B超诊断早早孕并发黄体破裂1例

患者女，33岁。因闭经53天阴道不规则流血18天来诊，后穹窿穿刺抽出不凝血2ml，尿妊娠试验（＋）B超检查：子宫正常大小，宫内未见异常回声，左附件区见5cm×4cm形态不整、光斑与暗区相问团块，子宫直肠窝0．4cm深渡性暗区，右附件厚。提示：在附件区混合性包块，盆腔少量积液。临床高度疑诊异位妊娠。剖腹探查，术中见腹腔内少量积血，双侧卵巢增大破裂，行部分切除修补术。病理：黄体破裂。术后12天妊娠试验仍为阳性疑宫内孕。复查B超：子宫正常大小，内膜不清晰，近宫底部隐约可见1．scm×0.6cm大小无回声区，周边为强光环，右附件区可…     

卵巢甲状腺肿性类癌超声表现一例

患者女,42岁.因超声体检发现卵巢囊肿6个月入院.术前妇科检查:左侧附件区触及大小4.0 cm×6.0 cm包块,无压痛,右侧附件区未触及包块,无压痛.术前经阴道超声检查:子宫前位,大小5.2 cm×4.8 cm×4.8 cm,子宫内膜厚1.0 cm,肌层回声欠均匀.前壁宫底部可见大小0.9 cm×0.6 cm和0.7 cm×0.5 cm低回声结节.宫内O型节育器回声、位置正常.宫颈内可见多个囊性无回声区,其中一个大小0.5 cm×0.8 cm.右侧卵巢大小正常,左侧卵巢内可见大小5.7 cm×4.2 cm囊实性团块(图1),囊内充满细小点状回声,实质部分内见条点状血流信号,盆腔无液性无回声区.超声诊断:(1)左卵巢囊实性团块.(2)子宫多发小肌瘤.     

超声诊断宫外孕双活胎1例

患者女,24岁.因停经、腹痛来诊,B超检查:子宫前倾、增大,宫壁肌层回声均匀,宫腔中央见大小约2.9 cm×1.8 cm的椭圆形暗区,透声可.子宫右上方见一包块,内见孕囊回声并有两个长径分别为0.9 cm和0.8 cm的胚芽,且可见心管搏动和卵黄囊,盆腔未见游离液体(图1).超声诊断:右附件宫外孕(双活胎,大小约50+天)伴宫腔积液.术后证实为右输卵管壶腹部双卵双胎(两胚芽间有羊膜分隔).     

超声检测腹腔妊娠合并乙状结肠破裂1例

患者女,39岁,停经52 d,阴道流血伴下腹痛17 d.超声检查见:子宫外形欠规则,实质回声欠均匀,子宫壁见多个边界较清晰的团状低回声,最大约17 mm×14 mm,宫内未见孕囊回声.左侧附件区探及大小约54 mm×42 mm×47 mm低回声包块,边界欠清晰,内部回声欠均匀,内见不规则液性暗区,大小约25 mm×12 mm.     

彩色多普勒诊断肠系膜纤维肉瘤1例

患者,女,61岁.发现下腹一包块4月,无腹痛、腹泻,仅时有尿频、尿急感,于近期来包块有明显长大,并时有隐痛感,查体:下腹微隆起,并扪及约18×10cm大小包块,质硬,活动欠佳,无明显压痛,肛直检(-).子宫附件扪及不清.彩色多普勒检查:于盆腔内探及一约18×8.7×12.9cm大小团块,边界清楚,形态不规则,实质回声不均质,并于四块内见多处不规则液性暗区.实质回本内彩色血流信号丰富,动静脉血流频谱均有,动脉最大流速为0.12m/s.液性暗区内未见彩色血流信号.子宫附附件探及不清.CDFI诊断:     

陈旧性宫外孕超声误诊1例

患者女,24岁,已婚,因腹痛伴不规则阴道出血近5个月余,发热38℃,来我院就诊.妇科检查:于盆腔可探及12 cm×10 cm大小的实性包块,质硬,不活动,尿HCG(-).超声检查提示:左侧附件区可探及17.0 cm×0.7 cm的实性低回声不均质团块(图1),边界尚清不规则,团块内可见不规则的片状无回声暗区,呈多房性改变.     

先天性双子宫、双阴道、右侧阴道闭锁并右肾缺如1例

患者女,12岁,因经期下腹胀痛,右侧为甚来我院检查。11岁月经初潮。超声检查:盆腔内可见两个子宫图像,呈蝶形,左、右侧子宫大小分别为3.7cm×2.8cm×3.6cm、4.4cm×2.0cm×3.2cm,子宫肌壁回声均质,于右侧宫颈处可见一7.5cm×4.7cm的囊性包块,内可见散在的低回声光点,包块似与右侧子宫宫腔相延续(图1)。CDFI:囊性包块周边可见血流信号。双侧附件区未见明显异常回声。左肾大小形态正常,实质回声均质,集合系统未见分离及局限性异常回声;右肾区未见肾脏图像,腹腔其他位置亦未见肾脏图像。超声提示:①双子宫;②盆腔囊性包块(右侧阴道闭锁可能);…     

超声误诊子宫肉瘤破裂1例

患者女,45岁,因月经紊乱1年,痛经4个月入院.4个月前患者无诱因下出现月经期下腹坠胀痛,能忍,就诊于省级医院,考虑为子宫腺肌症,建议定期复查,未用药物治疗.今来我院复查,B超:子宫前位,大小为7.9 cm×7.4 cm×7.5 cm,内膜厚0.25 cm,毛糙,肌层光点增粗,回声增强且分布不均,并见散在无回声区,另于后壁肌层见1.2 cm×1.5 cm×1.6 cm低回声结节;左附件区见7.1 cm×7.7 cm×8.6 cm囊性块,为大小不等呈"蜂窝状"小囊样结构,边界欠清,周边液性暗区,透声尚可,CDFI:内未探及明显血流信号,右卵巢紧贴宫旁.提示:(1)子宫腺肌症合并肌瘤样结节;(2)左附件囊性块(囊肿?);(3)盆积积液.妇科检查:子宫:前位,增大如孕40+d,质硬,轻压痛,活动差,边界不清.双附     

盆腔脾种植经阴道超声表现1例

患者女,39岁.因月经紊乱9个月,入院诊治时发现盆腔包块.8年前车祸致左肱骨骨折,脾破裂行脾切除术.妇科检查:外阴正常,阴道畅,宫颈Ⅰ度糜烂,宫体后位,如孕50 d大小,于左侧附件区扪及约6 cm×4 cm包块,质韧,活动度欠佳,无压痛,右附件区未及包块.卵巢肿瘤标志物检查无异常.经阴道超声检查:后位子宫,前壁见一低回声团块,大小约1.2cm×0.9cm,内膜不厚.双侧卵巢可见,未见明显异常,于左侧卵巢外上方可见一大小约5.6 cm×2.6 cm的实性低回声团块,形态不规则,内回声尚均质(图1),盆腔后壁见多个大小不等的实性低回声结节,部分相互融合,最大者2.3 cm×2.1cm,彩色多普勒血流显像显示上述结节血流信号极为丰富(图2),阻力指数0.55.超声诊断:①子宫肌瘤;②左侧附件区、盆腔后壁多发实性低回声结节,建议进一步检查;③双侧卵巢未见异常.CT平扫:左侧附件区及盆腔内膀胱右后方见结节状软组织密度影,CT值40 HU,增强后肿块呈明显均匀性强化,CT值73 HU.CT诊断:左侧附件区及膀胱右后方多发占位,不除外转移性病变.     

经阴道超声误诊输卵管囊腺纤维瘤1例

患者,女,49岁.体检发现盆腔包块,B超提示"卵巢肿瘤"7年.查体:盆腔右附件区可触及一囊性包块,大小约5.0 crn×4.0 cm.经阴道超声检查:子宫大小、形态正常,右卵巢外侧缘可见一液性暗区,大小为5.3 cm×3.9 cm,与右卵巢分界不清,内可见两个乳头状突起(图1).超声提示;右附件区囊性肿物(考虑右卵巢浆液性乳头状囊腺瘤).术中见右输卵管系膜中段一囊性肿物,大小约5.0 cm×5.0 cm,表面光滑,壁薄,内含清亮液体.子宫、双卵巢外观正常.术后病理结果:(右)输卵管囊腺纤维瘤.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.