Basal acid output and gastric acid hypersecretion in gastroesophageal reflux disease

The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible differences in basal gastric acid secretion with regard to severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Basal acid output was determined by nasogastric suction in 228 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who received upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and were diagnosed with either pyrosis alone (N = 98), erosive esophagitis with or without pyrosis (N = 87), or Barrett's esophagus (N = 43). Mean basal acid output for the 228 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease was 6.5 ± 5.6 meq/hr, which was significantly different from 65 normal subjects with a mean basal acid output of 3.0 ± 2.7 meq/hr (P < 0.0001). Compared to normal subjects, mean basal acid outputs significantly differed for patients with pyrosis (P < 0.05), esophagitis (P < 0.01), and Barrett's esophagus (P < 0.01). There was also a significant difference in mean basal acid output between the patients with pyrosis and Barrett's esophagus (P < 0.01). Nineteen of the 98 patients with pyrosis (19%), 24 of the 87 patients with esophagitis (28%), and 15 of the 43 patients with Barrett's esophagus (35%) had gastric acid hypersecretion (basal acid output greater than 10.0 meq/hr). One hundred forty-six patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease were treated with ranitidine in doses that resulted in complete healing of esophagitis and disappearance of pyrosis. Ninety-three patients responded to ranitidine 300 mg/day; however, 53 patients required increased dose of ranitidine (mean 1205 mg/day, range 600–3000 mg/day). There was a significant correlation between basal acid output and daily ranitidine dose required for therapy for the 146 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (r = 0.53,P = 0.0001). Furthermore, a significant association was also found between the presence of gastric acid hypersecretion and the requirement for increased doses of ranitidine (greater than 300 mg/day) (P = 0.00001). These results indicate that there is a subset of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who do have idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion. Moreover, these patients have an apparently higher requirement for medication dosage in order to achieve therapeutic efficacy.     

Comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine in treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with gastric acid hypersecretion

Secretion of gastric acid and volume, serum gastrin concentration, and ambulatory 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring were evaluated prospectively in 12 patients with idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion (basal acid output greater than 10.0 meq/hr) undergoing treatment for refractory chronic long-standing pyrosis. Treatment lasted six months and consisted of three months of ranitidine (mean 2150 mg/day, range 1200–3000 mg/day), followed by three months of omeprazole (mean 33 mg/day, range 20–60 mg/day). Both ranitidine and omeprazole significantly reduced gastric acid output (P<0.001) and gastric volume output (P<0.001) compared to a basal evaluation and resulted in complete disappearance of pyrosis. Total reflux time (percent 24 hr intraesophageal pH less than 4) was significantly reduced by ranitidine (P<0.02) and omeprazole (P<0.001) compared to basal evaluation; however, the effects of omeprazole were significantly greater than ranitidine (P<0.05). Omeprazole caused a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration compared to both basal and ranitidine (P<0.05). Endoscopically documented erosive esophagitis was present in nine of the 12 patients, and seven of the 12 patients had Barrett's epithelium. All 12 patients had complete resolution of pyrosis and healed esophagitis by six months, but no significant endoscopic regression was observed in the extent of Barrett's epithelium. No side effects occurred with these high doses of ranitidine or omeprazole. These results indicate that high-dose ranitidine and omeprazole are effective therapy for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, with omeprazole, total reflux times are reduced more than with ranitidine, often into the normal range. That marked reduction of gastric acid secretion with omeprazole, which greatly reduces total reflux times, accounts for the significant elevation of serum gastrin concentration seen during omeprazole therapy.     

Therapeutic options for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease

Refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease may affect up to one-third of the patients that consume proton pump inhibitor (PPI) once daily. Treatment in clinical practice has been primarily focused on doubling the PPI dose, despite lack of evidence of its value. In patients who failed PPI twice daily, medical treatment has been primarily focused on reducing transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation rate or attenuating esophageal pain perception using visceral analgesics. In patients with evidence of reflux as the direct trigger of their symptoms, endoscopic treatment or antireflux surgery may be helpful in remitting symptoms. The role of psychological interventions, as well as non-traditional therapeutic strategies remains to be further elucidated.     

Endoscopic management of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: Despite the therapeutic and surgical interventions for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), yet the high cost and the post-operative complications had led to a significant socioeconomic burden. The aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic band ligation (EBL) in the management of refractory GERD.

Methods: A total of 150 patients with refractory GERD were assigned to an EBL group (banding was done at four quadrants just at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) (n?=?75) or to a control group (optimized dose of PPI, n?=?75). Follow-up for both groups by upper GI endoscopy to evaluate the site of the Z line from the incisors, the width of the GEJ and the coaptation of GEJ around the endoscope on retroflection. PH monitoring was performed every 3 months with GERD- QoL assessment monthly for 1 year.

Results: In EBL group; 58 patients (77.3%) needed 1 session, 17 patients (22.7%) needed 2 sessions. 4 rubber bands were utilized in 44 patients (58.7%), 3 rubber bands in 31 patients (41.3%). Follow-up for 1 year revealed a highly significant improvement of the GERD- QoL score, the site of Z line with significant reduction of reflux episodes and symptom index when compared to the medical treatment group. In EBL group; there were no major adverse events including bleeding, post band ulcers, stenosis at one year follow up.

Conclusion: The current study provides a novel endoscopic intervention to treat refractory GERD, which is safe, cost-effective, with no major adverse effects at one year follow up.     

胃食管反流病的胃排空率与感知研究

目的 探讨胃食管反流病（gastroseophageal reflux diease,GERD)患者的胃排空率,对饱胀、饥饿感知敏感性,及胃排空速度对感知的影响。方法 临床诊断的15例GERD病人和17例对照者采用核素法测定胃液体、固体排空功能,并记录试餐前后饱胀、饥饿计分。结果 GERD组平均胃液体和固体半排空时间显著长于对照组。GERD组在空腹时有较高的饱胀计分和较低的饥饿计分,随着胃排空延迟,餐后GERD组饱胀计分下降和饥饿计分上升较对照组缓慢,结论 GERD病人存在胃液体,固体排空延迟;对饱胀、饥饿感知敏感性增加,胃排空病速度影响对饱胀、饥饿的感知。     

难治性胃食管反流病的诊疗

难治性胃食管反流病目前已成为临床上的棘手问题。其发生机制尚未完全阐明。上消化道内镜、食管内动态pH监测以及食管多通道腔内阻抗-pH值监测等技术能够对难治性胃食管反流病的诊断提供帮助。通过改善患者的服药依从性以及调整质子泵抑制剂的剂量、种类和服药时间,配合促胃肠动力药、一过性下食管括约肌松弛抑制剂、疼痛调节剂或抗反流手术均有助于改善患者的顽固症状。     

难治性胃食管反流病诊断方法的研究进展

众多学者把质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors,PPIs)治疗不应答的胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)称为难治性胃食管反流病,本病是当前消化系统疾病谱中最为顽固的治疗难题之一.近年来众多研究者运用多种诊察手段来研究本病,希望找到该病的发病机制.本文就最近国内外有关难治性GERD的诊断方案,发病机制及相关研究结果等内容作一综述.     

难治性胃食管反流病的诊疗策略

胃食管反流病（GERD）是临床常见疾病,约30%~50%的患者症状在质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗后不能得到完全缓 解,其中难治性GERD占较大比例。pH阻抗监测、高分辨率食管测压、内镜及活检等有助于分析导致难治性GERD 发生的原因。其中,pH阻抗对分析导致难治性GERD成因非常重要。反流后吞咽诱发蠕动波指数（PSPWI）和夜间平 均基线阻抗（MNBI）这两个新指标有助于提高诊断率。难治性GERD的治疗手段包括更换PPI种类、加用H2受体阻 滞剂、辅以促动力药物、外科手术、内镜下治疗等。个体化治疗策略的制定有赖于难治性GERD的具体成因。     

难治性胃食管反流病食管动力异常与反流特点的研究

目的研究难治性胃食管反流病(refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease,rGERD)食管动力学特征和反流特点。方法应用高分辨率食管测压(HRM)监测87例GERD患者和70例rGERD患者食管动力学数据,同时应用便携式24 h食管pH-阻抗监测仪记录两组患者的酸暴露特点、反流类型及反流特点,分析比较两组患者间差异。结果rGERD患者中UES压力、LES压力显著低于GERD患者(P<0.05),rGERD患者LES的长度与GERD患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。rGERD患者中食管动力障碍比例高于GERD患者(70.00%vs 33.33%,χ2=4.891,P<0.05),DCI下降为特征的食管蠕动收缩障碍及间断收缩为特征的食管收缩节律障碍者比例两组比较,差异无统计学意义(57.14%vs 62.07%;42.86%vs 37.93%,χ2=3.275、2.822,P>0.05)。rGERD患者DeMeester评分高于GERD患者(P=0.014),rGERD患者反流性质中弱酸反流及非酸反流明显多于GERD患者(P弱酸=0.001,P非酸=0.017),而酸反流次数差异无统计学意义(P酸=0.385);rGERD患者反流性状中气体反流及气液混合反流次数多于GERD患者(P气=0.022,P气液=0.031),而液体反流次数差异无统计学意义(P液=0.742)。结论rGERD患者与GERD患者相比,存在UES压力偏低、LES压力下降和食管蠕动收缩障碍等食管动力学异常;rGERD患者反流以弱酸反流及碱反流为主,而GERD患者以酸反流为主,同时rGERD患者中气液混合反流所占比例大,而GERD患者以液体反流为主。     

Potassium-competitive acid blockers and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the most commonly used antisecretory medi-cations in the management of reflux illness, virtually eliminate elective surgery for ulcer disease, and relegate anti-reflux surgery to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who are inadequately managed by medical therapy. However, PPI medications still leave some therapeutic demands of GERD unmet. Furthermore, up to 40%-55% of daily PPI users have chronic symptoms, due to PPI refractoriness. Potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) transcend many of the problems and limits of PPIs, delivering quick, powerful, and extended acid suppression and allowing for treatment of numerous unmet needs. Recently, it has become clear that compromised mucosal integrity plays a role in the etiology of GERD. As a result, esophageal mucosal protection has emerged as a novel and potential treatment approach. An increasing body of research demonstrates that when P-CABs are used as primary drugs or add-on drugs (to regular treatment), they provide a considerable extra benefit, particularly in alleviating symptoms that do not respond to PPI therapy.     

The acid perfusion test in gastroesophageal reflux disease

An acid perfusion test, isotope scanning, endoscopy, and esophageal biopsy were performed in 101 patients with symptoms strongly suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease. A positive acid perfusion test within 30 min (APT) and within 5 min (TAPT) was found in 70.2% and 37.6% of the patients, respectively. A positive APT was found significantly more often in patients with than without endoscopic esophagitis, whereas a positive TAPT was found significantly more often in patients with severe symptoms than in patients with moderate symptoms and in a significantly higher proportion of patients with than without GER by scintigraphy. Neither the APT nor the TAPT showed any dependency on the presence of histologic esophagitis. Most (97%) patients with a negative acid perfusion test, in addition to typical symptoms, also presented with scintigraphic, endoscopic, or histologic evidence of GER disease. Although it shows that the acid perfusion test, particularly when early positive, may serve as a weak predictor of the severity of GER disease, the present study gives little support to the test's clinical usefulness.     

中医药规范化分型论证治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效观察

目的观察中药方剂对难治性胃食管反流病(GERD)患者症状的改善。 方法将2014年1月至2015年11月,山东中医药大学和济南市中医医院山东省名老中医门诊78名质子泵抑制剂(PPI)治疗失败的GERD患者,根据中医六型辨证施治,给予中医药方剂或中成药治疗,采用高分辨率食管测压联合食管24 h pH监测,积分量表对治疗效果进行回顾性比较和评价。 结果治疗4周后治疗组症状缓解总有效率为85.8%(67/78),症状明显改善,食管24 h pH平均值和DeMeester评分在中药治疗前后未见统计学差异,两组参数比较仅反流次数减少,食管下段括约肌静息压力增高,说明可改善食管下段括约肌功能(P<0.05)。 结论中医药辨证施治对PPI失败的GERD患者能够缓解症状,可以成为西药的辅助治疗手段。     

磁环下括约肌增强术治疗难治性胃食管反流病的 研究进展

难治性胃食管反流病的主要治疗手段为质子泵抑制剂与胃底折叠术,然而目前一大部分患者质子泵抑制剂控制症状不理想,且不愿意承担胃底折叠术后风险。磁环下括约肌增强术是近年来国外治疗难治性胃食管反流病的新兴手段,患者术后症状得到明显改善,对质子泵抑制剂的需求减少,酸暴露恢复正常。本文就磁环下括约肌增强术的适应证、疗效和安全性进行了综述。     

胃食管反流病问卷评分对胃食管反流病患者食管酸暴露的预测意义

目的 确定胃食管反流病问卷(GerdQ)症状评分能否反映胃食管反流病(GERD)患者由24 h食管动态pH监测显示的酸暴露情况,进一步验证GerdQ的临床应用价值.方法 纳入2008年11月至2010年3月因烧心等上消化道症状就诊的门诊GERD病例134例,均完成胃镜检查、24 h食管动态pH监测和GerdQ量表.根据...     

胃食管反流病问卷对胃食管反流病的诊断价值

目的 评价胃食管反流病问卷(GerdQ)在胃食管反流病(GERD)患者中的诊断价值,初步探讨中国GERD人群的症状特点.同时探索一种适合中国人群的质子泵抑制剂(PPI)试验的诊断标准.方法 在全国五家医院进行多中心研究.所有入组患者填写GerdQ问卷表.以胃镜检查、24 h食管pH监测和PPI试验其中任何一项阳性作为GERD的诊断标准,评价GerdQ的诊断价值.以拟定PPI试验诊断标准与胃镜和食管pH监测的诊断相比较,并优化PPI试验的诊断标准.结果 拟定PPI试验诊断的敏感度为0.6627,特异度为0.4872.经统计分析,以PPI治疗1周最后3 d烧心、反流症状总评分较治疗前相比下降3分为优化PPI试验诊断标准,诊断的敏感度为0.3787,特异度为0.8077,阳性预测值为0.8101,阴性预测值为0.3750,Youden指数最大为0.1864.经人群矫正,GerdQ取临界值为10分时,Youden指数达到最大0.1080,诊断的敏感度为0.6690,特异度为0.4390.50岁以上女性患者随着评分的增高,问卷诊断价值下降.结论 GerdQ具有肯定的诊断价值.但在临床工作中,对特殊人群中症状突出而PPI诊断性治疗反应不佳的患者,GERD的诊断应慎重.PPI试验的评分以治疗1周最后3 d为佳.     

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in Japan

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Epidemiological studies have shown that 10-48% of people in developed countries have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of GERD symptoms and GERD in Japanese subjects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of Japanese subjects who visited a clinic for a routine health check up was carried out. Subjects were asked to fill out a self-report questionnaire. GERD was defined as the presence of heartburn and/or acid regurgitation at least twice per week. RESULTS: Of the 6035 eligible subjects, 2662 (44.1%) reported having had heartburn and/or acid regurgitation during the past year: 124 (2.1%) daily, 275 (4.6%) twice per week, 773 (12.8%) twice per month and 1490 (24.7%) less than twice per month. Three hundred and ninety-nine (6.6%) subjects were diagnosed as having GERD and there was no relationship between the prevalence of GERD and either sex or age. The prevalence of bothersome GERD symptoms was significantly higher in subjects with GERD than in those without GERD. CONCLUSION: Approximately 6.6% of Japanese have GERD and most persons with GERD described heartburn or acid regurgitation as bothersome.     

Gastric emptying of solids in gastroesophageal reflux

Delayed gastric emptying has been assumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), even though this relationship has not been definitely established. Eleven patients with symptomatic GER were studied by esophageal manometry, endoscopy, gastroesophageal scintiscanning and gastric emptying of a mixed meal. Nine healthy subjects served as controls. Gastric emptying of solids (evaluated both as emptying half-time and emptying index) in GER patients was significantly slower than in controls. In comparison with a "normal" range previously established in 50 healthy subjects, only 2 of 11 (18.2 p. 100) of GER patients had a normal emptying rate. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the emptying half-time and the degree of esophageal lesions. These results suggest that impaired motor function of the gastric antrum could influence the natural history of GER disease and especially the appearance of esophagitis. The lack of esophageal lesions in the only two patients with "normal" emptying strongly supports this hypothesis.