初中生成就目标定向、学业社会比较和学业自我效能的关系

目的:探讨初中生成就目标定向、学业社会比较和学业自我效能的关系。方法:采用成就目标定向问卷、中学生学业社会比较问卷和学业自我效能问卷对343名初中生进行测量。结果:①在比较方式上,男生比女生采用更多的向下比较,而在比较结果上,男生在自我完善上的得分显著低于女生。②高学业成绩初中生更多使用掌握趋近和掌握回避的成就目标定向,而低学业成绩初中生主要是成绩回避目标定向的。③初中生有普遍的学业社会比较倾向,但高学业成绩者更多选择向上比较和平行比较,而低学业成绩者较多运用向下比较。④初中生成就目标定向对学习自我效能的影响部分是以学业社会比较为中介变量进行传递的。结论:不同性别和不同学业成绩的初中生具有不同的学业社会比较方式。学业社会比较在成就目标定向与学业自我效能的关系中发挥着重要的中介作用。     

Reference systems for coding spatial information in normal subjects and a deafferented patient

To produce accurate goal-directed arm movements, subjects must determine the precise location of target object. Position of extracorporeal objects can be determined using: (a) an egocentric frame of reference, in which the target is localized in relation to the position of the body; and/or (b) an allocentric system, in which target position is determined in relation to stable visual landmarks surrounding the target (Bridgeman 1989; Paillard 1991). The present experiment was based on the premise that (a) the presence of a structured visual environment enables the use of an allocentric frame of reference, and (b) the sole presence of a visual target within a homogeneous background forces the registration of the target location by an egocentric system. Normal subjects and a deafferented patient (i.e., with an impaired egocentric system) pointed to visual targets presented in both visual environments to evaluate the efficiency of the two reference systems. For normals, the visual environment conditions did not affect pointing accuracy. However, kinematic parameters were affected by the presence or absence of a structured visual surrounding. For the deafferented patient, the presence of a structured visual environment permitted a decrease in spatial errors when compared with the unstructured surrounding condition (for movements with or without visual feedback of the trajectory). Overall, results support the existence of an egocentric and an allocentric reference system capable of organizing extracorporeal space during arm movements directed toward visual targets.     

大一新生心理健康状况与第一学年成绩的关系

目的探讨大一新生入学心理健康状况与第一学年成绩之间的关系。方法采用大学生人格问卷(UPI),对某二级本科院校2783名大一新生入学时的心理健康状况测试结果与第一学年学业成绩(包括平均成绩和班级排名)进行统计分析。结果①大一新生中有17.75%的学生心理异常,男女学生在心理健康状况和学业成绩上都有显著差异(P<0.01或0.001),UPI第二类学生的平均成绩显著优于第一类和第三类学生;②UPI的精神分裂、抑郁症、神经症与学业成绩之间存在显著相关(r=0.83,0.73,0.97;P均<0.01),成绩越优秀的学生在UPI多项因子上更容易出现问题,这种相关性在男女生之间和独生子女和非独生子女间有差异;③性别、UPI的神经症和躯体症状因子这3个变量能联合预测大一新生平均成绩的21.8%的变异量。结论心理健康状况与学业成绩显著相关且有群体差异。     

学业厌烦量表中文版的信、效度分析

目的:对学业厌烦量表(The 10-item academic boredom scale,ABS-10)进行中文修订,并检验其信、效度。方法:先由心理学专家对原量表进行翻译、审校和回译,确定量表ABS-10中文版符合量表原意。采用方便取样选取342名大学生,施测中文版ABS-10。结果:ABS-10中文版保持原有10个条目,验证性因素分析的结果表明,在任务挑战度过低的情境下,一因素模型较理想,拟合指数CFI分别为0.95和0.97,RMSEA为0.061,在任务挑战度过高的情境下,相关二因素模型拟合度较好,拟合指数GFI分别为0.96和0.99,RMSEA为0.067,一般厌烦分量表、以任务为焦点的厌烦的分量表和以自我为焦点的厌烦的分量表的Cronbachα系数分别为0.89、0.82和0.80。大学生学业情绪量表(AEQ)的积极情绪快乐、希望、自豪和ABS-10呈负相关,相关系数在-0.24~-0.41之间,消极情绪生气、焦虑、厌烦、失望、羞愧和ABS-10呈正相关,相关系数在0.23~0.65之间。结论:ABS-10中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可用于大学生学业厌烦的有关研究。     

Reference values for serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 in a young adult Ugandan population

Introduction

Reference values may vary significantly among populations and cultures for which dietary intakes may be different. Each laboratory is expected to investigate the transferability of the expected values to its own patient population and if necessary determine its own reference ranges. This study sought to establish Folic acid and Vitamin B₁₂ reference values for young Ugandan adults, which reference values could be used as baseline information for future research, especially related to their role in breast cancer prevention.

Methods

A cross sectional study in which 200 undergraduate student volunteers were enrolled. The minimum sample size was 126 using the Open Epi version 2. Relevant demographics and physical examination parameters were taken as well as blood samples for laboratory tests. Prior ethical approval was granted.

Results

The levels of folic acid were 4.17 – 20ng/ml and remained constant over the age cohorts. The vitamin B₁₂ range was 117–1158pg/ml. Both ranges were comparable to ranges seen in other populations.

Conclusion

In as much as the dietary intake for this study population is presumed different from populations in the western countries, the ranges for these two vitamins were similar.     

医学院新生入校时心理健康状况与第一学年学业成绩的关系

目的:了解医学院新生入校时心理健康状况及其对学习成绩的影响。方法:采用大学生心理健康量表、艾森克人格量表(EPQ)及自编一般情况问卷等对湘雅医学院2005级755名大学新生进行心理健康状况普查,与第一学年学习成绩的关系进行了分析。结果:成绩落后学生入学时心理症状的发生率高于成绩优秀学生,特别是在抑郁、依赖、冲动、社交退缩等方面两者差异显著。影响学习成绩的主要心理因素有抑郁、依赖、冲动。结论:医学新生入校时心理健康对学习成绩的影响很大。     

Reference Values for the Pulmonary Function of Korean Adults Using the Data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007-2009)

The objective of this study was to develop new spirometric reference equations for the Korean population using the raw data of the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009). A total of 4,753 healthy lifelong nonsmokers without respiratory diseases and symptoms were selected as the reference population. Spirometric reference equations were derived through multiple regression analysis. The newly developed reference equations for spirometry parameters were as follows: FEV₁ (L) = -0.00025410 × (Age [years])² + 0.00012644 × (Height [cm])² - 0.00262 × Weight (kg) + 0.61493 (Men); FEV₁ (L) = -0.00017538 × Age² + 0.00009598 × Height² - 0.00231 × Weight + 0.46877 (Women); FVC (L) = -0.00000219 × Age³ + 0.0000006995642 × Height³ + 1.19135 (Men); FVC (L) = 0.0167 × Age - 0.00030284 × Age² + 0.0000005850287 × Height³ + 0.77609 (Women); FEV₁/FVC (%) = -0.00289 × Age² - 0.16158 × Height³ + 114.13736 (Men); FEV₁/FVC (%) = -0.21382 × Age - 0.00000143 × Height³ + 97.62514 (Women). The newly developed spirometric reference equation in this study can be used as criteria for the interpretation of spirometry results and the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in Korean adults.     

湖北地区健康人群缺血修饰白蛋白血清水平参考区间的建立及临床应用

目的:应用美国临床实验室标准化委员会颁布的CLSIC28-A3文件建立湖北地区健康人群缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)的参考区间,并采用急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)心肌缺血患者和健康人群验证此参考区间的可靠性。方法:按要求选择健康人群血清标本,采用白蛋白钴结合试验测定血清IMA,经统计分析后确定IMA参考区间。选择ACS心肌缺血患者和一批健康人群,同法测定其血清IMA,并与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)平行检测比较,验证新建立参考区间的可靠性。结果:IMA的参考值为>65.20U/ml。ACS心肌缺血患者的IMA水平为46.00U/ml(95%CI:45.10～47.10),阳性率为98.90%;cTnI的血清水平为3.31ng/ml(95%CI:2.53～4.51),阳性率为93.40%。健康人群的IMA水平为70.20U/ml(95%CI:67.20～73.10);cTnI的血清水平为0.23ng/ml(95%CI:0.21～0.54)。结论:利用CLSIC28-A3文件建立IMA参考区间简便可行,能较客观反映临床症状,有助于缺血性心肌损伤的诊断。     

Plasma Cystatin C in the Dog: Reference Values and Variations with Renal Failure

Cystatin C is a low-molecular-mass acid protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells and cleared by glomerular filtration. In human medicine it is considered to be a better indicator of renal failure than creatinine. Plasma (Pl-) cystatin C measurements in 179 clinically healthy dogs, using an immunoturbidimetric procedure for human cystatin C, showed a Gaussian distribution with an upper limit of 1.3 mg/l. There were no differences between the sexes. Pl-cystatin C was slightly lower in 1–8-year-old adults than in younger or older dogs. It was also lower in dogs weighing less than 15 kg than in heavier ones. Meals produced a dramatic decrease in Pl-cystatin C that lasted for up to 9h. Pl-cystatin C was elevated in 98% of dogs with renal insufficiency, even in some cases where the Pl-creatinine was normal. Cystatin C may therefore be a useful indicator of renal insufficiency in clinically relevant dogs with borderline P1-creatinine values.     

西南地区各族人群血清同型半胱氨酸水平分析及参考范围的建立

目的 分析西南地区各族人群血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平,建立基于循环酶法的西南主要民族血清HCY参考区间,并初步探讨海拔对血清HCY水平影响.方法 用循环酶法试剂检测体检健康的汉族人群4021名(包括平原汉族3581名、高原汉族440名)、藏族人群680名、彝族人群369名血清HCY水平,根据性别、年龄、种族、生活海拔进行分层分组统计分析.结果 藏族人群血清HCY水平均高于彝族及汉族同性别同年龄阶段组(P＜0.01),而彝族人群均高于汉族同性别同年龄阶段组(P＜0.01);汉、彝族各年龄阶段男性血清HCY水平均显著高于女性(P＜0.05);藏族人群性别间血清HCY水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);彝族、藏族所有年龄组间血清HCY水平差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而汉族男性和女性各年龄组间血清HCY水平不完全一致(P =0.001,0.005),两两分别比较发现,汉族男性和女性在＞70岁组、61 ～ 70岁组与其他各组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而＜60岁各组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).民族年龄性别分层分析可将所有受试者分为汉族男性21～ 60岁、61～70岁、＞70岁、女性21 ～ 60岁、61～ 70岁、＞70岁、彝族男性、女性、藏族人群九个小组,血清HCY水平参考区间分别为6.87～22.18μmol/L、7.33～27.69μmol/L、9.81～31.03μmol/L、4.39 ～ 17.36μmol/L、5.68 ～ 20.90μmol/L、7.11 ～ 26.33μmol/L、8.65～27.11μmol/L、6.92 ～ 25.37μmol/L、10.26～ 36.66μmol/L.根据生活海拔分层分析,高原汉族组血清HCY水平显著高于平原汉族组(P ＜0.001).结论 健康人群血清HCY水平与性别、年龄、种族、生活海拔密切相关,我们基于循环酶法根据不同因素分别建立的西南地区各组人群血清HCY参考区间,对本地区临床实验室有重要借鉴意义.     

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677 Genotype-Specific Reference Values for Plasma Homocysteine and Serum Folate Concentrations in Korean Population Aged 45 to 74 Years: The Namwon Study

The reference interval for plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and serum folate concentrations were estimated. Total of 3,154 reference individuals (1,029 men and 2,125 women) were selected based on stringent exclusion criteria. For plasma tHcy concentration (µM/L), reference values (median [5-95 percentile]) were 7.72 (5.03 to 13.80) and 6.09 (3.95-10.19) in men and women, respectively. For serum folate concentration (nM/L), reference values were 23.71 (11.73-38.44) and 28.95 (15.23-40.44) in men and women, respectively. The tHcy levels of both genders in the present study were lower than those in previous reports from other countries and Korea.

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Prevalence of Thinness,Overweight, Obesity,and Central Obesity in Finnish School-Aged Children: A Comparison of National and International Reference Values

IntroductionThe global epidemic of obesity concerns children, and monitoring the prevalence is of highest priority. Body mass index (BMI) with age- and sex-specific cutoff values determines weight status in children, although multiple reference systems exist. Our aim was to compare the prevalence for thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in Finnish school-aged children according to national and international reference values, as well as to determine which cutoff values for overweight agree with the criteria for central obesity.MethodsThis study includes 10,646 children aged 9–12 years from the Finnish Health in Teens cohort. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 2011–2014. BMI (weight [kg]/height [m]²) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; waist [cm]/height [cm]) were calculated. The WHtR cutoff of >0.5 indicated central obesity. We compared the sex-specific prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO) and Finnish (FIN) BMI-for-age reference values, as well as these three against central obesity based on the WHtR.ResultsThe prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity were 11.0%, 12.7%, and 2.6%, respectively, using IOTF; 2.6%, 15.9%, and 5.2% using WHO; and 5.1%, 11.4%, and 2.2% using FIN. Overweight and obesity were more common in boys than girls using WHO and FIN, while thinness was more common in girls using IOTF and FIN. IOTF versus WHO exhibited moderate agreement (κ = 0.59), which improved for IOTF versus FIN (κ = 0.74). Of those classified as overweight by WHO, 37% and 47% were regarded as normal weight according to IOTF and FIN, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 8.7%, and it was more common in boys than girls. WHO provided the highest sensitivity: 95% of individuals with central obesity were classified with overweight or obesity. Using FIN provided the highest specificity (93%).ConclusionOur findings show that WHO overestimates the prevalence of overweight and obesity, while IOTF overrates thinness. Thus, comparing prevalence rates between studies requires caution. The novelty of this study is the comparison of the cutoff values for overweight with central obesity. The choice of reference system affects the generalizability of the research results.     

Reference values for the erythrocytic profile of Anak 2000 broilers and Lohmann brown pullets in Nsukka,Eastern Nigeria

Reference values for the erythrocytic indices are vital for the diagnosis of anaemia and polycythemia and also for the assessment of efficacy of therapy instituted to correct these abnormalities. This study determined the reference values for the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HbC), red blood cell (RBC) counts, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of Anak 2000 broilers (A2B) at 14-day intervals for 84 days and Lohmann brown pullets (LBP) at 21-day intervals for 147 days. A total of 120 chickens were used for the study (60 A2B and 60 LBP), and all haematological determinations followed standard procedures. Results of the determinations on the A2B showed that PCV and HbC did not significantly vary (p > 0.05) with age and had a low correlation with age (r = −0.22 and r = 0.15, respectively), but RBC counts increased with and positively correlated with age (r = 0.78), while MCV and MCH decreased with and were strongly inversely correlated with age (r = −0.80 and r = −0.84, respectively), and MCHC did not follow a definite pattern. For the LBP, there were no significant variations (p > 0.05) associated with age in the PCV, RBC counts, MCV, MCH and MCHC up to 105 days of age; the significant variations (p < 0.05) obtained after day 105 were associated with pre-lay and egg-laying. The HbC of the LBP did not significantly vary (p > 0.05) all through the study. When compared with findings in similar studies as reported by other investigators, some of the values obtained in this study and the patterns of change in relation to age were in agreement while some others contrasted, probably because of differences between the strains and the climatic/environmental conditions under which the chickens were raised.     

New Reference Data on Bone Mineral Density and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Korean Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010

This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the reference values for bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in the Korean population by applying domestic reference data. In total, 25,043 Korean adults ≥20 yr of age (11,792 men and 13,251 women) participated in the study. The BMDs of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured by DXA (Discovery-W, Hologic Inc.), and subjects with a BMD - 2.5 standard deviations or lower than the mean BMD for young adults (20-29 yr old) were considered to have osteoporosis. When applying the new reference values determined in this study from Korean subjects, the overall prevalence of osteoporosis increased in men aged ≥50 yr compared with that provided by the DXA manufacturer from Japanese subjects (12.2% vs. 7.8%, P<0.001) and decreased in postmenopausal women aged ≥50 yr (32.9% vs. 38.7%, P<0.001). According to the findings of this study, use of the reference values provided by the DXA manufacturer has resulted in the underdiagnosis of osteoporosis in Korean men and the overdiagnosis of osteoporosis in Korean women. Our data will serve as valuable reference standards for the diagnosis and management for osteoporosis in the Korean population.

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Lymphocyte Subsets and Activation Antigens in a Reference Population: A Flow Cytometric Study Using Single and Double Antibody Staining

The transferrin receptor (TR), the HLA DR antigen (DR), and the antigen binding OKT10 (T10) are present on activated lymphocyte populations. The authors have studied their expression and that of antigens defined by eight commercial monoclonal antibodies on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 50 healthy hospital workers aged 23–60 years. A whole blood lysis technique was employed and cells were enumerated on a flow cytometer. The percentage of cells bearing the three activation antigens were generally low: mean values for T10 being 7.2%; for TR 1.8%; and for DR 8.8%. There was, however, considerable variability, with occasional subjects having 20% or more cells positive for one of the three antigens. High values of one activation antigen did not correspond with high values of another in the same subject. Nor was there correlation of the presence of activation antigens with the occurrence of cells bearing T11, T4, T8, Leu 1, Leu 2a, Leu 3a, or Leu 7. Double labelling with the following pairs of fluorescein (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE) labeled antibodies: Leu 2a, DR; Leu 3a, DR; Leu 3a, Leu 2a; TR, DR, indicated that simultaneous expression of the corresponding antigens do not normally occur on lymphocytes of healthy individuals. Double labelling with B1 and DR in five subjects indicated the presence of B1 (+) DR (-) cell population. No pattern of relationship could be detected among common clinical variables or HLA type and an increased expression of activation antigens.     

Automatic Detection of the Nipple in Screen-Film and Full-field Digital Mammograms Using a Novel Hessian-Based Method

Automatic detection of the nipple in mammograms is an important step in computerized systems that combine multiview information for accurate detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Locating the nipple is a difficult task owing to variations in image quality, presence of noise, and distortion and displacement of the breast tissue due to compression. In this work, we propose a novel Hessian-based method to locate automatically the nipple in screen-film and full-field digital mammograms (FFDMs). The method includes detection of a plausible nipple/retroareolar area in a mammogram using geometrical constraints, analysis of the gradient vector field by mean and Gaussian curvature measurements, and local shape-based conditions. The proposed procedure was tested on 566 mammographic images consisting of 372 randomly selected scanned films from two public databases (mini-MIAS and DDSM), and 194 digital mammograms acquired with a GE Senographe 2000D FFDM system. A radiologist independently marked the centers of the nipples for evaluation of the results. The average error obtained was 6.7 mm (22 pixels) with reference to the center of the nipple as identified by the radiologist. Only two out of the 566 detected nipples (0.35 %) had an error larger than 50 mm. The method was also directly compared with two other techniques for the detection of the nipple. The results indicate that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms presented in the literature and can be used to identify accurately the nipple on various types of mammographic images.     

初中农民工子女学习成绩与主观幸福感和孤独感的关系

目的:探讨初中农民工子女学习成绩、孤独感和主观幸福感之间的关系。方法:从福州市某区3所接收农民工子女的中学抽取初一、初二年级的农民工子女学生178人,进行UCLA孤独量表和GWB总体幸福感量表测验,并通过班主任收集学生的学习成绩等级。结果:除担心因子外,初中农民工子女的学习成绩与孤独感(r=-0.326)、满足兴趣(r=0.247)、精力(r=0.281)、心境(r=0.170)、控制(r=0.268)、松弛-紧张(r=0.273)之间相关显著;采用结构方程模型验证发现,初中农民工子女的孤独感在学习成绩与主观幸福感的关系中起部分中介作用。结论:初中农民工子女学习成绩不但能够直接影响他们的主观幸福感,还能通过影响他们的孤独感而间接影响主观幸福感。     

Using an Open-Source PACS Virtual Machine for a Digital Angiography Unit: Methods and Initial Impressions

The productivity gains, diagnostic benefit, and enhanced data availability to clinicians enabled by picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are no longer in doubt. However, commercial PACS offerings are often extremely expensive initially and require ongoing support contracts with vendors to maintain them. Recently, several open-source offerings have become available that put PACS within reach of more users. However, they can be resource-intensive to install and assure that they have room for future growth—both for computational and storage capacity. An alternate approach, which we describe herein, is to use PACS built on virtual machines which can be moved from smaller to larger hardware as needed in a just-in-time manner. This leverages the cost benefits of Moore's Law for both storage and compute costs. We describe the approach and current results in this paper.     

Fasting plasma glucose cutoff value for the prediction of future diabetes development: a study of middle-aged Koreans in a health promotion center

We determined optimal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) cutoff values predictive of future diabetes development in a group of middle-aged Koreans who visited a health promotion center. The medical records of 2,964 subjects, who attended the Health Promotion Center in 1998 and 2003, were examined. Subjects were classified into four groups according to their baseline FPG values (Group 1:FPG <5.0 mM/L; Group 2: 5.0< or =FPG <5.6 mM/L; Group 3: 5.6< or =FPG <6.1 mM/L; Group 4: 6.1< or =FPG <7.0 mM/L). No significant difference was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of diabetes incidence. However, incidence in Group 3 was significantly higher than that in Group 1 [hazards ratio 4.88 (1.65-14.41), p=0.004] and the hazards ratio in Group 4 for diabetes was 36.91 (13.11-103.61), p<0.001, versus Group 1. Receiver operator characteristics curve analysis showed that an FPG of 5.97 mM/L represents the lower limit and gives the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. Our data shows that the risk of future diabetes development started to increase below an FPG of 6.1 mM/L and suggests the importance of efforts to modify diabetes development risk factors at lower impaired fasting glucose levels.