MRI对泪道阻塞的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI对泪道阻塞的诊断价值。方法:26例泪溢患者共52侧泪道行MRI检查,MRI检查前向双侧结膜囊滴入无菌盐水,扫描序列为三维快速恢复FSE水成像技术(3D-FRFSE MRD)和横轴面及冠状面FSE T_2WI,所有病例(48侧泪道)在MRI检查后3天内接受泪道内窥镜检查,并与MRD结果进行对照分析。结果:48侧泪道经内窥镜证实均为慢性非特异性炎症所致狭窄,MRD序列判断狭窄部位的符合率为66%,狭窄部位位于泪总管水平以下的泪道,在T_2WI序列上均有阳性改变。结论:滴注无菌盐水后3D-FRFSE MRD结合FRFSE T_2WI序列能从功能、形态、病理改变等方面综合评价阻塞泪道。     

64层螺旋CT泪囊造影在评价泪系病变中的临床应用

目的分析64层螺旋CT泪囊造影表现,评价其临床应用价值。方法回顾分析2007年11月至2010年11月间进行CT泪囊造影检查的33例泪溢患者之影像资料。结果本组33例45眼泪囊造影均获得了成功,根据泪道阻塞的有无及阻塞部位的不同,CT表现可分为4型：Ⅰ型泪道无阻塞（9眼）,泪小管、泪囊、鼻泪管及同侧鼻腔显影;Ⅱ型鼻泪管下段阻塞（11眼）,泪小管、泪囊及部分鼻泪管显影;Ⅲ型鼻泪管上段阻塞（19眼）,泪小管、泪囊显影;Ⅳ型泪囊及以上阻塞（6眼）,仅泪小管显影。结论 CT泪囊造影可直观显示泪道有无阻塞及阻塞部位,有助于治疗方案的选择及预后判断。     

比较三维快速自旋回波-Cube序列与传统成像模式在泪腺引流系统方面的诊断性能

<正>目的比较三维快速自旋回波-Cube序列与传统成像模式在评估泪管狭窄方面的应用。方法应用3.0 T MRI对33例泪漏病人进行了Cube MR泪道成像(MRD)和传统     

泪道阻塞性疾病的激光手术疗效回顾

目的:观察并评价激光治疗的泪道阻塞性疾病的疗效,分析各类不同位置的泪道阻塞的手术方式选择和预后观察。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2017年6月,泪道阻塞性患者307例,泪道阻塞性疾病阻塞部位可分为:泪小点闭塞,泪小管阻塞,泪总管阻塞,泪鼻管阻塞,或全泪道阻塞。根据不同阻塞部位相应地选择不同的手术方法包括:激光泪小点成形,单纯泪道激光成形术,泪道激光成形联合义管植入,鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术等。所有病例随访时间6～60个月,治愈标准:患者泪溢消失,泪道冲洗通畅,否则判为未愈。结果:307例(325只眼)中单纯泪小管阻塞29只眼,治愈23只眼,治愈率79.3%;泪小管及泪总管阻塞135只眼,治愈113只眼,治愈率83.7%;泪总管及鼻泪管阻塞98只眼,治愈77只眼,治愈率78.6%;单纯鼻泪管阻塞31只眼,治愈23只眼,治愈率74.2%;慢性泪囊炎32只眼,治愈24只眼,治愈率75%,有8例激光失败需行鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术。结论:激光联合手术治疗泪道阻塞性疾病具有操作方便,组织损伤小,泪道再通效果好,颜面部不留瘢痕等优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

微创介入治疗鼻泪管阻塞50例效果分析

慢性结膜炎症引起的泪囊炎及下鼻甲肥大所致的鼻泪管不畅均可导致鼻泪管阻塞,因而出现溢泪、溢脓、泪囊区肿痛等症状。常用的治疗方法有冲洗、探通、泪囊摘除、鼻腔泪囊吻合、泪道激光、穿线、置管等。治疗效果不理想,易复发,由于手术治愈率低且不易被患者接受。我院眼科一年多来采用鼻泪管内植入永久性人工鼻泪管的介入治疗方法,治疗50例56眼慢性泪囊炎鼻泪管阻塞患者,取得较满意的疗效,现介绍如下。     

介入性塑料支架置入术治疗鼻泪管阻塞

目的介绍鼻泪管阻塞的介入性塑料支架置入术并评价其疗效。方法对23例患者的25个由泪囊炎引起阻塞的泪道置入Song601型塑料支架,阻塞部位均位于泪囊与鼻泪管交界处。按Song方法透视下将导丝由泪点顺行插入,再从鼻腔逆行引入支架。术前与术后行泪道造影,随访期均超过1年。结果所有泪道支架均放置成功,术后造影均显示通畅,1周后23个（92%）无溢泪,7个（28%）泪道于术后2～10个月溢泪复发,其中3个是由泪总管阻塞引起。3个阻塞的支架被取出,取出的支架内2个有肉芽组织,1个有粘液样物质。2个取出后仍不通,另一个取出后3周溢泪复发,将原支架重新置入后缓解。未出现严重并发症。结论鼻泪管阻塞后可用介入性置入塑料支架治疗,随访1年以上疗效显著,安全性好,可作为首选治疗手段。     

开放式全泪道环形置管术

上泪道阻塞和小泪囊慢性泪囊炎导致的泪溢临床比较常见,但治疗比较棘手.笔者从1989年2月开展开放式全泪道环形置管术,治疗此类患者14例19眼,解除了严重的泪溢症状,取得了较好效果,现介绍如下.临床资料本文男7例9眼,女7例10眼.14例中9例为单眼,5例为双眼.年龄6～72岁,平均33岁.外伤致下泪小管离断2例2眼、因鼻泪管阻塞反复行泪道探通术致全泪道阻塞4例6眼、小泪囊慢性泪囊炎7例10眼、全泪道阻塞已基本控制炎症的急性泪囊炎1例1眼.伤后及病后就诊时间3个月至20年,平均5年1个月.     

Nd∶YAG激光治疗泪道阻塞疗效的临床分析

泪道阻塞是眼科常见的疾病 ,因阻塞部位的不同而表现出不同的临床症状 ,常见有溢泪 ,溢脓 ,红肿等。我们自 2 0 0 0年 9月以来采用Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ激光治疗泪道阻塞 78例 86只眼 ,疗效满意 ,现报道如下。对象与方法1 临床资料　泪道阻塞患者 78例 86眼 ,其中男性 13例15眼 ,女性 65例 71眼 ;年龄 2 4～ 76岁 ,40岁以上占 81%。鼻泪管阻塞 62眼 ,其中伴有泪囊炎 2 0眼 ;泪小管和泪总管阻塞 13眼 ,鼻腔泪囊吻合术后再阻塞 7眼 ;泪小点狭窄或闭锁3眼 ;外伤性泪道阻塞 1眼。病程 6个月至 3 8年。2 仪器设备　武汉产ＭＡＲＳ Ⅲ型脉冲Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ…     

外伤性泪囊炎CT造影多平面重组的初步研究

目的探讨外伤性泪囊炎CT造影多平面重组的检查方法,研究外伤性泪囊炎CT造影的特点。方法采用泪道CT碘化油造影多平面重组的方法,分析40例外伤性泪囊炎的CT检查和结果。结果泪道CT良好地显示了泪囊的大小、泪囊与鼻泪管的关系、泪道阻塞的部位及其周围组织的情况,其中诊断泪囊向外向前移位19例,泪囊向后移位2例,泪囊扩大3例,泪囊萎缩5例。骨性鼻泪管骨折20例,骨性鼻泪管重度狭窄5例,鼻泪管上段阻塞10例。伴有面部骨折情况36例,伴有鼻部病变8例。结论外伤性泪囊炎CT造影表现复杂多样,泪道CT造影多平面重组能较清晰地显示泪道外伤及其周围组织的情况,可用于指导手术。     

MR泪道造影的初步研究

目的 探讨ＭＲ泪道造影（ＭＲＤ）技术和应用价值。方法 ２０例正常人和８例慢性泪囊炎（ＣＤ）患者共５３侧泪接受了ＭＲＤ检查,扫描序列为三维稳态构成干扰序列（３Ｄ ＣＩＳＳ）和快速自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）。统计ＭＲＤ的显影结果,并对ＭＲＤ图像进行分析。结果 ３Ｄ ＣＩＳＳ序列ＭＲＤ,４０侧正常泪道显像２２侧,１３侧ＣＤ泪道显像１１例。３Ｄ ＣＩＳＳ序列较好地显示了正常人和ＣＤ患者泪道形态。ＴＳＥ序列ＭＲＤ对     

High-spatial-resolution isotropic three-dimensional fast-recovery fast spin-echo magnetic resonance dacryocystography combined with topical administration of sterile saline solution

Objective

This study aims to investigate the clinical performance of three-dimensional (3D) fast-recovery fast spin-echo (FRFSE) magnetic resonance dacryocystography (MRD) with topical administration of sterile saline solution for the assessment of the lacrimal drainage system (LDS).

Methods

A total of 13 healthy volunteers underwent both 3D-FRFSE MRD and two-dimensional (2D)-impulse recovery (IR)-single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE) MRD after topical administration of sterile saline solution, and 31 patients affected by primary LDS outflow impairment or postsurgical recurrent epiphora underwent 3D-FRFSE MRD and conventional T1- and T2-weighted sequences. All patients underwent lacrimal endoscopy or surgery, which served as a standard of reference for confirming the MRD findings.

Results

3D-FRFSE MRD detected more visualized superior and inferior canaliculi and nasolacrimal duct than 2D-IR-SSFSE MRD. Compared with 2D-IR-SSFSE MRD, 3D-FRFSE MRD showed more visualized segments per LDS, although the difference was not statistically significant. Significant improvements in the inferior canaliculus and nasolacrimal duct visibility grades were achieved using 3D-FRFSE MRD. 3D-FRFSE MRD had 100% sensitivity and 63.6% specificity for detecting LDS obstruction. In 51 out of the 62 LDSs that were assessed, a 90% agreement was noted between the findings of 3D-FRFSE MRD and lacrimal endoscopy in detecting the obstruction level.

Conclusion

3D-FRFSE MRD combined with topical administration of sterile saline solution is a simple and noninvasive method of obtaining detailed morphological and functional information on the LDS. Overall, 3D-FRFSE MRD could be used as a reliable diagnostic method in many patients with epiphora prior to surgery.     

MR dacryocystography: comparison with dacryocystography and CT dacryocystography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several techniques have been used to image the nasolacrimal system, providing functional (dacryoscintigraphy) or morphologic (dacryocystography, CT dacryocystography [CTD]) information. Using gadopentetate dimeglumine-diluted solution injected into the lacrimal canaliculus or instilled into the conjunctival sac, we compared the sensitivity of MR dacryocystography (MRD) with that of CTD. METHODS: Eleven healthy volunteers and 25 patients affected by primary epiphora (21 patients) or postsurgical recurrent epiphora (four patients) underwent MRD after the topical administration of contrast media or cannulation of the lacrimal canaliculus. The MR imaging findings were compared with irrigation and CTD data. All patients underwent surgical treatment (dacryocystorhinostomy), which served as a standard of reference for confirming the MRD findings. RESULTS: The topical administration of contrast-enhanced saline solution and the injection of contrast-enhanced saline solution after cannulation were always well tolerated. In healthy volunteers, outflow of contrast media was always revealed by MRD. Eight (32%) of 25 patients with epiphora had stenosis proximal to the lacrimal sac revealed by MRD, whereas 17 (68%) of 25 showed a dilated lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct stenosis, as confirmed by surgical findings. The findings of MRD after the topical administration of contrast medium and MRD after cannulation of the lacrimal canaliculus were comparable with irrigation or CTD data for all patients except one. CONCLUSION: In patients with epiphora, MR imaging performed after the topical administration of diluted contrast material can reveal stenosis of the lacrimal apparatus and can be added to the standard orbital imaging protocol when lacrimal system involvement is suspected.     

Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance dacryocystography in patients with epiphora

PURPOSE: Digital subtraction dacryocystography (DS-DCG) is considered the "gold standard" in the assessment of the nasolacrimal duct system but fails to delineate the soft tissue structures that surround the lacrimal drainage apparatus. The goal of this study was to compare high resolution MR surface coil imaging with DS-DCG to determine the value of gadolinium-enhanced MR dacryocystography (MR-DCG) in patients with epiphora. METHOD: We performed bilateral MR-DCG and unilateral DS-DCG in 11 patients (aged 3-70 years) with epiphora using Gd-DTPA-containing eyedrops (Magnevist; 78.63 mg of Gd/ml diluted in a sterile 0.9% NaCl solution 1:100) and a water-soluble contrast medium (Omnipaque; 677 mg of Iohexol/ml). Radiographic and MR findings were separated and reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to patients' names and histories. Afterwards, the passage of the contrast material was compared in the two procedures. The gold standard was defined as the distal-most point of the contrast material identified on either study. RESULTS: Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct system was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 100% with both MR-DCG and DS-DCG. With MR-DCG, the two readers correctly diagnosed the location of an obstruction in 67 and 89% and with DS-DCG in 56 and 67%. With MR-DCG, contrast material was traced further distally than with DS-DCG in three patients. DS-DCG was superior in only one case in which MR-DCG failed to delineate fistulas distal to the nasolacrimal sac. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MR-DCG is suitable for assessing drainage problems of the nasolacrimal duct system, giving additional information concerning the surrounding soft tissue structures. Further studies are required to show whether MR-DCG can replace DS-DCG as the gold standard in the assessment of the nasolacrimal duct system.     

Nasolacrimal polyurethane stent placement for epiphora: technical long-term results

PURPOSE: To assess technical problems related to implantation of a polyurethane stent to treat obstructive epiphora, and to assess the long-term patency of the nasolacrimal system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fluoroscopically guided placement of a polyurethane nasolacrimal stent was performed in 70 obstructed lacrimal systems of 62 patients with grade 3-4 obstructive epiphora. Follow-up was conducted for 1-20 months (average, 11.3 months). The obstruction was at the lacrimal sac in six systems, at the junction between the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct in 60 systems, and at the nasolacrimal duct in four systems. The cause of the obstruction was idiopathic in all cases but was probably residual to dacryocystitis. RESULTS: Of these 70 procedures, stent placement was technically successful in 61 systems (87%). On long-term follow-up, 41 (67.2%) stents remained in place, with resolution or clinical improvement, and 18 (29.5%) stents were removed (because of occlusion in 17 systems), with stent malpositioning in the duct in six cases. There were seven cases of malpositioning in all. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate patency, compare patency in properly positioned stents and malpositioned stents, and establish the relationship between malpositioning and the need for irrigation to maintain stent patency. Of the total 70 stents originally placed, 41 (58.6%) were still in place and functional at long-term follow-up. At 1 year, 73% of properly positioned stents remained patent versus 0% of improperly positioned stents. Median stent patency in the former group was 20 months and was 1 month in the latter group (P = .00002). Eleven percent of properly positioned stents required irrigation versus 57% of incorrectly positioned stents (P = .01). CONCLUSION: After follow-up for 1 year, recurrence of epiphora brought on by stent obstruction was 28%. Early stent blockage and the need for periodic irrigation may be indicative of malpositioning of the stent.     

The clinical value of dacryoscintigraphy in the selection of surgical approach for patients with functional lacrimal duct obstruction

PURPOSE: Dacryoscintigraphy is widely known to be an effective modality in diagnosing abnormalities of the lacrimal system that cause epiphora (pathological overflow of tear). However, dacryoscintigraphy rarely serves beyond the simple diagnostic use for lacrimal duct obstruction. In our study, dacryoscintigraphy results of patients with functional lacrimal duct obstruction are newly classified into three types, the effects and prognoses of silicone tube intubation are noted according to each type, and the role of dacryoscintigraphy in determining appropriate surgical approaches is evaluated. METHODS: Subjects were 36 eyes of 29 patients complaining of epiphora who had increased tear meniscus, but showed no sign of obstruction on duct syringing. Impression of functional lacrimal duct obstruction was made through dacryoscintigraphy, and silicone tubes were inserted. RESULTS: Patients were classified according to the results of dacryoscintigraphy; those with delayed secretion in the distal nasolacrimal duct were typed as class I; those with delays in the proximal nasolacrimal duct class II; and delayed secretion from the pre-lacrimal sac to the lacrimal sac as class III. All patients had silicone tube intubations together with selective punctoplasty. Symptomatic improvement was observed in all 6 cases of distal nasolacrimal duct obstruction (100%), 14 of 18 proximal obstruction cases (77.8%), and 8 of 12 pre-lacrimal obstructions (66.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Functional lacrimal duct obstruction is easily diagnosed with dacryoscintigraphy. Furthermore, its may be classified by types of obstruction to predict post-operative results of silicone tube insertion. Cases suspicious of pre-lacrimal sac obstructions in particular may achieve better operative results with adjuvant treatments in addition to silicone tube insertion.     

Topical contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance dacryocystography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance dacryocystography (MRD) with topical administration of normal saline solution and diluted Gd-DTPA solution for the assessment of lacrimal outflow disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two T2-weighted sequences and two T1-weighted sequences were evaluated in this study. The 1:100 diluted Gd solution was prepared by diluting Gd-DTPA (Magnevist) with normal saline solution. A phantom study using tube phantoms of various diameters filled with normal saline solution and 1:100 diluted Gd solution was performed. A preliminary study was performed in ten normal volunteers. Eighteen patients with lacrimal outflow disorders underwent clinical MRD, and 14 also underwent conventional dacryocystography (CDG). MRD images were evaluated and compared with clinical symptoms and CDG images. RESULTS: In all sequences, MRD could visualize the full length of 0.7 to 1.7 mm diameter tube phantoms and could show all of the normal lacrimal sacs and nasolacrimal ducts. In the clinical study, MRD findings were compatible with the symptoms in 14 patients but were not compatible with CDG findings in half of the cases. CONCLUSION: Topical contrast-enhanced MRD provided a simple, non-invasive means of obtaining detailed morphological and functional information on the lacrimal drainage apparatus.     

鼻泪管阻塞的内涵管治疗

目的介绍鼻泪管阻塞的内涵管治疗。方法对9例11只鼻泪管阻塞（鼻泪管与泪囊连接处）置放Song601型内涵管治疗，按Song方法顺行引入导丝，逆行放入内涵管。术前与术后做泪囊造影。结果所有鼻泪管在术后造影均通畅，最长随访日为377天，放内涵管前，所有病例均有Ⅳ～Ⅴ度流泪程度，放内涵管后半年内，10只（91％）流泪明显好转，其中7只完全正常；1只5个月后无效，取出内涵管重新置放，症状消失至今3个月。结论介入治疗界泪管阻塞是一种安全、简单及有效的方法，不影响局部解剖结构。     

Treatment of complete obstruction of the nasolacrimal system by temporary placement of nasolacrimal polyurethane stents: preliminary results

AIM: To assess the efficacy of the temporary placement of polyurethane nasolacrimal stents as a treatment for complete post-saccal obstruction of the lacrimal apparatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyurethane nasolacrimal stents were inserted under radiological guidance in nine patients with grade IV epiphora due to complete obstruction of the lacrimal system, at the junction of the lacrimal sac and duct (eight patients) or in the lacrimal duct (one patient). On average, the stents were removed 4 months (range: 3-6 months) after insertion. Dacryocystography was performed immediately before and after each stent was removed. Subsequently, periodic clinical and radiological examinations were performed until recurrence of the epiphora, at which point follow-up concluded. RESULTS: All patients remained free of epiphora and clinical inflammation while the stents were in place, but re-obstruction of the lacrimal system occurred in all patients less than 2 months after the stents were removed. Adhesion of three stents to the lacrimal tract was observed upon removal. In seven cases the dacryocystography results at the end of follow-up revealed changes in the configuration of the lacrimal apparatus. CONCLUSION: Based on our preliminary experience, temporary placement of polyurethane stents would not appear to be an efficacious therapeutic option for treating epiphora caused by post-saccal obstruction.