八例儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病例临床分析

目的 分析儿童重症甲型H1N1流感病例的临床特征.方法 总结8例重症甲型H1N1流感病例的临床表现和诊治经过.结果 8例患儿均否认传染病接触史.4例有基础疾病,分别为肾病综合征、先天性甲状腺功能低下症、支气管哮喘及贫血.8例均有咳嗽和发热,咳嗽有痰,高热为主(5例),均有气促,出现在病程0.5～6 d,且进行性加重,3～24 h后出现呼吸衰竭;X线胸片为局限性渗出病变,类似支原体肺炎表现;血常规示7例中性粒细胞比例升高,6例CRP明显升高;均伴有呼吸衰竭,2例并发中毒性脑病.8例患儿均予抗病毒药物和脏器支持治疗,均使用了丙种球蛋白,部分患儿使用了皮质激素治疗,6例需要呼吸机支持,机械通气时间3～6 d,无一例死亡.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感多是以严重低氧血症为突出表现的重症肺炎,经过及时有效的干预可避免严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发生,降低病死率.     

Neurologic adverse events following influenza A (H1N1) vaccinations in children

Background: Since the monovalent pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine was recommended worldwide in October 2009, there has been a shortage of pediatric clinical data for post‐vaccine neurologic adverse events (NAE), including Guillain–Barré syndrome. We reviewed pediatric NAE data following H1N1 vaccinations and for patients with peripheral neuropathy, we followed their progress. Methods: In our single‐center study, we retrospectively reviewed 14 cases of children who visited the Division of Pediatric Neurology in the Department of Pediatrics of Chonnam National University Hospital due to NAE following monovalent influenza A (H1N1) vaccination between November 2009 and March 2010. Results: Clinical diagnoses for major NAE included: polyneuropathy in the extremities (11/14, 78.6%), sensory mononeuropathy with numbness in the left fibula area (1/14, 7.1%), Bell's palsy (1/14, 7.1%) and recent‐onset acute headache only (1/14, 7.1%). Therefore, most patients were diagnosed as having peripheral neuropathy (13/14, 92.9%), and two met the Brighton Collaboration Guillain–Barré syndrome definition criteria for level 3 (the lowest level of diagnostic certainty). Conclusions: Post‐vaccine NAE were mainly motor weakness due to polyneuropathy, which had a good prognosis of complete improvement within a few months without sequelae.     

Critical findings of severe influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia in children

Background: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) causes severe pneumonia in children. The mechanism of development of respiratory failure in pneumonia patients remains unknown. This report describes clinical features of childhood influenza A pneumonia. Methods: The clinical and laboratory findings of 31 H1N1 pneumonia patients hospitalized in Iwata City Hospital from 1 October 2009 to 31 January 2010 were reviewed. Intubation and mechanical ventilation were required due to respiratory failure in eight patients, who were classified as the intubation group. Other patients without mechanical ventilation were classified as the non‐intubation group. Clinical features and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups. Results: The median age was 6.3 years (range, 3–10 years). The male to female ratio was 22:9. Clinical manifestations of tachycardia, tachypnea and cyanosis were significant findings in the intubation group at admission. Lymphocytopenia was observed in both groups. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia was the risk factor for intubation. Conclusions: Tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, could be useful predictors at admission to identify high‐risk influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia in children.     

甲型H1N1流感住院儿童20例临床特点及治疗分析

目的探讨儿童甲型H1N1流感的临床特点及治疗措施。方法对2009年11月25日至2010年1月1日住院治疗的20例甲型H1N1流感患儿的发病特点、治疗及转归等资料进行回顾性分析。结果 20例患儿中18例有发热,所有患儿均有咳嗽。合并喉炎3例;肺炎17例,17例中合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征6例,其中2例同时合并休克;合并多脏器功能衰竭(MODS)1例;病毒性脑炎1例。有基础性疾病5例。6例危重症患儿乳酸脱氢酶明显增高,均予气管插管机械通气。所有患儿入院后均予奥司他韦抗病毒、丙种球蛋白、甲泼尼龙等治疗;合并细菌感染4例,予抗生素治疗;合并真菌感染2例,予氟康唑口服。1例患儿放弃治疗死亡,余19例均治愈出院。结论甲型H1N1流感部分病例以喉炎起病,危重症病例合并肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、呼吸衰竭和休克。重症病例治疗原则应采取早期应用奥司他韦抗病毒、激素和静脉用丙种球蛋白冲击治疗,以及呼吸循环支持治疗为主的综合治疗措施。     

甲型H1N1流感的研究进展

甲型H1N1流感病毒是人流感病毒基因、禽流感病毒基因和猪流感病毒基因混合的重配株,其造成的疫情来势凶猛,引起世界各国的广泛关注.为了早发现、早诊断、早治疗及有效地预防甲型H1N1流感,本文综述了甲型H1N1流感病毒的特点、流行病学、致人发病的机制、甲型H1N1流感患者的临床表现、实验室检查及有效的治疗和预防措施.     

新型甲型H1N1流感患儿消化系统表现

目的：研究新型甲型H1N1流感患儿消化系统表现。方法：对深圳市儿童医院2009年11月至2010年1月因新型甲型H1N1流感住院的153例患儿及其中有消化系统表现的69例患儿进行前瞻性调研,对其临床特征及转归进行总结。结果：在153例住院的新型甲型H1N1流感患儿中,有消化系统表现者69例（45%）,其中有胃肠道症状者50例（33%）,无胃肠道症状仅有肝功能异常者19例（12%）。有消化道表现患儿出现昏迷、神经系统并发症及肌酸激酶增高的比例、入住PICU及死亡人数均高于无消化道表现的患儿(P<0.05)。除5例患儿死于严重并发症外,其余患儿均痊愈,胃肠道症状一般在1~3 d消失,肝功能多在4~7 d恢复正常。结论：新型甲型H1N1流感患儿消化道表现较常见,有消化道表现的患儿神经系统受累比无消化道表现的甲型H1N1流感患儿更多见,应该引起临床医生关注。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（10）：793-795］     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感43例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿重症甲型H1N1流感的临床特点及治疗.方法 回顾分析2009年11月 - 2010 年1月长春市儿童医院收治的43例重症甲型H1N1流感患儿的临床特点及治疗情况.结果 43例均为本土病例,男32例,女11例;年龄最大13岁,最小6个月.重症43例中有8例危重症.有明确甲型H1N1流感接触史者7例.均以呼吸道感染为首发症状、体征,包括发热、咳嗽、喘息和肺部啰音、双肺阴影等改变,均以呼吸系统损害为重.危重症可出现呼吸衰竭、多脏器衰竭,部分出现肺水肿、肺出血,病情危重.所有患儿均参照卫生部颁布的<甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案>进行治疗,全部治愈出院.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感主要表现为呼吸系统症状、体征,大部分经过良好,但危重症病例病情进展迅速,病势凶险,很快出现呼吸衰竭,可伴有各个脏器受损,应及时应用机械通气治疗.     

儿童2009甲型H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症报道

报道儿童2009甲流H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症的临床特征。方法　对深圳市儿童医院2009 - 11 - 04 - 2010 - 01 - 19因2009甲型H1N1流感住院,并发神经系统并发症的21例患儿进行前瞻性调研,对其临床特征及转归进行总结。结果　在150例儿童危重症2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿中,神经系统并发症的发生率为14.0%（21/150）,其中脑病18例（85.7%）,惊厥2例（9.5%）,脑炎1例（4.7%）。男14例,女7例;年龄中位数为5岁。12例（57%）入住ICU监护,6例（28.5%）接受气管插管及机械通气。17例80.9%）痊愈出院,1例仍在住院,3例（14%）死于脑病。结论　2009甲型H1N1流感相关神经系统并发症发生率高,严重脑病患儿可以导致死亡。随着2009甲型H1N1流感的流行,这一结果应该引起广泛关注。     

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目的通过观察3例儿童2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒急性坏死性脑病(ANE)脑组织病理性改变,探讨ANE脑组织可能的免疫病理反应。方法对2009年11月至2010年1月深圳儿童医院3例因ANE死亡患儿脑组织行HE染色形态学观察、髓鞘染色、小胶质细胞石蜡切片染色及免疫组织化学EliVision法检测分析。结果 ANE患儿脑组织小胶质细胞棘突消失变为圆形,髓鞘染色证实脑实质神经纤维呈脱髓鞘改变,经Naomenke及Feigin染色法证实小胶质细胞处于激活状态,免疫组化发现ANE患儿小胶质细胞产生TNF-α和IFN-α,脑组织未见淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞浸润。结论小胶质细胞异常增生可能是导致ANE发病的原因之一。     

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目的探讨甲型H1N1流感患儿的临床特点及治疗。方法对2009-11-04—2009-12-24桂林市人民医院收治的12例甲型H1N1流感重症患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果12例患儿均有发热,其中10例以呼吸道症状起病,如咽痛、咳嗽、咳痰等流感样症状;1例以消化系统症状(腹泻)起病;1例以神经系统症状起病;2例伴明显喘憋、呼吸困难;3例双肺闻及痰鸣音、湿啰音,2例闻及喘鸣音。12例患儿白细胞计数增高4例,降低3例;中性粒细胞比例增高4例,降低4例;淋巴细胞比例增高4例,降低2例;血小板计数降低1例,增高1例。6例丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)增高,7例天冬氨酸转移酶(AST)增高,7例乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)增高,7例肌酸激酶(CK)增高,3例肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)增高。随着患儿病情好转,白细胞、肝功、心肌酶恢复正常。结论甲型H1N1流感重症患儿多以呼吸道症状发病,主要靶器官是肺,常合并细菌、支原体感染,出现各种并发症累及多脏器功能。以神经系统症状起病患儿进展迅速、病情凶险。     

儿童甲型H1N1流感的现状、临床特点及处理

目前在全球呈现大流行趋势的甲型H1N1流感病毒是具备高度传染性的病毒,儿童和年轻成年人是主要易患人群,其临床表现相对轻微,但仍有部分病例因出现严重并发症而需要住院治疗.儿童,尤其是小于5岁者,是此次甲型H1N1流感流行中较易成为重症病例的高危人群,容易发生严重并发症,尤其是伴有慢性呼吸道、心血管疾病及免疫缺陷的儿童可能面临更大的死亡危险.神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥司他韦和扎那米韦是目前推荐使用的用于预防和治疗的抗病毒药物.疫苗被认为是控制流行的有效手段.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感12例分析

目的 了解儿童甲型H1N1流感的特点.方法 回顾分析2009年5月1日至2009年7月15日复旦大学附属儿科医院发热门诊及病房诊治的12例甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点;采取患儿鼻咽拭子标本,冰壶保存立即送上海市疾病预防控制中心,采用实时逆转录核酸扩增聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测.结果 12例儿童甲型H1N1流感均为输入性病例,5例患儿有明确的甲型H1N1流感患者密切接触史.12例有发热症状,有咳嗽、流涕、食欲不佳症状的各为7例,1例有喘息症状,所有病例均无呕吐和腹泻.11例能准确表述自身感受的患儿中,均无肌肉酸痛,6例有咽痛,3例有腹痛.2例患儿并发肺炎,其中1例患儿病情危重.1例患儿居家隔离对症治疗,11例患儿住院治疗,均参照中国国家卫生部颁布的<甲型HINI流感诊疗方案(2009年试行版第一版)>进行治疗,其中10例息儿接受奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗,未见明显不良反应,所有患儿均痊愈.结论 儿童甲型H1N1流感的症状主要表现为典型的流感症状,大部分患儿临床过程轻微,及时隔离和治疗预后良好,奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗无明显副作用.儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点尚需要多地区大样本的研究资料.     

Novel inpatient surveillance in tertiary paediatric hospitals in New South Wales illustrates impact of first-wave pandemic influenza A H1N1 (2009) and informs future health service planning

Aim: To document the impact of pandemic influenza A H1N1 (2009) in New South Wales (NSW) children's hospitals. Methods: A novel surveillance system, Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS), identified hospitalised children <15 years with laboratory‐proven influenza (1 June–30 September 2009) in the three children's hospitals in NSW: Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), Sydney Children's Hospital, John Hunter Children's Hospital. Clinical characteristics, management and complications were documented, and at CHW comparison made with 2007 data. Results: The 324 children identified represented 1802 hospital bed‐days and 230 PICU bed‐days. Most (73.1%) children had H1N1, one had an oseltamivir‐resistant isolate. Median age was 2.5 years: 65% were <5 years. Although 80.9% had cough, 8.0% had no respiratory symptoms. Complications occurred in 34.6%, of whom 56% were previously healthy. Only 50% received antivirals. Forty children (12.3%) were admitted to PICU: one child with H1N1 died. At CHW, comparison between 2009 and 2007 showed nearly twice the total number of admissions (226 vs. 122) and PICU admissions (22 vs. 13), but no deaths either year. Vomiting was more frequent in 2009 than 2007 (38.5% vs. 13.1%; P = 0.0001) as were neurological complications (11.4% vs. 2.4%; P = 0.0027) but length of hospital and PICU stay were similar. Conclusions: PAEDS is a valuable surveillance tool that documented the impact of the H1N1 (2009) pandemic in NSW children's hospitals. High numbers of complications, often in previously well children, suggest an important role for early diagnosis, antiviral therapy and influenza vaccination. Observed regional differences identify areas potentially at greater risk in a subsequent wave.     

Neurological complications and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection

Aim: To report on a different clinical course of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection among children who were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the disease, in comparison with children who were neurologically intact. Methods: In a period of 6 months, six children with neurological complications associated with pandemic A (H1N1) infection were identified in a single institution paediatric emergency room. The children suffered from seizures or altered mental status during pandemic A (H1N1) infection. All children underwent extensive clinical and laboratory assessment. Three children were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the H1N1 infection. The other three were neurologically intact before the acute viral infection. Results: In all six patients, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal specimens but none in the cerebrospinal fluid. Five children fully recovered or returned to baseline at discharge. The clinical course of the disease and recovery were different between the children who were neurologically impaired before the acute viral infection and those who were neurologically intact. Conclusions: It is possible that children with various neurological conditions are in a higher risk to develop further neurological complications during pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection.