生并发症228例,占379%,包括胆管损伤6例,出血31例,胆漏59例,刺口感染38例,术后胆囊床积液36例,术后腹腔内感染5例,其他53例。均治愈出院。结论为了减少并发症,应从严掌握LC手术适应证。肝门部胆管损伤是LC最严重的并发症之一,其对策是预防为主,其关键是在Calot三角的安全区进行解剖,遇到困难时及时中转开腹手术;一旦发生,应当由有经验的医生共同努力才能确保病人的手术一次获得成功。术后必须认真监测生命体征,及时发现各种意外,并给予恰当的处理。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后综合征的原因分析

从１９９３年至１９９７年我们对经腹腔镜胆囊切除手术４２１例病人进行跟踪随访分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术后仍有症状反复发作的原因及发生率，发生率是１６％，这个百分率与传统剖腹胆囊切除基本相同，腹腔镜胆发除术前、术中遗漏与胆囊无关疾病的诊断引起症状数量较同，良性和恶性，这个能反映出术前详细检查的重要性，与剖腹术比较腹腔手术时检查腔内病变是困难的，而有胆囊切除后胆道运动紊乱引起综合征经药物治疗后可得到改善。