喉罩在肠道内镜下黏膜切除术麻醉中应用

目的评价肠道内镜下黏膜切除术麻醉中应用喉罩的临床效果。方法200例拟行肠道内镜下黏膜切除术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各100例,观察组采用喉罩通气全身麻醉,对照组采用经口气管插管全身麻醉,观察2组不同时间点血流动力学变化及血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压变化,记录手术时间、拔管（罩）时间、阿托品和麻黄碱使用情况及呛咳、术后咽喉疼痛等不良反应发生情况。结果观察组通气装置置人及拔出时平均动脉压、心率低于对照组（P〈0．05）,但2组血氧饱和度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组术后表面粘血、咽喉疼痛发生率低于对照组（P〈0．05）;余并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论内镜下黏膜切除术应用喉罩通气的操作简单易行,并发症少,安全、有效。     

全凭静脉麻醉下喉罩与气管插管在妇科腹腔镜手术中应用观察

目的:比较全凭静脉麻醉下喉罩、气管插管2种通气方法在妇科腹腔镜手术中应用的安全性、可靠性.方法:ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行妇科腹腔镜手术患者220例,随机分为A,B组,每组各110例.A组采取喉罩下全凭静脉麻醉,B组为气管插管下全凭静脉麻醉,监测记录插管前后心率、血压,气腹前、气腹后5 min平均气道压力、呼气末二氧化碳分压,记录术中及术后腹胀,咽喉痛等并发症.结果:A组置入喉罩前后心率、血压比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组插管后心率,血压高于插管前(P<0.05);气腹后A、B组平均气道压力和呼气末二氧化碳分压均高于气腹前(P<0.05),2组气腹前、气腹后5 min平均气道压力和呼气末二氧化碳分压比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).B组并发症发生率高于A组(P<0.05).结论:腹腔镜手术中使用喉罩下全凭静脉麻醉安全性好,血流动力学平稳,并发症少.     

不同小儿麻醉气道管理方案在围术期上呼吸道感染儿童中的对比

目的：探讨不同小儿麻醉气道管理方案在围术期上呼吸道感染儿童中应用价值。方法选取2012年6月至2013年10月该院收治的200例合并有轻度或中度上呼吸道感染且须行全身麻醉开腹手术患儿，随机分为喉罩组和气管插管组，每组各100例。气管插管组进行气管插管。喉罩组置入合适的ProSeal喉罩，对不同时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PetCO2）以及心率等指标进行监测。观察并记录两组患儿在麻醉复苏期出现的并发症以及术后24 h的呼吸道感染症状等。结果 T2与 T4时点喉罩组心率分别为（113．48±10．21）、（115．24±11．36）次/分，明显低于气管插管组的（123．84±14．22）、（123．96±14．85）次/分，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；T0～T1、T3、T5时点两组患儿的心率比较，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）；各时点两组患儿在MAP、SpO2以及PetCO2等方面相比较，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）；麻醉复苏期喉罩组患儿低氧血症、术后烦躁、咽喉痛以及喉痉挛等并发症发生率均明显低于气管插管组；喉罩组患儿术后24 h的鼻塞、咳嗽、痰鸣音、啰音、喘鸣以及咳痰等上呼吸道感染症状的发生率明显低于气管插管组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论相比于气管插管，采用喉罩对合并有上呼吸道感染须行开腹手术的患儿进行麻醉气道管理，具有操作相对简单、刺激性小、患儿耐受性好、能够保持心率平稳、麻醉复苏期不良事件的发生率低、术后上呼吸道感染症状轻等方面优点，值得临床推广应用。     

喉罩在短小择期手术中的应用观察

选取接受手术治疗的44例患者进行分组,对照组进行气管插管,试验组进行喉罩置入。两组均为择期手术。观察比较两组插管时(T1)、拔管时(T2)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)及不良反应发生率。试验组在平均动脉压和心率方面均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。在不良反应发生率方面,试验组也大大少于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。两组呼气末二氧化碳分压无显著差异。将喉罩置入的方法应用于麻醉期,能够明显提高患者的血流动力学并保持其稳定,可以很好地预防不良病症的发生,推广使用势在必行。     

插管型喉罩和气管插管在妇科腹腔镜手术麻醉中的效果对比

目的探讨插管型喉罩和气管插管在妇科腹腔镜手术麻醉中的应用效果。方法选取妇科腹腔镜手术患者80例,随机分为对照组和研究组,每组40例。对照组患者诱导麻醉后置入气管插管,研究组患者诱导麻醉后置入插管型喉罩,观察两组患者插入导管的成功率,记录插管前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)〗插入后3 min(T3)、拔管前(T4)、拔管即刻(T5)、拔管后3 min(T6)的舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)和心率(HR)以及拔管即刻气道平均压(Pmean),气道峰压(P_(max)),血氧饱和度(SpO_2)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO_2),观察术后并发症的发生情况。结果两组患者的Pmean、P_(max)、SpO_2及PETCO_2,差异未见统计学意义(P0.05)。T2~T6时,对照组DBP、SBP、HR高于观察组(P0.05)。对照组术后咽痛及咳嗽发生率高于观察组(P0.05)。结论妇科腹腔镜手术麻醉中采用插管型喉罩,操作简便,可有效维持产妇在苏醒期血流动力学稳定,减少术后并发症,安全有效。     

喉罩通气全麻在乳腺手术中的应用

目的:探讨喉罩在乳腺外科手术全麻中的应用价值。方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、择期行乳腺外科手术的女性患者60例,均分为气管插管(TT)组和喉罩(LMA)组。入室后开放静脉,监测生命体征和呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)。观察气管插管、置入喉罩即刻和苏醒拔管时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、PETCO2值,记录拔管时及苏醒后的不良反应等。结果:TT组插管及拔管即刻的MAP、HR明显高于置管前及LMA组(均P<0.05)。结论:喉罩能安全、有效地用于全麻下乳腺外科手术,可有效减少应激反应,用药量少,复苏快,气道并发症少。     

食管引流型喉罩用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的观察食管引流型喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉中应用的可行性。方法选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者60例,随机分为两组,各30例。观察组采用麻醉诱导后插入食管引流型喉罩,对照组采用麻醉诱导后插入气管导管,观察并记录两组患者入室、插入喉罩（气管导管）前、插入即刻、拔除喉罩（气管导管）前、拔除即刻的血压（SBP、DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）,记录两组患者插管即刻、气腹后10 min、解除气腹后10 min的气道峰压（Ppeak）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（P ET CO2）。术中由同一组手术医生评价胃膨胀的程度及对手术操作的影响。记录两组患者术中术后的并发症发生情况。结果所有手术均顺利完成。观察组患者插入即刻、拔管前、拔除喉罩即刻的DBP、HR明显低于对照组（P均〈0.05）,术中Ppeak比较两组无统计学差异。各时点P ET CO2比较两组无统计学差异。观察组各时点SpO2均〉98%,对照组有2例气腹后SpO2〈95%。观察组无1例发生胃胀气,对照组发生11例胃胀气,其中3例因影响手术操作中途置入胃管。观察组术中、术后的呛咳发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论食管引流型喉罩用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的麻醉,通气效果确切,对血流动力学影响轻微,术后并发症少,可安全应用。     

喉罩与气管插管用于全麻腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除手术的比较

目的探讨喉罩全麻在腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除手术中应用的可行性和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除手术100例,随机分为两组,每组50例．Ⅰ组为喉罩全麻组（L组）,Ⅱ组为气管插管组（T组）,监测记录插管前后心率（nR）,平均动脉压（MAP）,插管后1min,气腹前1min,气腹后5min,气腹后15min的呼气末C02分压（PETCO2）,气道压力（Paw）,记录术后咽喉痛等并发症的发生例数。结果喉罩组在置入喉罩前后HR,MAP无明显变化。而气管插管组,插管后HR,MAP明显高于插管前（P〈0．05）。两组气腹后PETCO2Paw均较气腹前显著升高,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。喉罩组患者苏醒期躁动、呛咳及术后咽喉痛等并发症明显少于气管插管组（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜卵巢切除手术中喉罩全麻具有安全性好,血流动力学平稳,并发症少的优点。     

欧普乐喉罩在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊手术中应用

目的:观察欧普乐喉罩在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用效果.方法:择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄65～75岁,随机分为欧普乐喉罩(LMA)组和气管插管(TT)组.2组采取相同麻醉诱导方案,诱导成功后LMA组插入欧普乐喉罩,TT组插入气管导管,麻醉维持应用丙泊酚,瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵注,至缝合切口时停药.观察并记录诱导前(T1)、诱导后(T2)、插管(喉罩)后3 min(T3)、气腹后3 min(T4)、拔管(罩)后3 min(T5)各时点收缩压、舒张压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压,观察并记录拔管时间、苏醒躁动及术后不良反应.结果:T1、T2时间点2组患者收缩压、舒张压、心率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而T3、T4、T5时间点其收缩压、舒张压、心率TT组显著高于LMA组(P<0.05).各时间点2组脉搏血氧饱和度和呼气末二氧化碳分压均正常,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后心动过速、咽部不适、苏醒期躁动LMA组明显低于TT组(P<0.05),术后恶心、呕吐,反流误吸LMA组与TT组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),LMA组拔管时间显著短于TT组(P<0.05).结论:欧普乐喉罩在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊手术中应用安全有效,并发症少.     

SLIPA喉罩与气管插管麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的应用比较

目的比较SLIPA喉罩与气管插管全麻对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者循环和呼吸参数的变化及并发症的情况,探讨相应的护理方法。方法60例择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者随机分为SLIPA喉罩组和气管插管组,记录两组患者插管前后心率、血压、每分通气量（MV）、潮气量（TV）、气道峰压（Ppeak）和呼吸末二氧化碳分压（PETCO：）;观察术中反流误吸,术毕呛咳,术后咽痛、声音嘶哑、恶心、呕吐、肺部感染等发生率。结果两组患者正压通气15min和气腹15min时MV、TV、Ppeak、PETCO2均有明显改变,SLIPA喉罩组术后发症发生率低于气管插管组。结论SLIPA喉罩通气用于开腹腔镜胆囊切除手术优于气管插管,易于维持血流动力学稳定,并发症低。喉罩组患者护理侧重于术前护理评估及防止术中移位,气管插管患者护理侧重气管护理及预防感染等并发症的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.