表达HBsAg和HBeAg小鼠成纤维胞膜型的建立

目的：建立表达乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）主要基因产物的细胞克隆，为研究ＨＢＶ的生物学性状及其致病机制提供细胞模型；方法：应用磷酸钙沉淀技术将环化的３．２ｋｂ ＨＢＶＤＡＮ和携带新霉素抗药基因的真核细胞表达载体ｐＣＮＣＸ，导入体外培养的小鼠成纤维ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞；结果：成功地获得表达ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢｅＡｇ的小鼠成纤维ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞克隆；结论：将ＨＢＶ基因组ＤＮＡ导入体外培养的非肝细胞，ＨＢＶ病毒的ＨＢ     

逆转录病毒载体介导乙型肝炎病毒反义基因的转录表达

为了探索在真核细胞内转录表达乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）反义核酸的方法，用基因重组技术将ＨＢＶ前Ｃ／Ｃ基因（ＰｒｅＣ／Ｃ）和前Ｓ／Ｓ基因（ＰｒｅＳ／Ｓ）片段反向插入逆转录病毒载体质粒，再将重组体分别转染ＰＡ３１７包装细胞，进而获得能够介导ＨＢＶ反义基因向小鼠ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞转移表达的重组逆转录病毒。经分子杂交试验表明，含有ＨＢＶ反义基因的重组逆转录病毒序列已经整合到转染的ＰＡ３１７细胞染色体上；转导的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞内有ＨＢＶ反义ＲＮＡ转录表达。结论：逆转录病毒载体包装细胞系统能够介导ＨＢＶ反义基因在真核细胞中转录表达，因而有可能利用反义技术和基因转移方法进行抗－ＨＢＶ基因治疗     

小鼠IL－3 cDNA转化细胞移植体内表达的初步研究

随着基因治疗技术的发展和多个细胞因子基因的克隆，人们提出了供细胞因子的基因治疗的设想，以期为肿瘤、老年性痴呆、严重的造血功能障碍等这样一类难治疾病的治疗另辟蹊径。为改善放射损伤小鼠受抑制的造血功能，我们采用基因治疗的方法，将小鼠ＩＬ－３基因ｃＤＮＡ与逆转录病毒载体重组，转染包装细胞ＰＡ３１７，用其分泌的含ＩＬ－３ｃＤＮＡ的复制缺陷逆转录病毒感染、转化ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞，从中筛选可在体外分泌ＩＬ－３的克隆，将可分泌ＩＬ－３的细胞种植到放射损伤小鼠体内后发现：受体小鼠血清中检出了ＩＬ－３的活性；其外周血白细胞计数升至５５万／ｍｍ３，以成熟中性粒细胞为主；肝、脾脏内有大量各个分化阶段的中性粒细胞。这些结果表明：可以利用基因治疗技术，在体内表达ＩＬ－３，改善机体的造血功能。     

小鼠IL—3 cDNA转化细胞移植体内表达的初步研究

随着基因治疗技术的发展和多个细胞因子基因的克隆，人们提出了供细胞因子的基因治疗的设想，以期为肿瘤、老年性痴呆、严重的造血功能障碍等这样一类难治疾病的治疗另辟蹊径。为改善放射损伤小鼠受抑制的造血功能，我们采用基因治疗的方法，将小鼠ＩＬ－３基因ｃＤＮＡ与逆转录病毒载体重组，转染包装细胞ＰＡ３１７，用其分泌的含ＩＬ－３ ｃＤＮＡ的复制缺陷逆转录病毒感染、转化ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞，从中筛选可在体外分泌ＩＬ－３     

登革2型病毒NGC株E基因在NIH3T3细胞中的表达？…

目的 构建登革２型病毒Ｅ基因的真核表达载体,实现登革病毒Ｅ蛋白的真核表达。方法 采用逆录－多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）扩增登革２型病毒（ＮＧＣ株）包膜糖蛋白Ｅ基因全长片段,克隆人真核表达载体ｐｃＤＮＡ３的Ｐｃｍｖ启动子下游,构建重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮＡ３－Ｅ,用脂质体转染法转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞,表达产物以免疫荧光、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和蛋白质印迹进行分析检测。结果 成功构建了重组真核表达质粒ｐｃＤＮ     

人补体膜辅助调节蛋白MCP的基因克隆及共真核表达的研究

目的 克隆获得编码人补体膜辅助调节蛋白（ＭＣＰ）的ｃＤＮＡ，并对其在真核细胞的表达及功能进行研究。方法 应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ 方法，从Ｕ９３７细胞总ＲＮＡ中扩增编码人ＭＣＰ分子的ｃＤＮＡ片段，快速克隆于ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ Ｅａｓｙ载体，测定共序列。将该片段重组于ｐＬＸＳＮ载体，电穿孔转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞，经ＦＡＣＳ检测筛选表达ＭＣＰ的阳性细胞克隆，用补体容破试验鉴定其抑制人补体溶破的功能。结果 ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ     

以pMSEx—1作为共转染质粒观察人NF—IL6过量表达对NIH3T …

我们曾以ｐＳＶ２－ｎｅｏ作为共转染质粒观察到ＮＦ－ＩＬ６具有转化基因活性。本文以ｐＭＥＳｘ－１（含ｎｅｏ抗性基因）质粒作为共转染质粒，发现能表达有义ＮＦ－ＩＬ６的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３转染子，可同时出现转化形态的克隆和扁平形态的克隆，二者比例６：４，且ＮＦ－ＩＬ６的表达状态相似。我们提出，ＮＦ－ＩＬ６在ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞表现为转化基因活性时，作用方式具有随机性。本文还提出，ｐＳＶ－ｎｅｏ可能是ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞     

人补体膜辅助调节蛋白MCP的基因克隆及其真核表达的研究

目的　克隆获得编码人补体膜辅助调节蛋白（ ＭＣＰ） 的ｃＤＮＡ,并对其在真核细胞的表达及功能进行研究。方法　应用ＲＴＰＣＲ 方法,从Ｕ９３７ 细胞总ＲＮＡ 中扩增编码人ＭＣＰ 分子的ｃＤＮＡ片段, 快速克隆于ｐＧＥＭＴＥａｓｙ 载体,测定其序列。将该片段重组于ｐＬＸＳＮ 载体,电穿孔转染ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３ 细胞,经ＦＡＣＳ 检测筛选表达ＭＣＰ 的阳性细胞克隆,用补体溶破试验鉴定其抑制人补体溶破的功能。结果　ＲＴＰＣＲ 扩增得到１ １４４ｂｐ 的编码人ＭＣＰ 分子的ｃＤＮＡ 片段,序列分析表明该ｃＤＮＡ编码的蛋白为ＳＴＣ＋ ＣＹＴ２ 亚型。细胞转染筛选获得多个表达ＭＣＰ 的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３ 阳性细胞克隆,补体溶破试验证实其具有抑制人补体经典途径和旁路途径溶破的功能。结论　本研究为进一步探讨不同亚型结构的ＭＣＰ 分子与功能的关系及其应用奠定了基础。     

EXPRESSION OF HUMAN CD59 ANTIGEN ON MOUSE NIH3T3 AND EL-4 CELLS CONFERS PROTECTION AGAINST HUMAN COMPLEMENT ATTACK

ＣＤ５９分子是广泛分布于各组织细胞表面的１８ｋＤａ糖蛋白,通过肌醇磷脂酰聚糖（ＧＰＩ）锚固于细胞膜,具有抑制同源补体攻膜复合物（ＭＡＣ）形成和参与介导Ｔ细胞活化等多种功能。本文应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法,从Ｊｕ－ｒｋａｔ细胞的总ＲＮＡ中扩增得到３９６ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,经测序证实该片段包括２５ａａ信号肽在内的全部的ＣＤ５９编码序列。进一步将此ＣＤ５９的ｃＤＮＡ重组于逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ,电穿孔转染ＰＡ３１７细胞,并用病毒上清感染小鼠成纤维母细胞ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３及小鼠胸腺瘤细胞ＥＬ－４。经Ｇ４１８加压筛选,ＦＡＣＳ检测获得表达ＣＤ５９的阳性细胞克隆。补体杀伤实验结果表明：表达ＧＰＩ－型ＣＤ５９分子的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３和ＥＬ－４细胞对人血清补体溶破的抵抗作用较空载体转染的非表达细胞明显增强。证实了用逆转录病毒载体可成功地将人ＣＤ５９基因导入异源细胞,使表达ＣＤ５９的异源细胞获得抑制人补体溶破的功能。本研究为探讨ＣＤ５９分子与细胞活化的关系及其信号转导机制建立了良好的细胞模型,并为进一步应用于异种器官移植,或对由于ＣＤ５９遗传缺损所致ＰＮＨ进行基因治疗奠定了基础。     

白细胞介素11基因治疗促进造血的实验研究

白细胞介素１１是一种具有广泛生物学功能的造血生长因子，体内体外实验均显示ＩＬ－１１具有显著的造血促进作用。为了探讨ＩＬ－１１基因治疗应用于造血功能低下疾病的可能性，构建了含人ＩＬ－１１ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录病毒载体，并转染小鼠成纤维系ＮＩＨ－３Ｔ３，经是筛选获得３株表达ＩＬ－１１ 转染细胞亚克隆。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.