2003年全国克山病病情监测汇总分析

目的查明克山病在全国范围内患病及发病的消长趋势。方法根据《克山病监测》标准(WS/T78-1996)及《克山病诊断标准》(GB17021-1997)对监测点区居民进行普查,随访2002年在册的克山病病例,对克山病发病相关因素进行调查。结果全国年内无急、亚急型发病,潜在型、慢型检出率为2.19%、0.60%,全国年内新发潜在型12例、慢型6例,发病率分别为1.23‰,0.61‰。人均发硒(0.2557±0.0320)mg/kg。结论克山病在全国各病区处于稳定态势,在继续逐步完善监测工作的同时,应对病人进行生活及就医指导。     

2007年全国克山病病情监测汇总分析

目的 掌握2007年全国克山病患病及发病情况,为制订克山病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据2007年克山病监测方案及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997),对15个病区省(区、市)的24个监测点居民进行查体、描记心电图、疑似病例摄X线胸片等临床检查.采集监测点居民主食粮样和发样,检测含硒量.结果 24个监测点居民潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为2.4%(465/19280)、0.6%(119/19 280).按检出率区间估计,全国病区有235万例(216万～254万例)克山病病人,其中慢型48万例(39万～57万例).本次监测新检出潜在型克山病85例,慢型克山病9例.15个省(区、市)的22个监测点心电图检查的异常率为14.3%(2554/17 801).14个省(区、市)22个监测点X线胸片检查有心胸比例增大者占38.8%(285/734).11个省(区、市)17个监测点共采集发样566份,发硒平均水平为0.3848 mg/kg;15个监测点采集小麦254份.平均硒水平为0.0428 mg/kg;采集玉米213份.平均硒水平为0.0250 mg/kg.结论 克山病仍然是严重的地方性公共卫生问题.要坚持做好克山病监测工作,改进抽样方法,增强监测的代表性;建议加大监测的投入.开展概率抽样,进行总体推断.以适应克山病新形势下的要求.     

2005年全国克山病病情监测汇总分析

目的掌握2005年全国克山病患病及发病情况。方法按统一监测方案并根据《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997)对22个克山病监测点区居民进行查体,描12导联心电图,疑似病人摄2 m后前位X线胸片及居民发硒、粮硒测定。结果22个监测点潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为3．5％和0．6％;新检出潜在型克山病7例,慢型克山病1例;人均发硒0．349 mg／kg,粮食硒0．025 mg／kg。结论监测点仍有潜在型和慢型克山病新发病例出现,说明克山病仍然是一个严重的地方性公共卫生问题;工作重点应放在克山病监测、硒预防、患者管理、治疗以及加强防治队伍培训等方面。     

2006年全国克山病病情监测汇总分析

目的 掌握2006年全国克山病患病及发病情况.方法 根据2006年克山病监测方案及<克山病诊断标准>(GB 17021-1997),对27个监测点居民进行查体、描记心电图、疑似病例摄X线胸片等临床检查,同时对克山病发病相关因素进行检测.结果 27个监测点潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为2.25%(295/13 090)、0.60%(78/13 090).估计全国有3 370 000～4 110 000例克山病病人,其中慢型克山病患者600 000～940 000例.四川省报告发生6例亚急型克山病,另外新检出克山病潜在型5例,慢型1例.发硒平均水平为0.3282mg/kg,粮硒平均水平为0.0148 mg/kg.结论 历史重病区有新的亚急型克山病发生,克山病仍然是一个严重的地方性公共卫生问题;在进行克山病监测的同时,建议加强患者管理、治疗和重病区克山病的预防工作.     

2000-2004年全国克山病病情监测5年汇总分析

目的研究2000—2004年克山病患病及发病趋势。方法根据卫生行业标准《克山病监测》（WS／T78—1996）及《克山病诊断标准》（GB17021—1997）在12个省对监测点区居民进行普查和克山病发病相关因素调查。结果5年问潜在型、慢型克山病年均检出率分别为3．8％和0．8％。各监测点区共新发潜在型克山病113例．新发现慢型克山病29例。人均发硒0．305mg／kg，粮硒0．017mg／kg。结论部分克山病省区病情不清．病区粮硒仍属低硒水平，有新病例检出。克山病仍然是一个严重的地方性公共卫生问题。克山病控制的重点应包括规范监测工作．慢型克山病现患的治疗。     

2007年黑龙江省富裕县永进村克山病病情监测结果分析

目的 了解2007年克山病监测点黑龙江省富裕县永进村人群患病、发病情况及内外环境的硒水平.方法 按全国克山病监测方案及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997),对监测点区居民进行临床查体和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者行X线胸部摄片;采集当地部分儿童头发和食用粮样(面粉),氢化物发生原子荧光法测定含硒量.结果 2007年在永进村共检诊282人,检出克山病19例,总检出率6.7%.其中潜在型克山病8例(有5例为新检出),慢型克山病11例,检出率分别为2.8%、3.9%.另外,还检出可疑克山病5例,其中可疑慢型2例,未检出急型、亚急型克山病病例.儿童发硒为(0.3197±0.0586)mg/kg;粮食硒为(0.0210±0.0062)mg/kg.结论 永进村仍有新的克山病病例检出,说明病区仍有致病冈索存在,因此,在病区建立完善的克山病监测疫情报告系统,提高各级防治人员对克山病的认识,仍是今后克山病防治的重点.     

2005年陕西省旬邑县克山病病情监测报告

目的掌握陕西省克山病病情变化及环境因素的改变对克山病发病的影响,科学的指导和评价陕西省克山病防治和科研工作。方法在陕西省旬邑县土桥镇东曹村设立监测点,对全部常住人口进行临床检查、描记心电图,对克山病病人及可疑病例拍摄2 m后前位X线胸片。观察全县范围内急型、亚急型、慢型克山病的发病及转归情况。对监测点人群发硒、粮硒水平进行测定,调查病区人群经济水平及膳食结构。结果①2005年监测点东曹村无急型、亚急型克山病发病,潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为3．79％和0．35％;监测人群异常心电图检出率为11．38％,人均发硒(0．579±0．012)mg／kg,粮食硒(0．089±0．082)mg／kg。②2005年旬邑县无急型、亚急型克山病发病,自然慢型克山病发病率为0．53／万,慢型克山病患病率为2．86／万。结论陕西省旬邑县克山病病情总体处于平稳低发态势,但仍有相当数量的潜在型、慢型克山病新发病例出现,说明病区环境中仍然存在着与克山病有关的一些致病因素,并对病区人群构成潜在的威胁。因此,继续加强病情监测,仍是今后陕西省克山病防治工作的重点。     

2006年黑龙江省富裕县克山病病情监测分析

目的了解2006年富裕县克山病监测点富金监测村(44号)、龙山监测村(40号)克山病患病和发病情况。方法按照"克山病监测方案"及《克山病诊断标准》(GB17021-1997),对监测点区居民进行检诊。结果2006年2个点区共检诊432人,检出克山病病例10例,总检出率2.3%,其中潜在型6例,慢型4例,检出率分别为1.4%、0.9%,富金村(44号)有2例慢型克山病病例死亡,新检出3例潜在型,1例慢型病例。结论在历史轻病区有新检出的克山病病例和病例死亡出现,说明克山病区仍有致病因子的作用,必须坚持进行克山病监测,并提高现有病人的生活质量,加强克山病防治知识的宣传等。     

2007-2011年陕西省宝鸡市克山病监测结果分析

目的 掌握宝鸡市克山病病情现状和消长趋势,为防治科研工作提供科学依据.方法 选择凤县、千阳县、麟游县、陇县4个克山病病区县开展病例搜索,从县级医疗机构及乡(镇)卫生院近3年登记在册的全部心肌疾病病例中搜集克山病病例;选择千阳县、凤翔县、凤县、麟游县、陇县5个克山病病区县的13个克山病病村为监测点,进行克山病重点监测,对监测点所有调查对象进行全面临床体格检查和12导联心电图描记,依据《克山病诊断标准》判定.每个监测点(村)抽取10户居民家庭,采集1份主食小麦粮样和成人枕部发样进行硒水平测定.结果 共搜索医疗机构32个,心肌病例746例,确诊慢型克山病17例.13个监测点共监测5723人,检出克山病患者65例,其中慢型克山病17例,潜在型克山病48例,总检出率为1.14％.发硒均值为0.420 mg/kg;小麦硒均值为0.079 mg/kg.结论 宝鸡市克山病病情处于低发平稳态势,人群内环境硒水平已上升到非病区水平,但仍有克山病病例检出,应尽快建立病区人群内、外环境硒水平等克山病综合致病因素常态化监测机制.     

2003年陕西省旬邑县克山病病情监测报告

目的准确掌握克山病病情消长趋势,科学的指导和评价防治工作.方法按<全国克山病病情监测方案>进行.结果 2003年全县未见急型、亚急型发病,慢型克山病现患42例,患病率为1.51/万.其中自然慢型克山病21例,患病率为0.82/万.监测点潜在型克山病50例,患病率3.57%,慢型克山病2例,患病率0.14 %.结论监测点区病情稳定,潜慢型是目前患病主要形式和存在类型.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.