前列腺体积与穿刺活检阳性率和前列腺癌恶性程度的相关性

目的:分析我院确诊为前列腺癌患者的病例资料,探讨其中超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病例的前列腺体积(PV)与穿刺阳性率和前列腺癌恶性程度的关系.方法:回顾性分析我院1998年至今诊断明确的前列腺癌共计419例,将其中346例行前列腺穿刺活检明确诊断的病例与同期430例行前列腺穿刺活检但未诊断前列腺癌的病例进行回顾性比较分析.结果:癌症组与非癌症组相比,高PSA病例较多(P＜0.05).两组中,前列腺体积大于60ml(16.8％ vs 36.3％)和PV小于40ml(29.5％ vs 15.3％)的病例比较,差异有统计学意义.经直肠指检或经直肠超声检查有阳性发现的病例比差异较明显(65.0％ vs21.4％).两组间PS-AD值的差异有统计学意义:4.830 7 ng/ml2(0.013 5～58.107 8 ng/ml2) vs0.503 5 ng/ml2(0.015 5 ～12.850 1 ng/ml2).癌症病人中PV大于60ml的病例与PV小于等于60ml的病例相比,不同Gleason评分的病例相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:前列腺体积与前列腺穿刺活检的阳性率呈负相关,也与前列腺癌恶性程度呈负相关.6针穿刺活检法存在一定局限性.     

超声引导下前列腺10点加定点穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌

目的 探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声引导下前列腺穿刺活组织检查在前列腺癌诊断中的应用.方法 181例疑诊前列腺癌的患者进行血清总前列腺特异性抗原(T-PSA)检测,采用10点加前列腺癌可疑灶定点穿刺活检术.结果 181例中检出前列腺癌80例(44.2%),前列腺增生63例(34.8%).前列腺炎36例(19.9%),前列腺结核1例(0.6%),前列腺平滑肌瘤1例(0.6%).T-PSA水平＞20μg/L组的前列腺癌发生率高于其他各组.随着T-PSA水平的升高,Gleason评分增加(P＜0.001).结论 超声引导下10点加定点穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的阳性率高,对T-PSA＞20μg/L的疑诊前列腺癌患者活检意义较大.     

经直肠超声定位下前列腺穿刺活检术的探讨

目的探讨理想的前列腺穿刺活检方案。方法回顾性分析127例疑诊为前列腺癌患者的年龄、直肠指检（DRE）或经直肠超声（TRUS）情况、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平、前列腺体积大小、穿刺针数等,与穿刺活检阳性率的关系。结果 127例穿刺活检结果显示：前列腺增生症（BPH）80例,前列腺癌（PCa）47例,PCa活检阳性率为37.9%;随着患者年龄的增长及PSA水平的增高,PCa检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对前列腺体积不同患者,采用不同穿刺活检方案,其PCa活检阳性率不等,小体积前列腺患者,系统6针、10针、12针穿刺活检三组阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,大体积前列腺患者,12针穿刺活检阳性率明显高于系统6针的。直肠指检阳性组穿刺活检阳性率与阴性组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对不同的初次前列腺活检患者,应当根据患者的个体情况选择不同的穿刺活检方案。     

不同PSA水平的国人首次前列腺穿刺活检所需穿刺针数的研究

目的 比较不同PSA水平患者采用6点法和12点法的前列腺活检阳性率,探讨针对不同的患者人群设计国人合理的首次前列腺穿刺点数。 方法 通过研究首次接受直肠超声引导经会阴前列腺穿刺的425例患者,在PSA的不同水平段,比较6点法和12点法的阳性率的差异,以及阳性患者穿刺活检Gleason评分与前列腺癌根治术后病理标本Gleason评分之间的差异。 结果 425例患者中6点法穿刺224例,12点法201例。PSA＞20 ng/ml的患者6点法与12点法的阳性率分别为85.3%、77.5%（P＞0.05）;PSA10~20 ng/ml患者6点法和12点法的阳性率分别为33.8%、39.1%（P＞0.05）。两者的12点法比6点法没有更高的阳性率。PSA≤10 ng/ml患者6点法和12点法的阳性率分别为24.1%、45.8%（P＜0.05）,12点法比6点法阳性率显著提高。结论 对于国人首次行前列腺穿刺,若PSA＞20 ng/ml推荐行6点法穿刺;PSA≤10 ng/ml推荐12点法穿刺,而PSA在10~20 ng/ml则两种穿刺方法均可以选用。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检方案的合理选择

目的 分析经直肠超声(TRUS)和前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及其相关参数在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用,探讨个体化前列腺穿刺方案的可行性。方法 回顾性分析195例患者的首次穿刺活检资料,所有患者均采用系统8点穿刺方案,并对可疑病灶增加1~2点。依据穿刺病理结果,分析前列腺癌(PCa)检出率与TRUS、PSA及其相关参数的关系。结果 195例患者中检出PCa 98例(50.3%),其中PSA 4~10 ng/mL组45例,检出PCa 16例(35.6%),其中TRUS(+)且PSATZ≥0.35 ng/mL² 210例均证实为PCa;PSA＞10 ng/mL组150例,检出PCa 82例(54.7%)。PSA 4~10 ng/mL与PSA＞10 ng/mL两组患者PCa检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且两组中TRUS(+)与TRUS(-)患者相较PCa检出率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。结论 依据TRUS、PSA及其相关参数制定个体化前列腺穿刺方案是可行的。     

彩超引导下6点随机法前列腺活检的应用价值

目的:探讨经直肠超声引导下对PSA增高伴直肠指检阳性和/或经直肠超声检查发现异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者6针随机改良法前列腺穿刺活检的应用价值.方法:对104例PSA>4.0ng/mL伴直肠指检阳性和/或经直肠超声检查异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下6针随机改良法前列腺穿刺活检.即在外腺、病变可疑处、血流丰富处顺时针方向重点取材6条组织,将活检病理结果与术后病理结果进行对照,并与经直肠超声引导下13针前列腺穿刺病理活检结果进行比较.结果:104例PSA增高的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者中,穿刺活检病理结果59例为前列腺腺癌,45例为前列腺增生.与术后病理结果对照穿刺活检阳性率100%,前列腺腺癌检出率56.7%(59/104).与13针经直肠前列腺穿刺活检阳性率39%(20/51)相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论:本研究与传统的经直肠超声引导13针前列腺穿刺活检术相比,对PSA增高伴直肠指检阳性和,或经直肠超声检查发现异常回声的临床可疑前列腺癌的患者采用经直肠超声引导下6针随机改良法穿刺活检,在减少了穿刺针数,缩短了手术时间,减少患者痛苦和并发症发生的同时保证了标本的阳性检出率,具有一定的临床应用价值,是一种安全、有效、微创的前列腺疾病诊断方法.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术的应用价值

[目的]探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术对诊断前列腺疾病的临床应用效果.[方法]对163例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者,行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术,并对结果进行回顾性统计分析.人选患者为前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)＞4μg/L,和(或)B超或直肠指检发现前列腺结节者.对于PSA在4～10μg/L者,结合游离PSA/总PSA比值(F/T),＜0.16者行穿刺术.前列腺穿刺活检取材方案为6～12针.[结果] 163例患者病理证实前列腺腺泡癌76例,良性前列腺增生58例,前列腺不典型增生16例,慢性前列腺炎症8例,前列腺内皮瘤形成5例.前列腺癌穿刺阳性率为46.6％.引入游离PSA/总PSA比值后,能提高PSA在4～10μg/L患者中的穿刺阳性率,但差异未达到统计学意义.术后并发症主要为血尿、大便表面带血、发热,发生率分别为45.4％、7.4％、1.8％.[结论]经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术安全有效,对前列腺癌早期诊断具有较高临床应用价值.结合PSA以及游离PSA/总PSA比值可以有效提高前列腺穿刺阳性率.     

前列腺穿刺患者前列腺癌检出率及其与 PSA、年龄的相关性

目的：探讨前列腺穿刺患者前列腺癌检出率情况,并分析其与前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific an-tigen,PSA）、年龄的相关性。方法：回顾性收集2009年1月至2015年12月自贡市第一人民医院收治的年龄≥50岁且符合前列腺穿刺活检指征患者232例,对患者行 PSA 检测、直肠指诊（digital rectal examination,DRE）和经腹前列腺超声、MRI 检查,计算前列腺癌的检出率,分析前列腺癌检出率与年龄、PSA 水平的相关关系。结果：本组232例穿刺活检患者中,病理诊断为前列腺癌74例,阳性检出率为31．9％（74／232）。74例患者中,高分化癌16例（21.6％）、中分化癌24例（32．4％）、低分化癌34例（45．9％）。PSA 值＜4μg／L、4．1～10μg／L、10．1～20μg／L、＞20μg／L 4组患者前列腺癌检出率分别为9．1％、13．0％、16．2％、52．3％,随着 PSA 值的增加,前列腺癌检出率增长明显,呈明显的上升趋势（P ＜0．001）。随着年龄增高,PSA 值也越大,差异有统计学意义（Z ＝－3．328,P ＜0.001）;年龄＜60岁、60～69岁、70～79岁、≥80岁4个年龄组前列腺癌的检出率分别为11．1％、23．6％、40．0％、46.7％,随着年龄的增长,前列腺癌的检出率增长明显（P ＝0．011）。前列腺穿刺患者前列腺癌检出率与血清 PSA值呈正相关（r ＝0．376,P ＜0．001）,前列腺癌检出率与年龄亦呈正相关（r ＝0．288,P ＝0．019）。结论：随着年龄的增加、血清 PSA 值增高,前列腺穿刺患者前列腺癌的检出率也相应增高。     

应用前列腺特异抗原筛查诊断前列腺癌的临床意义

目的 探讨应用前列腺特异抗原(PSA)筛查诊断前列腺癌的临床意义.方法 对年龄≥50岁的8562例男性体检者进行PSA筛查,对血清PSA≥4.0 ng/ml者建议进行经直肠前列腺系统活检,活检病理确诊为前列腺癌的患者人选筛查组,记录其临床病理特点,并与同时期临床诊治的82例前列腺癌患者(临床组)进行比较.结果 在8562例进行血清PSA筛查的男性中,有719例血清PSA水平≥4.0 ng/ml,其中295例接受经直肠前列腺系统活检,共检出前列腺癌58例,活检率和活检阳性率分别为41.0%和19.7%.虽然两组患者的年龄分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.176),但筛查组中有41.4%(24/58)的患者年龄＞75岁,明显高于临床组(25.6%,P=0.0491).筛查组中血清PSA水平≥20.0 ng/ml的患者所占的比例为44.8%,明显低于临床组(75.6%,P＜0.0001).筛查组中活检Gleason评分＜7分的患者所占的比例为60.3%,明显高于临床组(34.1%,P=0.0020).筛查组中临床分期为T1和T2期(局限期)患者所占的比例为87.9%,明显高于临床组(26.8%,P＜0.0001).筛查组中接受根治性前列腺切除术的患者所占的比例为50.0%,明显高于临床组(18.3%,P＜0.0001).在年龄≤75岁的患者中,筛查组患者诊断时的血清PSA水平、活检Gleason评分和临床分期均显著低于临床组(均P＜0.05);在年龄＞75岁的患者中,筛查组患者的临床分期也明显低于临床组(P=0.0002),但两组诊断时血清PSA水平和活检Gleason评分的差异并无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 应用血清PSA在我国50岁以上男性中进行前列腺筛查是有效的.筛查出的前列腺癌患者在血清PSA水平、活检Gleason评分、临床分期以及根治性切除的机会等方面均较临床组有明显优势.     

慢性前列腺炎及多灶型HGPIN患者再次穿刺时发展为前列腺癌风险的研究

目的 探讨伴有慢性前列腺炎及多灶型高级别前列腺上皮内瘤(Widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,wHGPIN)患者再次活检,发展为前列腺癌风险的研究。方法2006年7月—2014年12月收集前列腺再次穿刺活检者172例,均为初次活检病理诊断为HGPIN者,穿刺为经直肠超声引导下前列腺12点穿刺法。再次穿刺均是在初次穿刺6个月后进行的。多灶型HGPIN界定为在前列腺活检中有2针及以上检出高级别前列腺上皮内瘤,孤立型HGPIN界定为在前列腺活检中有1针检出高级别前列腺上皮内瘤。结果 初次活检172例HGPIN患者,孤立型HGPIN 102例,伴有慢性前列腺炎患者17例;多灶型HGPIN 70例,伴有慢性前列腺炎患者54例;172例HGPIN患者再次活检病理为前列腺腺癌者48例,多灶型HGPIN组检出率52.86%(37/70),孤立型HGPIN组检出率为10.78%(11/102),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);多灶型HGPIN伴有慢性前列腺炎组前列腺腺癌检出率高于不伴有慢性前列腺炎组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.011)。经Logistic回归模型分析,慢性前列腺炎和多灶型HGPIN是再次活检为前列腺癌的独立风险因素。结论 首次活检为慢性前列腺炎与多灶型HGPIN患者是再次活检为前列腺腺癌的高风险因素,建议超声引导下经直肠前列腺再次活检。     

Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy for detecting early prostate cancer: An Indian experience

BACKGROUND: With the advent of prostate specific antigen the number of patients undergoing prostate biopsy has dramatically increased. The sextant biopsy technique has been conventionally used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recently, concern has arisen that the original sextant method may not include an adequate sample of the prostate, hence it may result in high false negative rates. We conducted a prospective study to determine whether the 5-region prostate biopsy technique significantly increases the chance of prostate cancer detection as compared to the sextant biopsy technique. AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of TRUS guided sextant and 5-region biopsy techniques in detecting carcinoma prostate in patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and normal digital rectal examination. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Between December 2001 and August 2003 one forty-two men, aged 49-82 years, who presented with LUTS, normal digital rectal examination (DRE) and PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml underwent TRUS guided sextant prostate biopsy. Serum PSA was reassessed after 3 months in patients whose biopsies were negative for cancer. If PSA was still raised, the patients underwent extensive 5-region biopsy. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 64 years and median PSA was 6.9 ng/ml. TRUS guided sextant biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma prostate in 34 men (24%). Median Gleason score was 7. Seven men (4.9%) had cellular atypia and 3(2.1%) had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (high grade). On repeat PSA estimation after 3 months, 48 patients showed stagnant or rising trend for which they underwent TRUS guided 13-core biopsy. Five (10.4%) patients were detected to have adenocarcinoma on repeat biopsy. Biopsy negative patients are on regular follow up with yearly PSA estimation. Complications included transient mild haematuria in14 patients (9.82%) and haematospermia in 4 (2.8%). Urinary retention developed in one patient and required an indwelling catheter for 4 days. CONCLUSION: Transrectal ultrasound guided sextant biopsy has shown a false negative rate of approximately 11%. A repeat 5- region (13-core) biopsy strategy can decrease the false negative rate of conventional sextant biopsy in patients with previously negative biopsies but persistently high PSA levels, high grade PIN or cellular atypia.     

5种前列腺穿刺活检方式的对比研究

目的比较5种不同前列腺穿刺活检方式的前列腺癌检出率和并发症情况。方法收集2001年至2012年间前列腺穿刺活检的住院病例239例,分别采用经会阴6点、手指引导6点、经直肠超声引导6点、5区13针(13点)和6+4(10点)5种不同穿刺活检方式分组。比较5种前列腺穿刺活检方式的阳性率及并发症情况;同时对比按年龄、直肠指检(DRE)结果、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和直肠超声(TRUS)情况分组后的相关结果。结果 5种不同穿刺方式组的前列腺癌检出阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=6.530,P>0.05);5组血尿阳性率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.947,P<0.05),其中5区13针组的血尿阳性率分别高于6+4组和超声6点组(P<0.005),手指6点组血尿阳性率高于6+4组(P=0.005)。按不同年龄和PSA水平分组后,PSA>20μg/L组的前列腺癌检出阳性率高于<10μg/L和10~20μg/L组(P<0.012 5);>80岁组的前列腺癌检出阳性率也高于<70岁组(P<0.025);同时DRE阳性和TRUS可疑组的前列腺癌检出阳性率也均高于阴性组(均P<0.05)。而各分层分组并发症发生情况均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论对国内临床就诊人群,初次穿刺活检者采用10点的前列腺扩充穿刺即可,部分临床局部进展或前列腺体积较小者,采用6点穿刺足够诊断需要。对未细分穿刺人群简单的统一采用12点以上的穿刺方式不应是最佳选择。     

Transrectal Ultrasound-guided Systematic 13-Core Prostate Biopsy to Diagnose Prostate Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical value of transrectal ultrasound guided systematic 13-core prostate biopsy. METHODS A total of 213 patients referred for abnormal digital rectal examination and/or with a prostate specific antigen of 4 ng/ml or greater underwent transrectal ultrasound guided systematic 13-core prostate biopsy. This procedure was conducted in addition to the standard sextant biopsies in which cores were taken from the far lateral and middle regions of the gland as described by Eskew. Pathological findings of the additional regions were compared with those of the sextant regions. RESULTS Of the 213 patients 31% had cancer on biopsy （66/213）. Of the 66 patients with prostate cancer 14 （21%） had carcinoma only in the additional regions, which would have remained undetected had the sextant biopsy technique been used alone （P〈0.05）. No severe complications occurred among the patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided systematic 13-core prostate biopsy. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that transrectal ultrasound guided systematic 13-core prostate biopsy can significantly increase the cancer detection rate. It is safe and efficacious, and should be recommended for use clinically.     

The pursuit of prostate cancer in patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen and multiple negative transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies

To determine if patients with persistently elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels who have had transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies negative for carcinoma will benefit from additional saturation (> or =14 cores) TRUS biopsies with or without transurethral (TUR) biopsies. A retrospective review of 35 men between ages 51-74 with PSA values between 4.5-46 ng/mL, normal digital rectal examinations, and > or =2 previously negative sextant TRUS biopsies. Seventeen patients had TUR biopsies in addition to saturation TRUS biopsies. Eighteen patients had saturation TRUS biopsies only (median 20 cores). Seven patients who had no cancer detected with the combined TRUS/TUR biopsies had an additional saturation biopsy performed (median 20 cores). Seven (20%) of the 35 patients who had a saturation biopsy had cancer detected, and one (5.9%) cancer was detected in the 17 men that had a TUR biopsy. Five (71.4%) of the seven patients who had an additional TRUS biopsy had cancer detected (total core range 45-60). The overall yield of prostate cancer was therefore 37.1%, with 1-9 cores positive (median 5 cores). For patients with a rising PSA and > or =2 negative sextant TRUS biopsies, the cancer yield of the initial saturation TRUS biopsies was 20%. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients with negative initial saturation biopsies had cancer detected on repeat TRUS biopsy. The cancer yield of adding TUR biopsies in this same group of patients is < 6.     

Prostate cancer diagnosis: should patients with prostate specific antigen >10 ng/mL have stratified prostate biopsy protocols?

Background: Trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided systematic prostate biopsy is a standard tool in prostate cancer (CaP) diagnosis. Extended biopsy techniques using 10-12 cores are the norm. Controversy exists on extended TRUS biopsy in men with PSA >10 ng/mL. We evaluated cancer detection rates on an individual core basis, to stratify prostate biopsy protocols based on PSA levels. Patients and methods: Over a five-year period, 1036 patients underwent TRUS guided prostate biopsy for raised serum PSA (>2.5 ng/mL). 436 patients had PSA >10 ng/mL. Patients with PSA <50 ng/mL underwent a 12-core TRUS guided prostate biopsy including six peripheral biopsies. The six peripheral biopsies were directed laterally towards the base, mid-zone and apices. Remainder were standard para-sagittal sextant biopsies. Patients were stratified into three groups (PSA 10-20 ng/mL, 20-50 ng/mL and >50 ng/mL). Results: Mean age of 436 patients with PSA >10 ng/mL was 70.3years. 270 (62%) men had cancer. Cancer detection rates for different PSA levels were 46% (10-20 ng/mL), 76% (20-50 ng/mL) and 93% (>50 ng/mL). Higher PSA levels and advanced clinical stage were associated with increased cancer detection rates. All patients with clinical T3 and T4 disease had biopsy diagnosed CaP. Conclusion: TRUS guided prostate biopsy in patients with PSA >10 ng/mL did not require 12 cores to diagnose CaP. CaP diagnosis required 8 cores in men with PSA 10-20 ng/mL. These cores were right and left peripheral basal and apical, and right and left para-sagittal basal and apical biopsy. Only 6 cores were necessary to diagnose CaP in men with PSA >20 ng/mL which were right and left peripheral basal and apical, and para-sagittal apical biopsies. We suggest limited TRUS prostate biopsy protocols for men with PSA >10 ng/mL.     

Clinical outcome of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy,targeting eight cores,for detecting prostate cancer in Japanese men

Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided eight-core prostate biopsy for detecting prostate cancer in Japanese men.Methods Between January 1998 and September 2002, a total of 628 consecutive patients underwent TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate. As a rule, eight cores were taken from each patient; that is, standard sextant cores from the peripheral zone and two additional cores from the bilateral anterior lateral horns (ALHs). The present study included 428 patients who underwent an initial biopsy, whose age was between 50 and 79 years, and whose prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value was less than 20.0ng/ml. The cancer detection rate was calculated according to age, PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE) and TRUS findings, prostate volume, and PSA density (PSAD). We also assessed whether the sampling of the two extra cores from the ALHs increased the cancer detection rate.Results Of the 428 patients, 101 (23.6%) were diagnosed as having cancer by eight-core prostate biopsies. The cancer detection rate was significantly associated with the PSA value (ng/ml; 4 versus 4–10, versus 10–20), DRE findings (normal versus abnormal), TRUS findings (normal versus abnormal), and PSAD (ng/ml²; 0.15 versus 0.15), but not with age (years; 70 versus 70) on prostate volume (ml; 30 versus 30–50, versus 50). Of the 101 patients diagnosed as having prostate cancer, 11 had positive cores only in the ALH; that is, the increase in the cancer detection rate yielded by obtaining two extra cores from the ALHs was 10.9%.Conclusion Despite the reasonable strategy, systematic prostate biopsy targeting eight cores did not significantly improve the cancer detection rate compared with that of standard sextant biopsy in Japanese men. However, the increased cancer detection rate yielded by additional sampling from the ALHs was comparatively prominent in the subgroup whose PSA value was in the gray zone (4–10ng/ml) or whose prostate volume was greater than 50ml.     

Three-dimensional combination of transrectal and transperineal biopsies for efficient detection of stage T1c prostate cancer

Background Although an increasing number of men present with stage T1c prostate cancer, the optimal biopsy strategy for detecting stage T1c disease still remains to be defined. The aim of this study was to explore an efficient first-time biopsy scheme for detecting stage T1c and T2 prostate cancer. Methods A transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic three-dimensional 26-core (3D26) biopsy comprising 12 transrectal and 14 transperineal sampling sites was performed in 321 men with median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 6.0 ng/ml in the first-time biopsy setting. By analyzing site-specific cancer detection rates, we determined the best combination of transperineal and transrectal sampling sites. Results Prostate cancer was detected in 109 of the 321 men (34%) with a major complication rate of 0.6%. 3D26 biopsy significantly improved cancer detectability by 60% relative to the conventional transrectal sextant (TR6) biopsy. Improvement was significant in 263 men with normal digital rectal examination (DRE) (85%, P = 0.0004) but not in 58 men with abnormal DRE (22%, P = 0.18). The mean Gleason score of the 41 cancers without a positive core within the TR6 sites was marginally lower than that of 68 cancers with a positive core within the TR6 sites (P = 0.04). Recursive partitioning revealed that a three-dimensional 14-core (transrectal 8-core plus transperineal 6-core) and a three-dimensional 8-core (transrectal 4-core plus transperineal 4-core) biopsies could detect more than 95% of stage T1c and T2 cancers with a minimum number of cores, respectively. Conclusion We propose a three-dimensional 14-core and a three-dimensional 8-core biopsy as efficient first-time biopsy schemes to detect stage T1c and T2 prostate cancer, respectively.     

Frequency of PSA-mRNA-bearing cells in the peripheral blood of patients after prostate biopsy

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy is standard diagnostic procedure for prostate cancer (PCa). However, possibility of dissemination of cancer cells by biopsy is not negligible. To investigate this possibility, we examined prostate specific antigen (PSA)-bearing cells in peripheral blood of the 108 patients before and after prostate biopsy. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 108 patients with elevated serum PSA (sPSA) levels, who had undergone sextant prostate biopsy using TRUS. The presence of PSA-mRNA bearing cells was examined using the nested RT-PCR method enabling detection of one LNCaP cell diluted in 1 ml of whole blood. Among 108 patients, 62 and 46 were diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa, respectively. PSA-mRNA was detected in 3 PCa cases but in no BPH patients before and after biopsy, and in 16 BPH (25.8%) and in 21 PCa (45.7%) patients only after biopsy (P< 0.01). The patients with positive mRNA before biopsy had higher sPSA (P< 0.001), and those after biopsy had higher sPSA and PSA density (PSAD) levels (P< 0.05). Positive PSA-mRNA cases had more cancer involved biopsy cores than the negative PSA-mRNA cases (P< 0.001). Although further investigations are needed, the present findings suggest that prostate biopsy might scatter prostate cells in the blood stream especially in cases with high sPSA and, thus, might contribute to tumour spreading in the cases of prostate cancer.     

Is extended biopsy protocol justified in all patients with PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL？

The aim of this study was to investigate whether it was necessary to increase the number of cores at initial prostate biopsy with patients of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） ≥ 20 ng/mL and to explore an appropriate individualized transrectal ultrasonograhpy （TRUS）-guided prostate biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer in men suspicious of prostate cancer. Methods： A total of 115 patients with PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL and suspicious of prostate cancer were prospectively randomized to perform TRUS-guided biopsy. Patients were randomized to a ＂6 ＋ X＂ cores or a ＂10 ＋ X＂ cores protocol. The primary end point was cancer detection rate. Secondary end points were cancer characteristics, rate of complications and the level of pain experienced by patients during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Results： Preoperative variables were similar in both groups. The overall prostate cancer detection rate was 73.9%. The ＂10 ＋ X＂ cores strategy increased cancer detection rate only 9.7% in patients with PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL but 〈 50 ng/mL, while there was no difference between the two strategies for cancer detection in patients with PSA ≥ 50.1 ng/mL. The number of extended biopsy cores and pain score of extended biopsy in prostate cancer patients increased significantly （P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Our findings suggest that there is no significant advantage in using extended biopsy protocol in all patients with PSA≥20 ng/mL.     

Extended prostate biopsy scheme improves reliability of Gleason grading: implications for radiotherapy patients

BACKGROUND: With sextant prostate biopsies, there is up to a 1-in-3 chance that the underlying pathologic Gleason grade is higher. Knowledge of the underlying grade might have significantly altered the therapeutic recommendations and management for patients electing radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer (e.g., eligibility for brachytherapy, androgen suppression with external beam radiotherapy, elective pelvic radiotherapy). This study examines the concordance patterns between biopsy and matched radical prostatectomy Gleason grade among patients undergoing an extended 10-core biopsy scheme to assess its reliability compared to sextant biopsies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-eight consecutive patients underwent an extended 10-core peripheral zone biopsy scheme (sextant plus two lateral mid and two lateral base biopsies) and subsequent radical prostatectomy at this institution between mid-2000 and mid-2003. No patient received androgen suppression. All histologic grading were made by a single pathologist (J.E.M.). Needle biopsies were characterized for location, linear involvement of cancer within positive cores, and total number of positive cores. Radical prostatectomy specimens were step-sectioned at 3-mm intervals and were characterized for total cancer volume and percentage of each Gleason grade present. Clinical parameters available included digital rectal exam, preoperative PSA, and ultrasound prostate volume. A "clinically significant" upgrading of the biopsy was defined as any of the following: (1) a biopsy Gleason score (bGS) of 6 to a pathologic GS (pGS) of 7 or higher, (2) a bGS 3 + 4 to a pGS of 4 + 3 or higher, and (3) a bGS of 7 to a pGS of 8 or higher. Statistical analyses were performed on the patterns Gleason score concordance between biopsies and matched radical prostatectomies. RESULTS: An exact Gleason score match between biopsy and prostatectomy was observed in 62% of patients using the sextant biopsy scheme (SB), an upgrading of 1 or more grade points was seen in 25% and a downgrading of 1 or more points in 13% for SB. These rates of grade discordance are comparable to those of published sextant series. An exact match using the extended biopsy scheme (EB) was 63% (p = 0.61 compared with SB), whereas upgrading was 13% (p = 0.045 compared with SB) and downgrading was 24% (p = 0.06 compared with SB). A "clinically significant" upgrading as defined here was present in 38.1% of the SB group compared with 23.1% of the EB group (p = 0.039). For patients with bGS of 6, a clinically significant upgrading occurred in 66.7% with SB and in 36.8% with EB (p = 0.068). Upgrading of the primary Gleason grade from 3 to 4/5 was seen in 41.8% for the SB and in 25.5% for the EB group (p = 0.078). No clinical factors (T-stage, PSA, prostate volume, % positive cores, linear extent of cancer) were found to predict for a clinically significant upgrading of biopsies on logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The extended 10-core biopsy scheme significantly improves on sextant biopsies in predicting the underlying pathologic Gleason score for prostate cancer. In particular, it is superior to sextant biopsies in revealing the presence of an underlying high-grade component. The potential clinical impact this improvement has for patients ultimately selecting radiotherapy suggests that an extended biopsy scheme should become the standard of care. Nevertheless, even with this improvement, there still remains up to a 1-in-5 chance that the underlying grade will be higher.