大学生羞耻感、人格与心理健康的结构模型初步研究

目的：探讨大学生羞耻感与人格，心理健康的关系。建立大学生羞耻感，人格与心理健康的结构模型。方法：178名大学生参加了本研究，其中男生86人，女生92人，平均年龄21岁。所有被试填写了羞耻量表，艾森克人格问卷简式量表和症状自评量表，运用结构方程模型对数据进行拟合，结果：初步建立了人格，羞耻感与心理健康的理论关系模型。同时通过模型比较确定了羞耻感在人格和心理健康关系模型中的部分中介地位。     

应激、积极人格与心理健康关系模型的初步研究

目的:构建应激、积极人格与心理健康之间的关系模型.方法:使用中国大学生心理应激量表、人格量表和心理健康量表,对234名大学新生进行问卷调查.结果:①男生的心理应激水平显著高于女生(t=3.54,P≤0.01),人格得分上除严谨维度外,均具显著差异(t=3.93,P≤0.01);②活跃、随和、坚韧与心理症状总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.36～0.48).③应激能够对心理症状产生直接效应,同时通过积极人格的中介作用对心理症状产生间接效应.结论:活跃、坚韧和随和的人格特质能够缓冲心理应激所造成的心身影响.     

大学生社交焦虑的羞耻感等因素影响模型

目的：建构青少年社交焦虑的羞耻感模型，探索以羞耻感为主的各种心理因素之间的关系，及对社交焦虑的影响。方法：对327名大学生进行量表测评，包括羞耻感、社交焦虑、自尊、父母教养方式、艾森克人格简式量表(中国版，EPQ—RSC)。使用结构方程模型来验证羞耻感对社交焦虑重要影响作用的假设。结果：模型中羞耻感对社交焦虑的回归权重为0．6，在社交焦虑的各种影响因素中占首要地位，其次为人格因素，权重为-0.35，教养方式、自尊通过羞耻感、人格间接影响社交焦虑。结论：羞耻感对社交焦虑的重要作用得到结构方程模型的有力支持。     

父母教养方式、人格与自尊的关系研究

目的探讨父母教养方式、人格与大学生自尊的关系。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)修订中文版、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、自尊量表(SES)对260名大学生进行施测。结果①父母情感温暖理解、人格中的内外向维度与自尊呈显著正相关;②父亲拒绝否认、过度保护、母亲拒绝否认、惩罚严厉、人格中的神经质维度与自尊呈显著负相关;③结构方程模型分析表明,父亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应不显著(路径系数为0.13),父亲教养方式对人格的直接效应显著(路径系数为-0.34,P<0.01),人格对自尊的直接效应显著(路径系数为0.62,P<0.001)。而母亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应和对人格的直接效应均不显著。结论人格在父亲教养方式与自尊之间起完全中介作用,父亲教养方式能够通过影响人格的塑造而促进个体自尊水平的提高。     

师范大学生自尊与心理健康的关系

目的：探讨师范大学生自尊与心理健康之间的关系。方法：用症状白评量表、自我和谐量表、大学生行为抑制量表以及自尊量表对386名师范大学生进行了调查。结果：自尊与心理健康水平之间有较紧密的关系：高自尊个体有着较高的心理健康水平，高自尊的个体不仅有着较少的心身症状、并且有着较高的自我和谐与较少的行为抑制。结论：本研究结果说明自尊对师范大学生的心理健康有积极的影响。     

新疆维汉大学生父母养育方式对人格及心理的影响

目的 考察维汉大学生父母养育方式与人格及心理的关系.方法 采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对1006名维族、962名汉族在校大学生进行集体测试.结果 父母的情感温暖与EPQ的精神质、神经质呈负相关,与SCL-90的心理症状呈负相关.惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过分干涉、过度保护与EPQ的神经质、精神质呈正相关;与SCL-90的心理症状呈正相关.神经质、精神质与SCL-90的心理症状呈正相关.结论 ①父母不良的养育方式对大学生的人格有显著的影响.②父母的养育方式可以作用于青少年的人格特征,对大学生的心理健康产生重要影响.③大学生的心理健康水平与其人格特征有非常密切相关关系.     

外显和内隐自尊与心理健康的关系

目的：探讨外显和内隐自尊与心理健康的关系。方法：49名大学生被试参加实验和问卷研究，其中男生26人，女生23人，平均年龄22岁。所有被试填答了R0senberg自尊量表和SCL-90症状自评量表，同时使用内隐联结测验测量被试的内隐自尊。结果：外显自尊与心理健康水平表现出中等程度和高度的相关，而内隐自尊与心理健康的关系不显著。结论：本研究的结果证实了外显自尊对心理健康的积极影响。另外，结果倾向于支持内隐自尊和外显自尊相对独立结构的假说。     

大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑、自尊的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法:采用身体监视量表、外表焦虑量表和自尊量表对广西壮族自治区5所高校随机抽取的400名大学本科生(男生148人、女生252人)进行调查研究。结果:大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.28,P0.01)、与自尊呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.01),大学生自尊与外表焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01);自我客体化可正向预测外表焦虑(β=0.28,P0.001),自我客体化可负向预测自尊(β=-0.13,P0.01);自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中的中介效应大小为0.043(P0.05),中介效应的95%置信区间为[0.006,0.092],中介效应占总效应的15.36%。结论:大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中起部分中介作用。     

医务人员心理弹性与心理健康的关系:自尊的中介作用

目的:探讨心理弹性、自尊与心理健康之间的关系,揭示自尊在心理弹性与心理健康之间的中介作用。方法:采用中国成年人心理弹性量表(RTSCA)、罗森博格自尊量表(SES)和一般健康问卷-12(GHQ-12)对1036名医务人员进行问卷调查。结果:①心理弹性量表RTSCA分数与自尊量表分数SES呈正相关(r=0.723,P0.01),与心理健康量表GHQ-12分数呈负相关(r=-0.538,P0.01),自尊量表SES分数与心理健康量表GHQ-12分数呈负相关(r=-0.492,P0.01);②自尊在心理弹性与心理健康之间的中介效应为-0.201,Bootstrap输出的95%的置信区间为(-0.299,-0.109),占总效应的30.5%。自尊在心理弹性与心理健康之间起部分中介作用。结论:医务人员心理弹性、自尊及心理健康水平之间两两显著正相关,心理弹性可以直接或通过自尊的中介作用间接影响心理健康水平。     

女大学生ADHD症状对生活质量的影响：自尊和心理弹性的链式中介作用

目的:探讨自尊和心理弹性在女大学生注意缺陷多动症状与生活质量之间的中介作用。方法:采用成人注意缺陷多动障碍自评量表、自尊量表、Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表和世界卫生组织生活质量量表(简版)对1462名女性大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)相关分析表明,注意缺陷多动症状与自尊、心理弹性和生活质量之间呈显著负相关;自尊、心理弹性和生活质量三者之间呈两两显著正相关。(2)结构方程模型显示,注意缺陷多动症状对生活质量有直接的负性影响;注意缺陷多动症状分别通过自尊、心理弹性的中介作用间接影响生活质量;注意缺陷多动症状通过"自尊→心理弹性"中介链间接影响女大学生生活质量。结论:在女大学生中,自尊和心理弹性在注意缺陷多动症状和生活质量之间起链式中介作用。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.