胃腺癌组织中survivin、NF-κB p65和p27的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨survivin、NF-κB p65和p27在胃腺癌组织中的表达及其相关性研究.方法 用免疫组化SP法检测73例胃腺癌及20例正常胃黏膜组织中survivin、NF-κB p65和 p27的表达情况.结果 (1) survivin 和NF-κB p65在胃腺癌中蛋白表达阳性率分别为46.6%(34/73)和58.9%(43/73),明显高于它们在正常胃黏膜组织中的阳性表达率(0,0/20)和(20%,4/20)(P均＜0.01);p27在胃腺癌中蛋白表达阳性率为41.1%(30/73),明显低于它在正常胃黏膜组织中的阳性表达率(95.0%,19/20)(P＜0.01);(2) survivin与胃腺癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床分期呈正相关(P均＜0.05),而与组织分化程度无明显相关性(P＞0.05);NF-κB p65与胃腺癌分化程度呈负相关(P＜0.05),与胃腺癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床分期呈正相关(P均＜0.05);p27与胃腺癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床分期呈负相关(P均＜0.01),与组织分化程度无关(P＞0.05);(3)胃腺癌中survivin的阳性表达率与NF-κB p65的阳性表达率呈正相关(P＜0.05),而与p27的阳性表达率呈负相关(P＜0.05); NF-κB p65与p27的阳性表达率无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 survivin、NF-κB p65和p27基因在胃腺癌的发生发展中起着不同程度的作用;联合检测survivin、NF-κB p65和p27,有助于对胃腺癌恶性程度的判定及侵袭转移能力的评估,进而为胃腺癌的预后分析和临床治疗提供依据.     

宫颈癌组织中survivin和CD44v6的表达及其与HPV16/18感染的相关性

目的研究survivin、CD44v6在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与HPV16/18感染的相关性,以探讨宫颈癌的发生机制。方法用免疫组化方法进行survivin和CD44v6的检测,用PCR检测HPV16/18感染情况。结果survivin和CD44v6的阳性率在宫颈癌组织中远高于CIN和正常宫颈组织,差异显著(均P<0.01),其表达率与淋巴结转移有关(均P<0.05)。CD44v6随着临床分期、病例分级的升高阳性率升高(P<0.05),survivin的阳性率则随着病例分级的升高而增加(P<0.05)。HPV16/18在正常宫颈组织、CIN和宫颈癌中的阳性率逐渐升高(P<0.01),但与临床分期、病理分级、淋巴转移无关。survivin与HPV16/18感染有相关性(P<0.05)。结论宫颈癌组织中survivin的异常表达与HPV16/18感染有关。survivin和CD44v6与宫颈癌的恶变程度有关,可作为宫颈癌筛查预后判断的有利指标。     

乳腺癌中E-cadherin和p53的表达分析及其意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin和p53的阳性表达与浸润转移的关系。方法选取2012年9月~2013年9月永州市中心医院乳腺癌标本80例,采用免疫组化法检测E-cadherin和p53蛋白的阳性表达情况。结果①E-cadherin、p53在80例乳腺癌组织中阳性表达率分别为70%(56/80)、66.2%(53/80)。②E-cadherin阳性表达随组织学分级升高而降低(P<0.05),且有淋巴结转移组E-cadherin的阳性表达率较无淋巴结转移组低(P<0.05)。③p53阳性表达与组织学分级有关,且有淋巴结转移组p53的阳性表达率较无淋巴结转移组高(P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin和p53的表达可作为乳腺癌浸润转移潜能的判断指标之一,具有重要的临床意义"     

食管癌中p73蛋白的表达及与临床病理特征的关系

目的:检测p73蛋白在食管癌组织中的表达情况,并探讨其与食管癌临床病理特征的关系。方法:采用免疫组化检测p73蛋白在53例食管磷癌及癌旁组织中的表达情况。结果:p73蛋白在食管癌组织中的阳性表达率为84.9%(45/53),而在癌旁食管粘膜组织中的阳性表达率为32.7%(17/53),两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。p73蛋白的表达与食管磷癌分化程度密切相关(P<0.05),其在低分化癌组织中的阳性表达率(94.7%)显著高于在高分化癌组织中的阳性表达率(61.5%)。p73蛋白的表达与食管磷癌的TNM分期、淋巴结转移、浸润深度均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:p73蛋白在食管磷癌组织中呈高表达,表明可能参与食管癌的发生。     

TIP30与p53、ki67在肺癌中表达的相关性及意义

目的 分析TIP30与p53、细胞核相关抗原(ki67)在肺癌中表达的相关性及意义.方法 回顾性选取2017年1月至2019年4月我院收治的肺癌患者217例,均采用组织芯片(TC)结合免疫组化(IHC)技术检测TIP30、p53、ki67在肺癌组织中的表达、相关性及其与临床病理特征、预后的关系.结果 217例患者,TIP30低表达79例(36.41％)、高表达138例(63.59％),p53阳性表达111例(51.15％)、阴性表达106例(48.85％),ki67低表达102例(47.00％)、高表达115例(53.00％);在肺癌中,TIP30低表达率与p53阳性表达率、ki67高表达率呈正相关(r=0.578、0.499,P<0.05);TIP30表达与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期无关(P>0.05),与肿瘤类型、分化程度、是否有淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),p53表达与肿瘤类型、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与其他病理参数无关(P>0.05),ki67表达与分化程度、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与其他病理参数无关(P>0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,TIP30高表达组2年无瘤生存率87.52％高于TIP30低表达组21.39％(P<0.05),p53阳性表达组2年无瘤生存率36.72％低于阴性表达组76.48％(P<0.05),ki67高表达组2年无瘤生存率44.72％略低于低表达组56.56％,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 TIP30低表达及p53阳性表达、ki67高表达均与肺癌有相关性,TIP30表达越低,p53、ki67表达越高,均与病理参数有一定关联.     

HBV感染与Survivin、Bcl-2蛋白在原发性肝细胞癌中的表达的关系及临床意义

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus HBV)感染在原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma HCC)发生中的病因学意义及其与survivin及Bcl-2蛋白表达的相关性及对HCC生物学行为的影响.方法 利用血清学指标检测61例HCC的HBV感染情况,采用免疫组化检测癌组织中survivin及Bcl-2蛋白的表达.结果 HBV感染组中survivin及Bcl-2蛋白表达率分别为69.23%(27/39)和71.97%(28/39);非HBV感染组中二者的阳性表达率为31.81%(8/22)和40.90%(9/22);分别有显著性差异(P<0.05).Bcl-2及Survivin表达与门脉癌栓形成、肿瘤直经大小及AFP增高相关,与分化程度及肝内转移无关;BCL-2表达与Survivin表达正相关.在HCC中HBV感染与肿瘤的Edmondson分级、AFP增高、门静脉癌栓形成、肝内转移及转氨酶升高相关(P<0.05).结论 HBV感染可能与BCL-2及survivin共同作用导致HCC的发生及发展.     

胃癌不同部位血管内皮生长因子C及其受体的表达和淋巴管计数

目的观察胃癌原发灶、淋巴结转移灶及癌旁组织中血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)及其受体(VEGFR-3)表达水平和淋巴管(LV)计数,探讨3者的相互关系及其临床病理意义。方法49例胃癌手术切除原发灶、36例淋巴结转移灶标本和20例癌旁组织常规制作石蜡包埋切片,VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV染色方法均为SP免疫组化法。结果胃癌原发灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性表达率及LV计数明显高于癌旁组织[(61.2%比25.0%,P<0.01;57.1%比25.0%,P<0.05;(13.8±5.2)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P<0.01]。胃癌淋巴结转移灶组织VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数亦明显高于癌旁组织[61.1%比25.0%,P<0.01;58.3%比25.0%,P<0.05;(11.2±4.9)个/HP比(6.8±3.2)个/HP,P<0.01]。组织学分级Ⅱ级、侵袭深度T1～T2、无区域淋巴结转移、N1站淋巴结转移及无远处转移胃癌VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达阳性率及LV计数均明显低于组织学分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、侵袭深度T3～T4、区域淋巴结转移、N2～N3站淋巴结转移及远处转移病例(P<0.05或P<0.01)。VEGF-C、VEGFR-3表达呈高度一致性(P<0.01)。胃癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3阳性病例LV计数明显高于阴性病例(P<0.01)。结论VEGF-C、VEGFR-3和LV可能是反映胃癌发生发展、侵袭潜力、转移发生及预后的重要生物学标记物。VEGF-C通过与VEGFR-3结合具有促胃癌淋巴管生成作用。     

子宫内膜癌中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达及其相互关系

目的 观察子宫内膜癌中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达情况,探讨它们在子宫内膜癌中表达的意义及相互关系.方法 应用免疫组化EliVision方法检测86例子宫内膜癌、30例不典型增生子宫内膜、30例正常子宫内膜中survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白的表达.结果 survivin在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率分别为76.7%、40.0%、13.3%,差异均有显著性(P均＜0.01);PTEN在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜的阳性表达率分别为40.7%、60.0%、100.0%,前两者均低于后者,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),但前两者之间差异无统计学意义;p53在子宫内膜癌、不典型增生子宫内膜和正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率分别为43.0%、20%、0.0%,差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).survivin、PTEN的表达均与子宫内膜癌的组织分级、临床病理分期及肌层浸润无关.p53的表达与上述密切相关.survivin的表达与子宫内膜癌的组织学类型无关,而PTEN和p53的表达与其密切相关.survivin与p53在子宫内膜癌中的表达存在正相关性(rs=0.367,P＜0.01);survivin与PTEN在子宫内膜癌中的表达存在负相关性(rs=-0.384,P＜0.01).结论 survivin与PTEN、p53蛋白在子宫内膜癌的发生、发展中起着协同而独立的作用,对其进行联合检测有助于子宫内膜癌的早期诊断及预后.     

非小细胞肺癌中窖蛋白1和pERK1/2表达与预后相关性研究

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织窖蛋白1与pERK1/2的表达及其与预后的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学(sP法)检测160例NSCLC及20例正常肺组织标本中窖蛋白1与pERK1/2的表达.结果 窖蛋白1在NSCLC和正常肺组织阳性率分别为65.6%(105/160)和100%(20120),P=0.002.中-高分化组和低分化组阳性率分别为56.8%(46/81)和75.7%(53/70),P=0.015;Ⅰ-Ⅱ期阳性率为58.2%(53/91),Ⅲ-Ⅳ期阳性率75.4%(52/69),P=0.024;有淋巴结转移组阳性率为77.8%(56/72),无淋巴结转移组阳性率为55.7%(49/88),P=0.003.窖蛋白1阳性患者1、3、5年生存率(71.4%、37.1%、17.1%)低于阴性患者(89.1%、69.1%、43.6%),P=0.000.pERK1/2在NSCLC和正常肺组织阳性率分别为61.3%和0,P=0.000;中-高分化组和低分化组阳性率分别为53.1%(43/81)和71.4%(50/70),P=0.021;Ⅰ-Ⅱ期阳性率为49.5%(45/91),Ⅲ-Ⅳ期阳性率76.8%(53/69),P=0.000;有淋巴结转移组阳性率为80.6%(58/72),无淋巴结转移组阳性率为45.5%(40/88),P=0.000.pEBK1/2阳性患者1、3、5年生存率(74.5%、42.9%、19.4%)低于阴性者(82.3%、56.5%、37.1%),P=0.002.窖蛋白1与pERK1/2负相关,P=0.000.结论 窖蛋白1在NSCLC中低表达,pEBK1/2在NSCLC中高表达.窖蛋白1蛋白阳性表达和pEBK1/2蛋白高表达与NSCLC的发生及侵袭、转移相关.窖蛋白1和pERK1/2可作为NSCLC一个预后预测的指标.     

大肠癌组织RhoE、p53的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨凋亡抑制蛋白RhoE、p53蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达与不同临床病理特征的关系,以及二者在大肠癌发生过程中的相关性.方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测48例大肠癌组织和30例正常肠组织中RhoE、053蛋白的表达.结果 肠癌组织中RhoE、p53蛋白阳性表达率分别为14.58%和62.5%,较正常组织差异非常显著(P<0.01);RhoE蛋白表达与Dukes分期明显相关(P<0.01)及淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05);肠癌组织中053与RhoE蛋白表达显著负相关(P<0.01).结论 RhoE在大肠癌组织中表达下调,并与大肠癌的Dukes分期密切相关,有可能作为判断病情和评价预后的新指标;RhoE蛋白的表达与p53蛋白的表达呈负相关,提示RhoE与p53蛋白可能存在相关信号通路,有望为大肠癌基因治疗提供新的靶点.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。