老年患者呼吸系统真菌感染的检测及临床研究

目的 探讨老年患者肺部真菌感染的危险因素和流行病学特征，为控制真菌感染提供依据。方法 根据真菌形态学及生化学特征，进行真菌的鉴定；调查医院真菌感染的流行病学特征；对67例医院真菌感染进行回顾性统计分析。结果 从72份疑似真菌感染患者的痰液标本中，分离得到真菌67株，检出率为93．1％。其中，白色念珠菌感染率最高（53．73％），其次为光滑念珠菌（14．94％）、热带念珠菌（7．46％）、克柔念珠菌（7．46％），构成比与以往报道有差异；除念珠菌属外，还分离到曲霉属（13．43％）等真菌。结论 老年患者肺部真菌感染发生率较高，正确地进行菌种的鉴定，对临床真菌感染的诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

Fungal empyema thoracis: an emerging clinical entity

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical spectra, pathogenesis, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors of fungal empyema thoracis. DESIGN: The medical records of patients with positive fungal cultures from pleural effusions were retrospectively analyzed. SETTING: A university-based tertiary care hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1990 through December 1997, patients diagnosed with fungal empyema were included in this study. The criteria for diagnosis of fungal empyema thoracis were as follows: (1) isolation of a fungal species from the pleural effusion; (2) significant signs of infection, such as fever (body temperature > 38.3 degrees C) and leukocytosis (white blood cell > 10,000/microL); and (3) isolation of the same mold species from pleural effusion on more than one occasion, or from pleural effusion and other specimens such as blood, sputum, or surgical wounds that showed evidence of tissue invasion. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients with fungal empyema thoracis were included. Their mean age was 54 years (range, 2 weeks to 93 years), and 64% (43 patients) were men. Fifty-seven patients (85%) had various underlying diseases, and 18 (27%) had more than one immunocompromising condition. A total of 73 fungal isolates were recovered from pleural effusion; the most commonly encountered were Candida species (47 isolates, 64%), Torulopsis glabrata (13 isolates, 18%), and Aspergillus species (9 isolates, 12%). Candida albicans (28 isolates) was the most common Candida species, followed by Candida tropicalis (13 isolates). Six patients (9%) had two fungal strains isolated, and 16 (24%) had concomitant bacterial empyema thoracis. Eighteen patients (27%) had concurrent fungemia. Most (56 patients, 84%) cases of fungal empyema thoracis were nosocomial, and many case (43 patients, 64%) were acquired in ICUs. Abdominal disease (20 patients, 30%), especially previous abdominal surgery and GI perforation (12% and 10%, respectively), was the most common cause of fungal empyema thoracis, followed by bronchopulmonary infection (15 patients, 22%) and chest surgery (12 patients, 18%). Forty-nine patients (73%) received systemic antifungal therapy, and 38 (57%) underwent closed drainage therapy. Eleven patients (16%) underwent pleural irrigation with normal saline solution, povidone-iodine solution, or antifungal agents. Six patients (9%) finally received decortication. All patients receiving surgery or pleural irrigation with antifungal agents survived. Despite the aforementioned management, the crude mortality was high (73%). Multivariate analysis showed a significantly increased risk of death in immunocompromised patients (relative risk, 1.58; p < 0.005) and those with respiratory failure (relative risk, 2.31; p < 0.001). Systemic antifungal therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of death (relative risk, 0.69; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data imply an increasing incidence of fungal empyema thoracis in recent years and the necessity for aggressive treatment of patients with this disease.     

The fungal infections in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit

INTRODUCTION: Over the last years, systemic fungal infections have dramatically increased in hospitalized patients. The Candida is the main pathogen caused nosocomial fungal infections. The aim of the study: The aim was to analyze frequency of occurrence of the yeast-like fungi in different biological materials isolated from the patients of an Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Lodz in the period of 2000-2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 123 strains of fungi were analyzed with the use of API 20 C AUX test (bioMarieux). RESULTS: Among all the investigated Candida strains C. albicans accounted for 52.0%. Samples from respiratory system and urine most often contained the strains of C. albicans (56.3 and 60.5%, respectively); blood samples contained C. parapsilosis (44.8%). In patients who were untreated by bacterial antibiotics C. albicans was the most frequent species, whereas in patients who were ordered bacterial antibiotics it was C. parapsilosis that dominated. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Candida is the most frequent cause of fungal infections in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit. (2) C. parapsilosis is the main pathogen caused bloodstream infections. This species is also more frequent in patients who were ordered antibacterial antibiotics over five days. (3). Species other than C. albicans become more and more frequent and dangerous.     

血液病房2010-2012年真菌培养阳性标本145例次临床分析

目的 探讨血液病房送检真菌病原学阳性的住院患者真菌感染的发生、临床特点及转归情况。方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院2010-2012年血液病房住院患者痰、血、拭子等各个部位标本真菌培养阳性者的临床资料,分析菌种分布、感染部位、致病真菌与定植真菌的区别。结果 送检病原学的真菌检出145例次,其中酵母菌78例(53.8%),霉菌61例(42.1%)。在真菌培养阳性标本中,致病菌67例次(46.2%),其中霉菌占致病菌的85.1%;定植菌78例次(53.8%),其中酵母菌占93.6%。常见的病原检出部位依次为痰、上呼吸道、外周血,分别占77.2%、8.3%、4.1%。无菌部位阳性真菌均为致病菌,而非无菌部位中,下呼吸道致病菌检出率最高(47.3%)。在所有非无菌部位中,烟曲霉菌作为致病菌的几率要显著高于定植菌,而白色念珠菌多为定植菌(P均<0.05)。在真菌阳性的感染患者中,急性白血病占35.8%、血液肿瘤进展占32.8%。本研究中45例(67.2%)真菌感染患者经目标治疗好转,22例死亡。死亡患者中16例(72.7%)为霉菌感染。结论 我院血液科住院患者真菌检出以酵母菌和曲霉菌为主,但主要致病菌是曲霉菌,主要定植菌为酵母菌。在非无菌部位中,下呼吸道致病菌检出率最高,菌种为曲霉菌多为致病菌,而酵母菌多为定植菌。真菌感染的死亡患者以曲霉菌感染为主。     

Low sensitivity of serum procalcitonin in bacterial meningitis in adults

Several studies have suggested high predictive values of serum procalcitonin (PCT) for the discrimination of bacterial and viral meningitis in children and adults. Here, we report PCT serum concentrations in 12 adults suffering from bacterial meningitis. PCT on admission was normal ( < or = 500 pg/ml) in 3 and between 500 and 1,000 pg/ml in 2 patients without evidence of concurrent bacterial infections. Conversely, in 5 patients with PCT concentrations between 2,268 and 38,246 pg/ml other infections were present. PCT concentrations were higher with typical meningitis agents (pneumococci and meningococci 12,679 +/- 13,092 pg/ml vs. other bacteria 4048 +/- 9187 pg/ml, p = 0.041) whilst in nosocomial bacterial meningitis after neurosurgery (n = 3) serum PCT remained normal. We believe that PCT is of limited diagnostic value in adults suffering from bacterial meningitis, especially in cases due to unusual agents or of nosocomial origin. Elevated PCT in bacterial meningitis may indicate the presence of bacterial inflammation outside the central nervous system.     

Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognostic factors of candidal meningitis in a teaching hospital in Taiwan

The prognostic factors of candidal meningitis had rarely been studied owing to the rarity of this disease. We identified 17 patients with candidal meningitis at a teaching hospital in Taiwan over a 14-y period and give details of the clinical features, treatment, outcome and prognostic factors of this disease. 10 patients were children (1 was neonate) and 7 were adults. The clinical features and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings were non-specific. The disease was diagnosed > 72 h after hospitalization in 14 (82%) patients. The most frequently isolated species was Candida albicans (65%). Regimens of therapy included intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB) or fluconazole alone, or a combination of intravenous AmB with intrathecal AmB, flucytosine or fluconazole. All indwelling central nervous system devices were externalized or removed. Four adults died of the disease. Three of them had malignancy and had received < 48 h of antifungal therapy. For adult patients with malignancy, early diagnosis and alternative treatment modalities with newer antifungal agents may be needed.     

Candida esophagitis: species distribution and risk factors for infection

Although Candida albicans is the main cause of fungal esophagitis, other species such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea have also been implicated. Several studies have identified risk factors for C. albicans esophagitis. However, data for non-C. albicans species is still sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of Candida esophagitis in our medical centre over an 18-month period. Additionally, we aimed to investigate predisposing conditions for esophageal candidosis caused by different Candida species. A total of 21,248 upper gastroscopies were performed in Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar between January 2005 and July 2006. The prevalence of Candida esophagitis was 0.74% (n = 158). C. albicans caused the vast majority of infections (96.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (2.5%), C. lusitaniae (0.6%) and C. glabrata (0.6%). There were 81 women (51.3%) and 77 men (48.7%). No case of mixed infection occurred. Concomitant oral candidosis was documented for 10.8% (n = 17). Most of cases (55.1%) involved outpatients. Around one fifth of patients in our cohort had no identifiable risk factors for esophageal candidosis (20.8%). Since nearly all infections were caused by C. albicans we were not able to determine risk factors for esophagitis caused by other Candida species.     

Staphylococcus aureus meningitis: experience with cefuroxime treatment during a 16 year period in a Danish region

Staphylococcus aureus is a rare cause of bacterial meningitis and there is no consensus on antibiotic treatment. Nafcillin is a common choice in countries where it is approved and marketed. High-dose cefuroxime has been the systemic treatment used in the study region, and a retrospective record review was conducted to determine its clinical efficacy. Cases of bacterial meningitis during 1984-1999 in the County of North Jutland, Denmark (approx. 490000 inhabitants), were identified in a regional bacteriology register. Inclusion of a case required either growth of S. aureus from > or = 2 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 1 positive CSF specimen with a CSF leucocyte count > 10(8)/l or 1 positive CSF specimen with a concurrent positive blood culture. A diagnosis of brain abscess required growth of S. aureus from aspirated pus. Staphylococcus aureus meningitis was confirmed in 45 patients, and 5 additional patients had a brain abscess. 44 cases were nosocomial (mortality 16%) and 6 were community acquired (mortality 83%). None of the isolates was methicillin resistant and 6 were penicillin susceptible. Intraventricular antibiotic treatment was given to 28 patients, systemic therapy included cefuroxime in 32 patients (64%) as either a primary or secondary choice, 6 (12%) were treated with penicillin G, 10 (20%) with penicillinase-resistant penicillin and 2 (4%) with cephalothin. Among 31 nosocomial cases treated systemically with cefuroxime the mortality was 10% (95% exact confidence limits 2-26%). In conclusion, cefuroxime seems to be a valid choice for S. aureus meningitis in the nosocomial setting.     

Surveillance of nosocomial fungal infections in a burn care unit

Summary A survey was conducted to trace the source of nosocomial fungal infections in the burn care unit of Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh, India, by collection of samples from wounds of 25 severely burnt patients and their surroundings. The environmental sampling revealed predominant fungal contamination by dematiceous hyphomycetes, aspergilli, Penicillium, Fusarium and yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis), whereas the colonising or invading fungi from the patients wereAspergillus flavus and yeasts of the genusCandida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, Torulopsis glabrata). This study thus corroborates the more pathogenic potential of some of the environmental fungal isolates located in the vicinity of the immunocompromised patients and stresses the need for decontamination of the environment of the burn care unit.

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Überwachung nosokomialer Pilzinfektionen in einer Verbrennungseinheit

Zusammenfassung Im Nehru-Hospital, Chandigarh, Indien, wurde eine Infektionskontrollstudie in einer Verbrennungsstation durchgeführt, um die Infektionsquellen nosokomialer Pilzinfektionen aufzudecken. Von 25 Patienten mit schweren Verbrennungen und aus ihrer Umgebung wurden Proben gewonnen. In den Umgebungskulturen fanden sich vorwiegend Hyphomycetes: Aspergillen, Penicillium, Fusarium und Hefen (Candida albicans, Candida krusei undCandida parapsilosis). Pilze, die die Patienten kolonisiert oder invasive Infektionen ausgelöst hatten, waren dagegenAspergillus flavus und Hefen des GenusCandida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis undTorulopsis glabrata). Einige der Pilze, die sich aus der Umgebung in der Nähe dieser abwehrgeschwächten Patienten aufhalten, haben folglich ein erhöhtes pathogenes Potential. Es ist daher nötig, in Verbrennungseinheiten eine Dekontamination der Umgebung des Patienten vorzunehmen.

     

ICU患者呼吸机相关肺部念珠菌感染的物种分布、药敏及患者死亡危险因素的分析

目的 呼吸机相关肺部念珠菌感染(VAPCI)是ICU患者死亡的重要因素之一,但目前数据有限。我们旨在通过研究了解梅州地区ICU VAPCI患者的流行病学,抗真菌治疗和患者死亡危险因素。方法 选择该地区3家三级医院2010年1月至2017年12月ICU中发生VAPCI的319例患者为研究对象,进行呼吸道标本培养,测定分离念珠菌菌株的抗菌敏感性,运用Logistic多元回归分析ICU VAPCI患者死亡的危险因素。结果 8年间ICU VAPCI的发生率为2.19%(319/14 597),病死率为53.29% (171/319); 319例患者分离共获得念珠菌菌株343株,其中白色念珠菌所占比例最高,达46.36%(159/343),其它依次为热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌和季也蒙念珠菌等非白念珠菌,合计占53.64%(184/343);药敏结果显示,6种念珠菌对5种常用抗真菌药物的敏感率除了光滑念珠菌对3种唑类药物敏感率略低于80%外,其他敏感率都高于80%,其中白色念珠菌的敏感率都高于90%;Logistic多元回归分析显示,年龄、恶性肿瘤、血清白蛋白、APACHEII评分、合并基础疾病≥ 3、导管留置时间和住ICU时间是VAPCI的独立的死亡危险因素;ROC分析显示,APACHEII评分大于19分和血清白蛋白低于或等于25 g/L是这两项独立危险因素的最佳预测值。结论 ICU VAPCI致病菌株以白色念珠菌为主,死亡率高,临床应重视对具备上述危险因素患者加强监测和真菌药敏监测,降低患者死亡率。     

Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a 20 year review

During the period Jaunuary 1982 to December 2001 (20 years), a retrospective study in patients 15 years or older with acute bacterial meningitis who were admitted to Songklanagarind Hospital was carried out. There were 180 episodes in 161 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with an increasing incidence of disease during the study. Fifty-nine percent of episodes were nosocomial infection. The classic triad of acute bacterial meningitis was found in 54% of cases. The most common pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae (11.7%) in which 19% of these strain were penicillin-resistant. Gram-negative bacilli were common organisms in nosocomial meningitis (32.1%). Twenty-five patients died from meningitis with a mortality rate of 15.5%. Risk factors for mortality older age were than 60 years, HIV infection, impaired mental status and shock.     

The use of amphotericin B in nosocomial fungal infection

The use of potent broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, and the use of invasive treatment modalities have exacerbated the problems involved in the management of nosocomial fungal infection. The hospital records at a tertiary-care medical center were retrospectively reviewed in an effort to determine the magnitude of these problems. A plethora of fungal species were isolated from patients. Hospital infection surveillance revealed between 30 and 40 nosocomial yeast infections per month, with 20% of nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by yeasts rather than by bacterial pathogens and one or two cases of fungemia per week. Although these figures represent a large number of nosocomial fungal infections, a significant increase in the number of such infections over the last several years could not be documented. The use of amphotericin B was found to have increased each year. The patterns of use of amphotericin B changed little between 1983 and 1987, but the number of patients treated with this agent increased dramatically.     

Candida endocarditis: retrospective study in 12 patients

PURPOSE: Candida endocarditis are rare, with a poor prognosis. Actually, the principal problem concerns the growing incidence of nosocomial fungal infections. The objective of the present investigation is to assess a disease which risks becoming more pronounced in the future. METHODS: We have collected observations of Candida sp. endocarditis between 1985 to 1997 from three French university hospitals. RESULTS: Twelve of the observations fit the Duke criteria of acute endocarditis. Patients were eight men and four women, with a mean age of 46 years. An immunodepression was found in seven cases, and four patients were active drug addicts. Six had an underlying heart disease at risk to acute endocarditis. Candidemia risk factors were found in nine cases, with an average of 2.7 risk factors per patient. The fungal agents detected were Candida albicans (eight cases), C. tropicalis (one case), C. parapsilosis (two cases), and C. glabrata (one case). These vegetations were on aortic (seven cases), mitral (three cases), tricuspid valves (two cases) or in other areas (three cases), with multiple localizations (two cases). In three observations, vegetations were associated with myocardium abscesses. Eight patients had embolic complications, two had a cardiac insufficiency leading to death. The treatment was medical in all of the cases and combined with a surgical treatment in ten cases. The surgery was performed, on an average, 17 days after diagnosis, allowing seven surviving patients. Among them, five received a secondary prophylaxis and no recurrence was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis remains severe because of the voluminous, friable and necrotic vegetations, which favor embolic migrations and which are not easily accessible to antifungals, which penetrate poorly into these vegetations. Therapy is based on a medical treatment combined with a valve replacement which needs to be done early on, and is followed by a relapse prevention which can occur several years after the initial episode.     

Distinguishing cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in children with bacterial meningitis and traumatic lumbar puncture

The characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associated with traumatic lumbar puncture, defined as CSF red blood cell (RBC) count greater than 1000/mm3, were reviewed in 92 previously healthy children greater than 1 month of age; 30 had bacterial meningitis and 62 had negative CSF cultures. The purpose was to distinguish CSF profiles of the two groups despite contamination with peripheral blood elements. In each case, white blood cell (WBC) counts were observed (O) and compared with those predicted (P), calculated as P = CSF RBC X (blood WBC/blood RBC). Comparison of O:P ratios revealed that all 30 patients with bacterial meningitis had ratios greater than or equal to 1, 28 (93%) had ratios greater than 10, and 24 (80%) had ratios greater than 100; by contrast, only 2 patients (3%) with culture-negative CSF had ratios greater than 10, 21 (34%) had ratios of 1-10, and 39 (63%) had ratios less than 1. Significant differences were observed in the rate of O:P ratio greater than or equal to 1 (100% vs. 32%), CSF differential cell count predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (97% vs. 11%), hypoglycorrhachia (73% vs. 3%), and positive Gram's-stained smear for pathologic organisms (80% vs. 0) in those with and without bacterial meningitis, respectively (P less than .0001). Thus, in children greater than 1 month of age, CSF abnormalities associated with bacterial meningitis are rarely obscured by blood contamination from traumatic lumbar puncture.     

Candida krusei fungemia. An escalating serious infection in immunocompromised patients

BACKGROUND: Candida krusei is inherently resistant to fluconazole and is emerging as a frequent cause of fungemia in patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk and prognostic factors associated with C krusei fungemia in comparison with Candida albicans fungemia in patients with cancer. METHODS: Retrospective study of 57 cases of C krusei fungemia occurring at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex, from 1989 to 1996. The C krusei cases were compared with 57 cases of C albicans fungemia with respect to demographics, underlying cancer, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, immunosuppression status, chemotherapy, and the use of central venous catheters, as well as fluconazole prophylaxis. RESULTS: At our institution, C krusei accounted for 5% of fungemias during 1989 through 1992 and for 10% during 1993 through 1996. Patients with C krusei fungemia more often had leukemia than patients with C albicans (77% vs 11%; P =.02), whereas catheter-related infections were more common among patients with C albicans fungemia (42% vs 0%; P<.001). Patients with C krusei fungemia had a lower response rate (51% vs 69%; P =.05), largely because they more frequently were neutropenic and had disseminated infection. Mortality related to fungemia was 49% in the cases with C krusei vs 28% in C albicans. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that persistent neutropenia (P =.02) and septic shock (P =.002) were predictors of poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: In neutropenic patients, C krusei fungemia is associated with high mortality. It should be suspected in patients with leukemia who are receiving fluconazole prophylaxis and should be treated aggressively with an amphotericin B regimen.     

Analysis of 84 cases with fungemia]

Eighty-four patients with fungemia were analyzed. Fungi had been isolated by culture of blood samples, including blood from the catheter for intravenous hyperalimentation, between 1986-1990. Candida albicans (39.3%), Candida parapsilosis (20.2%), Candida tropicalis (11.9%), Candida glabrata (10.7%), Candida guilliermondii (4.8%) and Trichosporon beigelii (4.8%) were the most frequently isolated fungal pathogens. Four patients' blood yielded two different fungal species. Fifty-nine cases were male, and 25 cases were female. Forty-six of the 84 patients died (54.8%), but there were no differences in the overall mortality rate as a function of the fungal species or sex. All patients had underlying diseases: solid cancer, 37 cases; cardiovascular diseases, 9 cases; gastrointestinal diseases excluding gastrointestinal cancer, 8 cases; central nervous system diseases, 7 cases; premature infants and congenital abnormality, 7 cases; leukemia, 6 cases and miscellaneous, 10 cases. Twenty-four of the 46 dead cases were autopsied, and eight cases showed systemic fungal lesions. However, in one case of pulmonary cryptococcosis and one case of pulmonary penicilliosis, there was no correlation between the isolation of C. glabrata by blood culture and the pathological findings. A fungus-positive blood culture was surmised to be a result of contamination of the sample in 33 cases, and the mortality rate for those cases was 72.2% (24 cases). For 6 of the corpses, fungal lesions observed at autopsy were compatible with the types of lesions found by the fungi which had been isolated before death. Removal of the catheter reduced the mortality rate to 41.7%. Fungal endophthalmitis was diagnosed in six cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

慢性阻塞性肺病继发肺部真菌感染41例临床分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)继发肺部真菌感染的常见原因及对策。方法对41例COPD伴真菌感染病例进行回顾性分析。结果应用抗生素3种以上者23例(56.10%),5种以上者10例(24.39%),29例同时使用了糖皮质激素(70.73%),痰培养的真菌谱为:白念珠菌24例(58.54%),热带念珠菌5例,克柔念珠菌2例,酵母样菌7例,曲霉菌3例。治愈26例(63.41%),好转6例(14.63%),无变化4例(9.76%),死亡5例,病死率12.19%。结论广谱抗生素和糖皮质激素的广泛应用是COPD继发肺部真菌感染的主要原因,及时诊断和治疗可提高其治愈率。     

煤工尘肺继发肺部真菌感染临床分析

目的 探讨煤工尘肺继发肺部感染的常见易患因素和对策.方法调查90例煤工尘肺继发肺部真菌感染.结果 感染发生率14.16%,主要病原菌为白色念珠菌(49.61%);年龄>60岁、严重基础疾病、抗生素滥用、激素、化疗、侵入性操作及低蛋白血症等为感染的危险因素.结论 长期使用广谱抗生素和糖皮质激素是煤工尘肺患者继发肺部真菌感染的主要高危因素.     

Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex

Sixty-four episodes of bacterial infection were identified over a 44-month period in 16 of 28 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 14 of 31 patients with AIDS-related complex. Nineteen of the 30 infected patients were parenteral drug abusers, 10 were from Caribbean Islands and had no identified risk factor, and one was a homosexual male. Fourteen patients had 21 episodes of community-acquired pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae (10), Haemophilus influenzae (three), other Haemophilus species (three), group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (one), Staphylococcus aureus (one), Branhamella catarrhalis (one), Legionella pneumophila (one), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (one). Seven patients had eight episodes of nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Twenty-five episodes of community-acquired bacteremia and nine episodes of nosocomial bacteremia were associated with specific sites of infection. Other infections included meningitis (two), urinary tract infection (one), and abscesses involving subcutaneous and deep tissues (12). Sixteen patients had recurrent infections; 11 of these had or eventually had AIDS. Community-acquired bacterial infections in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex are common and may be recurrent but have low fatality rates. In comparison, nosocomial bacterial infections occur primarily in patients with AIDS and have high fatality rates.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者继发真菌性肺炎的特点及耐药情况

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者继发真菌性肺炎的真菌分布特点和耐药情况。方法分析2010年10月至2015年10月收治的60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病且伴有继发性真菌感染肺炎的患者的真菌感染情况。另选60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病无真菌感染的患者作为对照分析影响真菌感染的危险因素。结果 60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病且伴有继发性真菌感染肺炎患者的呼吸道分泌物样本中共检出475株真菌,其中主要为白色念珠菌,占63.58%。5种常用的抗真菌药物的抗菌活性不同,其中抗菌活性最好的是两性霉素B和伊曲康唑。经过统计分析后发现高龄、机械通气、长时间入住ICU、长期使用抗生素和糖皮质激素以及两种以上器官功能衰竭等是影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者继发真菌性肺炎的独立危险因素。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病且伴有继发性真菌感染肺炎主要为感染白色念珠菌,抗真菌药物活性最好的是两性霉素B和伊曲康唑。对于此类患者应尽早发现病原性真菌、选择合适的抗真菌药物同时减少影响继发真菌感染的危险因素。