血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂对糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的保护作用

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)对2型糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的保护作用。方法选糖尿病合并有轻、中度肾功能损害的病人60例,在给予常规糖尿病治疗的同时随机分为3组,分别给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂合并血管紧张素受体拮抗剂治疗,观察治疗前和治疗8周后血压、血肌酐及24 h尿蛋白的变化。结果3组治疗前24 h尿蛋白分别为(680±45)(、650±76)(、720±40)mg,治疗后分别为(450±50)(、420±65)(、300±35)mg。3组患者均显著降低了尿蛋白的排泄,各组治疗前后比较,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),而联合治疗组减少尿蛋白排泄更为明显(P<0.01),且联合治疗组与其他两组相比,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂联用能更好地起到肾脏保护的作用。     

Disparities in Medication Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure across the State of Hawai‘i

The purpose of this study is to evaluate if heart failure patients in Hawai‘i are receiving recommended standard therapy of a select beta-blocker in combination with an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and to determine if a gap in quality of care exists between the different regions within the state. A retrospective claims-based analysis of all adult patients (age > 18 years of age) with CHF who were enrolled in a large health plan in Hawai‘i was performed (n = 24,149). Data collected included the presence of pharmaceutical claims for ACEI, ARBs and select β-blockers, region of residence, gender, and age. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine whether there were regional differences in Hawai‘i related to medication usage, after adjustment for age and gender. Results showed that only 28.4 % of patients were placed on the recommended therapy of an ACEI or ARB and a select β-blocker with significant differences being found between different regions. Further research is needed to better understand factors affecting regional differences in prescribing patterns.     

Association Between Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and the Risk of Lung Cancer Among Patients With Hypertension From the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort

Objectives:The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of lung cancer in relation to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use among patients with hypertension from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort. Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension who started to take antihypertensive medications and had a treatment period of at least 6 months. We calculated the weighted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer associated with ARB use compared with calcium channel blocker (CCB) use using inverse probability treatment weighting. Results:Among a total of 60 469 subjects with a median follow-up time of 7.8 years, 476 cases of lung cancer were identified. ARB use had a protective effect on lung cancer compared with CCB use (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.96). Consistent findings were found in analyses considering patients who changed or discontinued their medication (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.77), as well as for women (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.93), patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.00), never-smokers (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.99), and non-drinkers (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.97). In analyses with different comparison antihypertensive medications, the overall protective effects of ARBs on lung cancer risk remained consistent. Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that ARBs could decrease the risk of lung cancer. More evidence is needed to establish the causal effect of ARBs on the incidence of lung cancer.     

Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and risk of fractures: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of published observational cohort studies

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) represents an important target of antihypertensive medications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are widely-used RAS inhibiting drugs, have been suggested to have beneficial effects on bone tissue. We aimed to assess the associations of use of ACEIs and/or ARBs with the risk of fractures using a population-based prospective cohort and a meta-analysis of published prospective cohort studies. Information on antihypertensive medication use (including both ACEIs and ARBs) were assessed in 1743 men and women of the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study. Hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of ACEIs or ARBs use with incident fractures were calculated. A total of 203 composite (hip, humeral, and wrist) fractures occurred during a median follow-up of 14.8 years. In multivariate adjusted analysis, the HR for composite fractures comparing users of ACEIs or ARBs with non-users was 1.00 (0.59–1.69). The corresponding adjusted HR for hip fractures comparing users versus non-users of ACEIs or ARBs was 0.89 (0.32–2.47). Including the current study, a total of 11 observational cohort studies involving 3526,319 participants and >323,355 fractures were included in a meta-analysis. Comparing ACEI users with non-users and ARB users with non-users, the HRs for composite fractures were 1.09 (0.89–1.33) and 0.87 (0.76–1.01) respectively. The corresponding HRs for hip fractures were 0.91 (0.86–0.95) and 0.80 (0.75–0.85) respectively. Use of RAS inhibitors was not associated with long-term risk of composite fractures in both primary and pooled analyses. Pooled evidence however suggests a beneficial effect of RAS blockers on hip fracture risk.     

Blood pressure target attainment in the background of guidelines: the very elderly in Swiss primary care

Background There are only a few trials for the very elderly population (>79 years). No consensus, which blood pressure (BP) goals and substances should be applied, has been found yet. This survey was undertaken to investigate how octogenarians are treated and attain BP targets in the Swiss primary care. Methods Data from 4594 hypertensive patients were collected within 7 days. Eight hundred and seventy-seven patients met the requirement to be >79 years. We assessed substances/combinations and investigated pulse pressure and target blood pressure attainment (TBPA) using three different recommendations [Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP), Swiss Society of Hypertension (SSH), European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology (ESH-ESC)]. Secondarily, we compared TBPA attained by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/diuretic (D), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)/D and calcium channel blocker (CCB)/D with any other dual therapy and investigated whether Ds/beta-blockers (BBs) or Ds/renin angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (RAAS-Is) lead to higher TBPA. Finally, we assessed the impact of drug administration, practical work experience, location and specialization of GPs on TBPA. Results Octogenarians attained target blood pressure (TBP) between 44% (ESH-ESC) and 74% (SSH). Optimal/normal BP was reached in 22.8% of patients. Pulse pressure <65 mmHg was shown in 66.4% of patients. Monotherapy was most commonly applied followed by dual single-pill combination with ARB/D (46.5%) or ACEI/D (36.0%). No benefit in TBPA was found comparing a RAASI/D and CCB/D treatment with any other dual combination. There was also no difference between BB/D and RAAS-I/D combination therapy and between single-pill combination and dual free combinations. Conclusions GPs adhere to the use of substances proven in outcome trials and attain high TBP. No difference in meeting BP goals could be found using different drug classes. There is an unmet need to harmonize recommendations and to add additional information for the treatment of octogenarians.     

某医院2019—2020年门诊口服抗高血压用药500例处方合理性分析

目的 分析某医院2019—2020年500例门诊口服抗高血压药使用合理性,为更安全有效地使用抗高血压药提供参考。方法 收集500例门诊抗高血压用药处方,从药物品种选择、药物经济学、联合用药等方面进行合理性评价。结果 药品品种选择以CCB、ARB及其复方制剂为主,氨氯地平的使用频度最高,品种和WHO推荐及相关研究相符;DDDs排名前10位的药物DUI均处于0.9～1.0,药品用量基本合理且相对稳定;合理性点评中发现不合理处方28份（占总处方比例的5.60%）,最主要的不合理类型为联合用药不适宜,共12例（占比42.86%）;联合用药处方占比偏高（占比89.00%）,联合用药中以二联用药为主（占比64.27%）,以CCB联合ACEI/ARB为主,较为合理。结论本院门诊口服抗高血压药处方较为规范,但仍存在不合理之处,尤其是联合用药占比较高。抗高血压药物的临床使用应遵循个体化原则,药师需要加强处方审核和临床宣教,进一步提高医院合理用药水平。     

Clinical trial update: focus on the ONTARGET study

The renin angiotensin system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Modulation of RAAS with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and aldosterone inhibitors reduces a range of adverse CV outcomes in patients with or at risk of CV disease. Currently, there is incomplete evidence to show all RAAS modulators provide vascular protection by reducing the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and CV death. In patients at high risk for CV events, studies with ACEi designed to test for long-term vascular protection, showed benefit. In contrast, studies of ARBs in patients with hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease have not consistently shown a reduction of CV outcomes. However, none of these studies was specifically designed to examine the impact of ARBs on the vascular protective outcomes of CV death, non-fatal MI, and stroke. The ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies are designed to determine whether the ARB telmisartan is similar (or non-inferior) or superior to the ACEi ramipril in the reduction of CV events in patients with established CV disease or diabetes with target organ damage. The ONTARGET study has enrolled 25,620, and TRANSCEND 5,776 subjects. The subjects in both trials are similar to those studied in the HOPE study, yet there is greater ethnic diversity, a higher proportion of patients with cerebro-vascular disease, and a greater use of beta blockers and lipid-lowering treatment. The studies completed recruitment in 2004, and are due to complete follow-up and report the results in 2008. The ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies will provide valuable comparative data on the efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril and their combination in patients at high risk for CV events. Although it is possible that enhanced benefits will be observed with dual therapy, the outcomes with ARB monotherapy remain uncertain.     

门诊抗高血压药物处方调查

目的探讨某医院门诊高血压患者的用药情况,为今后门诊抗高血压药物的合理应用提供依据。方法调查天津某三甲医院2009年1—6月门诊高血压电子处方15365份,分析抗高血压药物的用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDDc)、药物联合应用情况、消耗金额等。结果 DDDs最高的是钙离子阻断剂(CCB),其后依次是血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体阻断剂(ARB)、β受体阻断剂(β-RB)和复方制剂;单品种DDDs排序前5位的依次是苯磺酸氨氯地平胶囊、硝苯地平缓释片、倍他乐克、依那普利、波依定。DDDc前5位的依次是:α-RB、ARB、复方制剂、β-RB、CCB;单品种DDDc前5位的依次是:康忻、代文、美卡素、络活喜、安博诺;除康忻外上述药物利用指数(DUI)均大于1。在15365份处方中,采用1种降压药物占47.72%,联合应用2种降压药物占32.29%,联合应用3种或以上降压药物的占19.99%。结论该院门诊高血压患者降压药物应用种类及降压治疗方案基本符合2005年我国高血压防治指南。     

Determinants for the adoption of angiotensin II receptor blockers by general practitioners

Results of studies conducted 10-20 years ago show the prominence of commercial information sources in the adoption process of new drugs. Over the past decade, there has been a growing emphasis on practicing evidence-based medicine in drug prescribing. This raises the question whether professional information sources currently counterbalance the influence of commercial information sources in the adoption process. The aim of this study was to identify determinants influencing the adoption of a new drug class, the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), by general practitioners (GPs) in The Netherlands. A retrospective study was conducted to assess prevalent ARB prescribing for hypertensive patients using the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database. We conducted a survey among all GPs who participated in the IPCI project in 2003 to assess their exposure to commercial and professional information sources, perceived benefits and risks of ARBs, perceived influences of the professional network, and general characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to identify determinants of ARB adoption while adjusting for patient characteristics. Data were obtained from 70 GPs and 9470 treated hypertensive patients. A total of 1093 patients received ARBs (12%). GPs who reported frequent use of commercial information sources were more likely to prescribe ARBs routinely in preference to other antihypertensives, whereas GPs who used a prescribing decision support system and those who were involved in pharmacotherapy education were less likely to prescribe ARBs. Other factors that were associated with higher levels of ARB adoption included a more positive perception of ARBs regarding their effectiveness in lowering blood pressure, and working in single-handed practices or in rural areas. Aside from determinants related to the patient population, adoption of a new drug class among Dutch GPs is still determined more by their reliance on promotional information than by their use of professional information sources.     

中共中央 国务院印发《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》

  目的  系统评价黄芪注射液联合血管紧张素转换酶抑制（angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI）或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（angiotensin II receptor blocker,ARB）治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床疗效。  方法   检索EMBASE、PubMed、The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials、Web of Science数据库、中国知网数据库、中国科技期刊数据库（维普）、万方数据知识服务平台,收集建库至2021年11月国内外公开发表的关于黄芪注射液联合ACEI或ARB治疗早期糖尿病的相关文献;按照偏倚评估工具2.0版本进行纳入研究的质量评价;采用RevMan5.3软件和STATA 12.0软件进行meta分析。  结果   检索相关文献1379篇,按照纳入和排除标准共筛选出18篇符合要求的研究文献,共纳入2056例早期糖尿病肾病患者,其中试验组（黄芪注射液联合ACEI或ARB治疗）678例,对照组（采用ACEI或ARB常规治疗）663例。meta 分析结果显示,使用黄芪注射液联合治疗组患者的临床有效率高于对照组（OR = 4.16,95 % CI = 2.05～8.42）;血尿素氮水平低于对照组（MD = – 0.73,95 % CI = – 1.30～– 0.15）;尿白蛋白排泄率低于对照组（SMD = – 1.90,95 % CI = – 2.38～– 1.42）;血肌酐水平低于对照组（MD = – 6.61 ,95 % CI = – 11.28～– 1.94）。  结论   黄芪注射液能够显著提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床总有效率、降低尿白蛋白排泄率、肌酐、尿素氮指标。     

吉林省居民高血压治疗现状及其影响因素分析

  目的  了解辽宁省沈阳市青年高血压住院患者的药物流行病学特征,为评估青年高血压患者的合理用药提供参考依据。  方法  采用方便抽样方法随机抽取2013年1月 — 2017年1月沈阳市某3所三级甲等医院心血管内科住院的3 000例青年高血压患者的病历资料,分析其药物流行病学特征。  结果  沈阳市3 000例青年高血压住院患者中,1 级高血压患者541例（18.03 %）,2 级高血压患者1 104例（36.80 %）,3 级高血压患者1 355例（45.17 %）;伴发疾病包括左心室肥厚774例（25.80 %）,颈动脉硬化252例（8.40 %）,冠心病452例（15.07 %）,心力衰竭184例（6.1 %）,缺血性脑卒中408例（13.60 %）,出血性脑卒中204例（6.80 %）,慢性肾脏病160例（5.33 %）;抗高血压药物单药治疗888例（29.60 %）,联合用药2 112例（70.40 %）;单药治疗中,血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）184例（20.72 %）,血管紧张素受体阻断剂（ARB）152例（17.12 %）,β – 受体阻滞剂176例（19.82 %）,钙通道阻滞剂（CCB）300例（33.78 %）,利尿剂76例（8.56 %）,1、2和3级高血压患者降压药物单药使用情况差异有统计学意义（χ² = 44.87,P < 0.001）;联合用药治疗中,ACEI/ARB + CCB 344例（16.29 %）,ACEI/ARB + 利尿剂196例（9.28 %）,CCB + β – 受体阻滞剂352例（16.67 %）,ACEI/ARB + CCB + 利尿剂416例（19.70 %）,ACEI/ARB + β – 受体阻滞剂 + CCB 556例（26.33 %）,ACEI/ARB + β – 受体阻滞剂 + 利尿剂248例（11.74 %）,2和3级高血压患者降压药物使用情况差异有统计学意义（χ² = 138.45,P < 0.001）。  结论  沈阳市不同级别青年高血压住院患者的用药类别不同,应针对不同级别高血压患者合理应用降压药物。     

Readmissions and the quality of care in patients hospitalized with heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical practice guidelines based on the results of randomized clinical trials recommend that patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) at doses shown to reduce mortality and readmission. This study examined the relationship between ACEI use at discharge and readmission among patients with heart failure due to LVSD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were abstracted from the medical records of 2943 randomly selected patients hospitalized for heart failure in 50 hospitals. The outcome of interest was the number of readmissions occurring up to 21 months after discharge. Six-hundred and eleven patients were eligible for analysis. Compared with patients discharged at a recommended ACEI dose, patients not prescribed an ACEI at discharge had an adjusted rate ratio of readmission (RR) of 1.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.48], while patients prescribed an ACEI at less than a recommended dose had an RR of 1.24 (95% CI 0.91-1.69) (P = 0.005 for the trend). CONCLUSION: Our results show that ACEI use at discharge in patients with LVSD is associated with decreased rate of readmission. These findings suggest that compliance with the ACEI prescribing recommendations listed in clinical practice guidelines for patients with heart failure due to LVSD confers benefit.