血尿酸、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白对冠心病及其严重程度的联合风险评估

目的评估血尿酸、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白对冠心病及其严重程度的联合风险,为冠心病的预防和临床诊疗提供参考依据。方法 2013年1月至2015年3月在复旦大学附属闵行医院收集研究对象1 188例,根据冠状动脉造影结果判定是否患病及其严重程度,按照血尿酸、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白中位数将研究对象分为高风险组和低风险组,采用χ2检验分析血尿酸、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白对冠心病及其严重程度的单独及联合风险,采用线性估计回归模型评估风险趋势。结果当两两风险因素联合存在时,冠心病及其轻、中、重度病变分布于高风险组的比例明显高于在低风险组中的分布;当3种风险因素联合存在时,冠心病及其轻、中、重度病变分布于高风险组的比例分别高达95.9%、96.4%、92.9%和98.0%。各因素对男性冠心病的联合风险呈现出大于女性的趋势;3种因素对男性冠心病轻度病变和女性冠心病重度病变的联合风险最为明显。在50岁以下人群中3种风险因素对冠心病及其轻、中和重度病变的联合风险明显大于50岁以上人群。结论血尿酸、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白对冠心病及其严重程度的两两联合风险及三者联合风险明显大于单风险因素的效应,联合风险在男性人群和50岁以下人群中的效应更为明显。     

非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇在冠心病危险性评估中的作用

目的探讨非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)在冠心病危险性评估中的作用。方法对453例冠心病患者和336例健康对照血脂资料进行分析,比较non-HDL-C与其他血脂数据两组间差异的显著性,以及non-HDL-C和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的相关性。结果冠心病组non-HDL-C值[(4.02±1.20)mmol/L]明显高于健康对照组[(3.30±0.58)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(t=10.132,P<0.001)。non-HDL-C在冠心病组和健康对照组间差异的显著性高于LDL-C和总胆固醇(TC)及三酰甘油(TG)。随着TG水平增高,non-HDL-C与LDL-C相关性下降。结论non-HDL-C对冠心病危险性评估作用优于LDL-C,而且方法简便易行,适合临床推广应用。     

总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值预测冠心病危险程度的评价

目的 评价总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(TC/HDL-C)比值预测冠心病危险程度的价值.方法回顾性分析250例冠心病患者的临床资料分为:稳定型心绞痛组(SA组),不稳定型心绞痛组(UA组),并另选125例健康者为对照组,测定两组的TC/HDL-C、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和HDL-C并比较其差异性和异常率.结果SA组及UA组TC、TG、LDL-C及TC/HDL-C均高于对照组(P<0.01),HDL-C低于对照组(P<0.01),HDL-C分别为(1.08±0.36)mmol/L、(1.03±0.29)mmol/L vs(1.66±0.67)mmol/L,SA组、UA组HDL-C、LDL-C及TC/HDL-C异常率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),分别为36.9%、39.1%Vs 20.0%,32.0%、32.8%Vs 16.0%,65.6%、72.7%vs 38.6%.结论TC/HDL-C作为冠心病危险因素的预测价值和灵敏度高于单项血脂指标.     

血清胆红素及非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与冠心病的关系

目的探讨血清胆红素及非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（non—HDL—C）水平与冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法通过冠状动脉造影检查选取120例CHD患者及106例对照者，CHD组又分为单支、双支、多支病变亚组，对120例CHD患者血清总胆红素（TBIL）、non-HDL-C等指标进行检测，并与106例对照者进行比较。结果与对照组比较，CHD患者血清TBIL、直接胆红素（DBIL）、间接胆红素（IBIL）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）；血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、non—HDL—C高于健康对照组（P〈0．05）；随着冠状动脉病变支数的增加，血清TBIL、HDL-C明显降低（P〈0．01），TC、TG、LDL—C、non-HDL—C明显增加（P〈0．05）。直线相关分析显示，CHD患者血清TBIL水平与年龄、胆固醇、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、non-HDL-C水平无明显相关性（P〉0．05）；nonHDLC与胆固醇、TG、LDL-C呈正相关（P〈0．05），与HDL—C无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论血清胆红素浓度降低可作为CHD相对独立的危险因素，non—HDL-C增高与CHD关系密切。     

正常(或低)胆固醇冠心病患者的脂蛋白谱特点

目的研究血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）正常或低于平均水平的冠心病（ＣＨＤ）患者的脂蛋白谱特点。方法观察诊断明确的男性ＣＨＤ２２５例，以年龄配对、生活水平相似的健康男子２２５例为对照。两组中均排除与脂代谢有关的疾病及用药。对血脂作多指标［１４项，包括载脂蛋白（ａｐｏ）８项］综合分析。结果ＣＨＤ患者中ＴＣ高于５．１７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者１０８例（４８％），低于此水平者１１７例（５２％）。高ＴＣ组的血脂特点以低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）和ａｐｏＢ增高为主，低ＴＣ组（ＴＣ平均４．４１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，相应的对照组为４．８１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的特点是高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）及其亚类明显偏低，尤以ａｐｏＡＩ低下最明显。多数ＨＤＬ－Ｃ低的病例并无甘油三酯增高，部分病例以低ＨＤＬ（包括ＨＤＬ－Ｃ，ａｐｏＡＩ、ＡＩ）为单一的血脂异常。逐步回归分析优选判断ＣＨＤ的指标，在低ＴＣ组首选是ａｐｏＡＩ，其次为脂蛋白（ａ）；但高ＴＣ组以ａｐｏＢ为首选。结论低ＴＣ组在ＬＤＬ致动脉硬化作用明显减弱的情况下，低ＨＤＬ成为主要的（独立的）脂类危险因素     

血清总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值作为冠心病危险标志的意义

目的分析冠心病(CHD)患者的血脂水平,探讨血清总胆固醇(TC)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)比值作为CHD危险标志的临床意义。方法测定295例CHD患者的血清TC、三酰甘油(TG)、HDL-C及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,并计算TC/HDL-C比值。结果依据《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》颁布的血脂水平合适范围,CHD患者血清TC、TG及LDLC高于合适范围百分率分别为32.20%、34.24%及37.63%,血清HDL-C低于合适范围百分率为39.32%。血清TC/HDL-C比值高于合适范围百分率为57.29%。血清TC/HDL-C比值异常率显著高于血清TC、TG、HDL-C及LDL-C(χ2=37.540、31.576、19.066、22.866,P0.01)。结论与任一单项血脂检测相比,血清TC/HDL-C比值作为CHD危险标志可能更有临床意义,临床血脂检测报告单应增加TC/HDL-C比值。     

非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)与冠心病的相关性。方法对530例冠状动脉造影患者进行了回顾性调查。结果发现冠状动脉造影阳性组患者血清non-HDL-C水平显著高于阴性组(P<0.01),并且随冠脉病变支数增多,血清non-HDL-C水平也相应增高。另外,在年龄小于55岁的男性患者血清水平non-HDL-C与冠状动脉病变支数、程度最相关。结论表明在临床工作中,根据不同的年龄和性别及时预防和控制non-HDL-C增高对冠心病性的预防和治疗有积极的意义。     

Small,dense low-density lipoprotein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease

Summary Data from case-control and cross-sectional studies uniformly demonstrate an association between small, dense low-density lipoprotein and risk of coronary heart disease. This relationship may be attributable to the association of small, dense low-density lipoprotein with other atherogenic lipoproteins, the presence of the insulin resistance syndrome in subjects with small low-density lipoprotein, and/or the increased oxidative susceptibility of small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles. Furthermore, because small low-density lipoprotein appears to be a common trait in the general population, more than one of these atherogenic mechanisms may be operating simulataneously to increase risk of coronary heart disease.     

Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease

We investigated the relationship between geography and incidence of coronary heart disease, looking at deficiency of sunlight and thus of vitamin D as a factor that might influence susceptibility and thus disease incidence. Sunlight deficiency could increase blood cholesterol by allowing squalene metabolism to progress to cholesterol synthesis rather than to vitamin D synthesis as would occur with greater amounts of sunlight exposure, and the increased concentration of blood cholesterol during the winter months, confirmed in this study, may well be due to reduced sunlight exposure. We show evidence that outdoor activity (gardening) is associated with a lower concentration of blood cholesterol in summer but not in the winter. We suggest that the geographical variation of coronary heart disease is not specific, but is seen in other diseases and sunlight influences susceptibility to a number of chronic diseases, of which coronary heart disease is one.      

低冠心病患病率女性人群中体质量指数、腰臀比与总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关性

背景由于危险因素致动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis disease,AS)/冠心病存在协同/交互作用,危险因素常趋向交集(聚集性)及表现以某种组合而导致AS/冠心病,如体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)及腰臀比的增加与某些危险因素水平的增高相关,但这些结果主要来源于高AS/冠心病患病率的西方人群.目的探讨在低AS、低冠心病患病率女性人群中BMI、腰臀比的线性组合与总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high densitylipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)的线性组合是否存在更高的相关性及相关特征,以便进一步认识AS/冠心病的危险因素.同时初步探讨血脂指标预测BMI、腰臀比的重要性.设计横断面调查研究.地点、对象和方法采用现况研究方法,于1995年对广东省479例女性对象进行调查,所有步骤遵循中澳合作项目研究方案.主要观察指标479例女性研究对象身高、体质量、腰围、臀围及血脂指标总胆固醇、三酰甘油、HDL-C分析结果.结果①BMI、腰臀比、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、HDL-C分别为(21.61±3.39)kg/m2,0.80±0.06,(4.24±0.79),(1.13±0.57),(1.31±0.32)mmol/L.②BMI与总胆固醇、三酰甘油呈正相关(r=0.11265,P＜0.05;r=0.30519,P＜0.01).BMI与HDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.15809,P＜0.01).腰臀比与总胆固醇、三酰甘油呈正相关(r=0.16969,0.40034,P＜0.01).腰臀比与HDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.12936,P＜0.01).③身体测量与血脂两组指标间典型相关系数R1,can=0.451 050(F=19.49,P＜0.0001;V1=0.2877×BMI'+0.7914×腰臀比',W1=0.1840×总胆固醇'+0.8818×三酰甘油'-0.4300×HDL-C').④标准逐步回归方程分别为腰臀比=0.414 37×三酰甘油'-0.164 68×HDL-C'(P＜0.0001);BMI=0.321 00×三酰甘油'-0.185 45×HDL-C'(P＜0.0001).结论腰臀比可作为一标志反映高危险个体(或人群),及危险因素线性组合可作为AS/冠心病的(预测)测量指标;在低AS、低冠心病患病率女性人群中,高BMI、腰臀比与血脂指标总胆固醇、三酰甘油、HDL-C及两指标组间存在相关性,因此对该危险因素进行预防/干预,特别是针对可控制的危险因素是非常重要的,甚至可在青壮年时期或更早期就对该危险因素进行预防/干预.     

Lowering blood cholesterol to reduce coronary heart disease risk

Key recent findings provide definitive evidence that lowering blood cholesterol in humans reduces coronary heart disease risk. These research advances serve as the basis for national guidelines concerning the medical and public health implications of lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease.     

Elevated blood cholesterol. A risk factor for coronary heart disease

1. The Report of the Adult Treatment Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults is designed to provide guidance to healthcare professionals in the detection, evaluation, and treatment of adult hypercholesterolemic patients. 2. Dietary intervention, an essential part of every treatment plan, is highlighted followed by the introduction of drug treatment if the dietary intervention fails to achieve the desired results. 3. Guidelines for intervention at the worksite, including those using community resources, are discussed.     

The relationship between triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and coronary slow-flow phenomenon

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging - In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between high triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and...     

Calculated values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the assessment of lipid abnormalities and coronary disease risk

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are most commonly estimated by the formula LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol - [triglycerides (TG)/5 + high-density lipoprotein cholesterol], although alternative factors such as TG/6 have also been used. Using standardized, automated, enzymatic lipid assays, we analyzed 4797 plasma samples from normal and dyslipidemic adults, to compare LDL cholesterol concentrations obtained after ultracentrifugation with those calculated by several such methods (i.e., TG/4-TG/8). or TG concentrations less than or equal to 0.50 g/L, TG/4 agreed best with the direct assay; for TG of 0.51-2.00 g/L, TG/4.5 was best; and for TG of 2.01-4.00 g/L, TG/5 was best. Differences in estimated values were generally small, however. At TG greater than 4.00 g/L, none of the factors tested allowed a reliable estimate of LDL cholesterol. When TG were less than or equal to 4.00 g/L, 86% of estimated LDL cholesterol values were properly classified according to National Cholesterol Education Program cutpoints when the factor TG/5 was used. We conclude that a convenient direct method for measuring LDL cholesterol is needed but, until one is available, use of the factor TG/5 will assure that most individuals with TG less than or equal to 4.00 g/L, as measured in a standardized laboratory, can be reasonably well classified for risk of coronary artery disease.     

Reflex testing I: algorithm for lipid and lipoprotein measurement in coronary heart disease risk assessment

We reviewed the current literature in order to construct a reflex testing algorithm that maximizes clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of lipid and lipoprotein testing. The algorithm was based on the 2nd Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines for use of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, and LDL-C, and published reports describing the clinical use of apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein (a). The success of this algorithm was tested in a low-risk general and a high-risk hyperlipidemic patient population. Lipid data and non-lipid risk factors were obtained from a national database and from patients seen at two lipid clinics. A total of 16 968 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III database comprised the low-risk group, and 239 patients examined in the Hartford Hospital and Washington University Lipid Clinics comprised the high-risk group. We found a solid scientific base to support the NCEP guidelines and reasonable support for limited testing of apoB and Lp(a). According to the algorithm, the direct LDL-C assay was deemed unnecessary in 98% and 91% of low- and high-risk subjects, respectively, if one assumes that the Friedewald equation is adequate with TG≤4.00 g/l. With a more conservative cutoff of TG≤2.50 g/l, the algorithm canceled 92% and 81% of direct LDL tests, respectively. The algorithm also limited TG to 20 and 64%, apoB to 6 and 20%, and Lp(a) to 15 and 56%, of low- and high-risk groups, respectively. Use of a comprehensive, reflex algorithm for coronary heart disease risk assessment will substantially reduce the utilization of laboratory services without diminishing the clinical value of these tests. The algorithm will prevent the overuse of certain expensive tests (direct LDL) while promoting the limited use of underutilized tests [apoB and Lp(a)].     

Optimal management of cholesterol levels and the prevention of coronary heart disease in women

Coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in women, is largely preventable. Lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet and exercise) are the cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention. Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are significant risk factors for coronary heart disease. Abundant data show inadequate utilization of lipid-lowering therapy in women. Even when women are given lipid-lowering agents, target levels often are not achieved. Recent guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology encourage a more aggressive approach to lipid lowering in women. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III also supports this strategy and significantly expands the number of women who qualify for intervention.