内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张八例

内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张八例文黎明赵世泉刘红专近来内镜下治疗食管静脉曲张（ＥＶ）报道较多，但同时进行胃底静脉曲张（ＶＦＳ）治疗尚少见报道，作者对８例食管胃底静脉曲张进行了联合治疗，现报告如下。１．对象和方法：本组男６例，女２例，年龄３３～６５岁，病...     

食管胃底静脉曲张出血的治疗

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是门静脉高压主要的并发症,常引起出血性休克或诱发肝性脑病,如不及时采取有效措施,可导致患者死亡。食管胃底静脉曲张出血的内科治疗程序如下。 １．基础治疗：补充血容量,纠正酸碱失衡。（１）大出血病人应立即进行的是恢复血容量治疗而不是急诊内镜检查,进行快速补液,常用的是平衡液或糖盐水。抢救的开始阶段,应强调的是输液速度而不是液体的质。当中心静脉压＜０．４９ｋＰａ（５ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）时可加速补液,＞１．４７ｋＰａ（１５ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）时说明补液过多,应停止输液。一旦休克纠正,就应重视补液…     

食管胃底静脉曲张的内镜治疗

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是门脉高压最严重的并发症之一，其病情凶险，首次出血的死亡率达40％～70％，再出血的发生率为60％～80％。内镜检查不仅可明确食管和(或)胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的诊断，而且还可在内镜直视下行止血治疗。现已证实内镜下注射硬化剂、组织粘合剂或皮圈套扎是治疗静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗策略及进展

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)是肝硬化门脉高压症的严重并发症,其病情重,致死率高,严重威胁人类的健康.早期积极有效的干预,能使EGVB患者的死亡率明显降低.目前在临床上,药物治疗、内镜干预、介入阻断及外科手术等是治疗EGVB的主要方法,而内镜治疗由于操作简单,短时间止血率高等优点,已广泛应用于临床.本文主要对各种...     

食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的内镜治疗

本文评述了食管胃静脉破裂出血的内镜治疗,重点讨论了加快静脉曲张根除、提高远期疗效,防止复发及内镜治疗并发症的防范和处理等热点问题,对临床工作有指导意义。     

组织粘合剂联合内镜套扎术治疗胃底静脉曲张出血并食管静脉曲张

肝硬化导致的食管、胃底静脉曲张出血是临床上常见的危重症,其首次出血死亡率为20％～40％。对于单纯食管静脉曲张,经内镜结扎治疗(EVL)已取得较好疗效;对于不伴有食管静脉曲张的胃底静脉曲张,应用组织粘合剂栓塞也取得肯定的疗效。临床上最为棘手的是同时出现食管、胃底静脉曲张,此时仅行EVL术将导致胃底静脉曲张加重,而仅行胃底栓塞术不能有效地控制食管静脉曲张出血,为此,我们尝试采取组织粘合剂联合EVL术治疗,取得较好疗效。     

门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的内镜预防与治疗

门静脉由肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉在相当于第二腰椎高度偏右侧,即胰头、体交界处后方汇合而成,肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉汇合后在肝固有动脉和胆总管后方上行至肝门,然后分为左、右两支分别进入肝左、右叶,门静脉提供肝脏70％～80％的血液供应,门静脉主干长约6～8cm,直径约1．25cm。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的内镜治疗进展

食管胃底静脉曲张出血(EGVB)是肝硬化的严重并发症,病死率高。内镜治疗方法如硬化术、套扎术、组织胶栓塞等广泛应用于临床,极大提高了EGVB患者的生存率。本文就目前EGVB的内镜治疗状况进行了综述。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗

食管和胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压最严重的并发症之一。如何有效地控制大出血和预防反复出血是一个重要的临床课题。近年来由于内镜技术迅速发展、经内镜注射硬化剂和组织黏合剂、套扎法治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血已在国内外引起广泛重视，并获得了较为满意的疗效。现将内镜治疗的现状与进展进行综述。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血紧急硬化治疗18例

目的评价5%鱼肝油酸钠内镜下静脉注射法进行紧急硬化治疗对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法对18例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血住院患者,用5%鱼肝油酸钠,行镜下曲张静脉内注射,观察止血效果、副作用和并发症。结果17例成功止血,止血成功率为94.4%。全部病例均有短期可忍受的胸骨后疼痛,1例呼吸骤停(经抢救治愈)。结论5%鱼肝油酸钠内镜下静脉内注射法紧急硬化治疗是食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的一种有效、方便和比较安全的止血方法。     

Endoscopic management of acute esophageal variceal bleeding

Esophageal varices develop in the setting of portal hypertension, most commonly caused by cirrhosis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is considered the gold standard for both diagnosis and treatment of acute variceal bleeding. In this review, we highlight the management of both acute and refractory bleeding from esophageal varices, with an emphasis on endoscopic therapies, including injection sclerotherapy, band ligation, and esophageal stent placement.     

肝硬化合并贲门区曲张静脉破裂出血134例内镜诊疗分析

目的回顾性分析急诊内镜治疗肝硬化合并贲门区曲张静脉破裂出血的疗效。方法以内镜下硬化术、套扎术和组织粘合剂栓塞术等手段治疗134例肝硬化合并贲门区曲张静脉破裂出血。结果 134例中,121例(90.3%)止血成功,内镜下硬化术和组织粘合剂栓塞术的止血率分别为89.8%和95.8%。死亡4例,72 h内病死率为4.5%,原因为失血性休克、肝性脑病和多脏器功能衰竭。胃镜操作过程中未见死亡病例。结论肝硬化合并贲门区曲张静脉破裂出血,以内镜下硬化术和栓塞术治疗可获得较好的近期效果。     

Endoscopic management of variceal bleeding

For the primary prophilaxis of the variceal bleeding, non selective beta-blockers (propanolol, nadolol) are still the mainstay of treatment but endoscopic ligation are becoming more popular Thanks to modern control procedures the acute bleeding mortality has been reduced. Endoscopic ligation is the prefered method for esophageal varices and the cyanoacrylate injection is the better method for fundic varices. Pharmacological therapy with octreotide or terlipresine seems to be effective, specially if endoscopic treatment is not available. TIPS is a good salvage option in case of endoscopic or pharmacologic failure. Endoscopic ligation seems to be the prefered method for secondary prophylaxis, specially compared with sclerotherapy. Some drugs that reduce portal hypertension are a good alternative. It is still very necessary to define technique and criteria of endoscopic variceal eradication to reduce the great variability reported in published trials.     

内镜治疗食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血及其长期管理

<正>食管胃静脉曲张是门静脉高压症的并发症,主要包括食管静脉曲张(EV)和胃静脉曲张(GOV)。门静脉高压主要指门静脉压力>14 mm Hg/20 cm H₂O(1.96 kPa),或肝门静脉压力梯度>5 mm Hg。主要由肝硬化导致,也可见于其他疾病。在我国,80%～85%门静脉压力升高是由肝硬化导致的。然而,无论何种原因所致的门静脉高压均可出现EV,严重时可致食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB),从而威胁患者生命。     

Endoscopic variceal ligation versus propranolol in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with propranolol in prophylaxis on the rate of first esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: A prospective, randomized trial was conducted in 100 cirrhotic patients with no history of previous upper gastrointestinal bleeding and with esophageal varices endoscopically judged to be at high risk of hemorrhage. The end-points of the study were bleeding and death. RESULTS: Life-table curves showed that prophylactic EVL and propranolol were similarly effective for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding (11/50 [22%]vs 12/50 [24%]; P = 0.68) and overall mortality (14/50 [28%]vs 12/50 [24%]; P = 0.49). The 2-year cumulative bleeding rate was 18% (9/50) in the EVL group and 16% (8/50) in the propranolol group. The 2-year cumulative mortality rate was 28% (14/50) in the EVL group and 24% (12/50) in the propranolol group. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier estimates of the time to death of both groups showed no significant difference in mortality in both groups (P = 0.86). Patients undergoing EVL had few treatment failures and died mainly of hepatic failure. In the propranolol group, the mean daily dosage of the drug was 68.2 +/- 32.8 mg, which was sufficient to reduce the pulse rate by 25%. 20% of patients withdrew from propranolol treatment due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis EVL is as effective and as safe as treatment with propranolol in decreasing the incidence of first variceal bleeding and death in cirrhotic patients with high-risk esophageal varices.     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血序贯治疗的临床应用价值

目的 评价曲张静脉套扎术(EVL)+不同硬化剂曲张静脉硬化术(EVS)序贯治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性总结314例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血内镜治疗患者的临床资料,包括单纯EVL治疗者112例(EVL组)、单纯鱼肝油酸钠硬化治疗者48例(EVS1组)、单纯聚桂醇硬化治疗者40例(EVS2组)、套扎+鱼肝油酸钠硬化序贯治疗者26例(EVLS1组)、套扎+聚桂醇硬化序贯治疗者88例(EVLS2组),统计各组曲张静脉治疗有效率、静脉曲张复发率、并发症发生率并进行对比分析.结果 EVL组、EVS1组、EVS2组、EVIS1组、EVLS2组曲张静脉治疗有效率比较差异均无统计学意义[85.7％ (96/112)、83.3％ (40/48)、92.5％ (37/40)、92.3％(24/26)、94.3％ (83/88),P＞0.05],但EVLS1组和EVLS2组曲张静脉完全消失率均明显高于其他3组[88.5％(23/26)和87.5％(77/88)比58.0％(65/112)、62.5％(30/48)、70.0％(28/40),P＜0.05],而EVLS1组与EVLS2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).EVS1组再出血率最高(18.8％,9/48) (P ＜0.05),其次是EVL组(11.6％,13/112),均高于EVS2组、EVLS1组和EVLS2组[7.5％(3/40)、7.7％ (2/26)、6.8％ (6/88),P＜0.05],后3组再出血率相似(P＞0.05).治疗后随访6 ～18个月,EVL组静脉曲张复发26例(23.2％,26/112),EVS1组复发8例(16.7％,8/48),EVS2组复发6例(15.0％,6/40),EVLS1组复发4例(15.4％,4/26),EVLS2组复发9例(10.2％,9/88);EVL组复发率最高(P＜0.05),EVLS2组复发率最低(P＜0.05),EVS1组、EVS2组和EVLS1组复发率相似(P＞0.05).EVS1组总体并发症发生率(32.2％,49/152)明显高于其他4组(P＜0.05),而EVL组(14.5％,32/220)、EVLS2组(19.6％,22/112)、EVLS1组(22.7％,25/110)、EVLS2组(15.8％,34/229)4组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 EVL+鱼肝油酸钠EVS或+聚桂醇EVS序贯治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血是安全而有效的,尤以EVL+聚桂醇EVS序贯治疗效果显著,有可能成为治疗食管静脉曲张出血并防止再出血的最佳选择.     

Endoscopic variceal band ligation compared with propranolol for prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding

Administration of nonselective beta-blockers in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding is not suitable for all patients. Thus, we evaluated endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVBL) in primary prevention of bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and large esophageal varices. A total of 73 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and large esophageal varices without a history of gastrointestinal bleeding were randomized to receive either EVBL or propranolol and were followed for up to 18 months. Forty patients underwent EVBL and 33 patients received propranolol. Variceal bleeding occurred in 2 patients in the EVBL (5%) and in 2 patients in the propranolol group (6%, NS). The 18 month actuarial risk for first variceal bleed was 5% in the EVBL (95% CI, 0-12%) and 20% in the propranolol group (95% CI, 0-49%, NS). The actuarial probability of death at 18 months of follow-up was 5% (95% CI, 0-11%) in the EVBL group and 7% (95% CI, 0-17%, NS) in the propranolol arm. In conclusion, EVBL was an effective and safe alternative to propranolol in primary prophylaxis of bleeding in patients with large esophageal varices.     

经内镜栓塞术联合套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的探讨胃底静脉曲张栓塞术联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效。方法经急诊胃镜检查发现活动性胃底静脉曲张出血合并Ⅱ°以上食管静脉曲张且排除其他病因的上消化道出血患者共156例,分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞同时食管静脉EVL治疗;对照组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞治疗2个月后行食管静脉EVL。结果两组均未发生与治疗相关的并发症。止血成功率治疗组为96．3％（77／80）,对照组为97．4％（74／76）,（P〉0．05）;近期再出血率治疗组为6．4％（5／78）,对照组为21．3％（16／75）,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者随访6个月,再出血率分别为13．0％（9／69）、25．4％（17／67）,差异有统计学性意义（P〈0．05）。胃底静脉曲张改善总有效率治疗组和对照组分别为61．6％、59．1％,食管曲张静脉改善总有效率为74．0％、67．9％,差异均无统计学意义。结论胃底静脉曲张栓塞联合EVL是治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张出血并食管静脉曲张的安全有效方法,同时联合治疗更能降低再出血率。