大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷的编制

目的:编制大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷.方法:通过对382名大学生调查数据的探索性因素分析和776名大学生调查数据的验证性因素分析,检验大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷的信度和效度.结果:(1)大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷包括25个项目,分为人际安全、人际期望、人际张力、人际报复、人际焦虑5个因子,25个项目的载荷为0.43-0.82,5个因子解释的总方差变异率为52.49%;(2)问卷各维度的内部一致性系数α为0.69-0.87,总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.90;(3)验证性因素分析的结果显示,x2/df＜5,RMSEA＜0.07,CFI、NFI、NNFI均在0.95以上.结论:该问卷的因素结构清晰,信度和效度均较好.     

大学生网络成瘾类型问卷的初步编制

目的:编制适用我国大学生的网络成瘾类型问卷。方法:根据访谈、开放式问卷施测结果,编制大学生网络成瘾类型问卷;调查样本为733名武汉地区大学生,91名大学生作为重测样本;检验了问卷的同质信度、重测信度、结构效度等。结果:探索性因素分析获得3个因素,即网络游戏成瘾、网络人际关系成瘾及网络信息成瘾,各因子负荷在0·50~0·82之间。总问卷及各分问卷的同质性信度(Cronbachα)、分半信度及重测信度分别为0·80~0·92、0·79~0·90和0·81~0·91。验证性因素分析结果表明问卷的三因素模型各项参数(RMSEA=0·07,CFI=0·98,NFI=0·97,IFI=0·98,TLI=0·97,RFI=0·96)均达到可以接受的水平。结论:该问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可用于大学生网络成瘾类型的测试。     

大学生网络小说成瘾问卷编制

目的编制大学生网络小说成瘾问卷。方法在半开放式问卷与访谈的基础上,形成包含33个项目的预测问卷;对161名大学生进行问卷施测,通过项目分析和因素分析,形成由23个项目构成的正式问卷;以319名大学生为被试,对问卷的信度和效度进行检验。结果大学生网络小说成瘾问卷包含5个维度:作息健康状况、人际学业问题、耐受性、时间管理和戒断反应,共解释了62.140%的变异;五因素模型在验证性因素分析中得到了较好的验证(χ2/df=2.602,GFI=0.848,AGFI=0.809,NFI=0.826,CFI=0.848,IFI=0.885,RMSEA=0.075);信度分析显示各维度的α系数为0.669~0.843,分半信度为0.657~0.866,各维度与总分间有显著相关(0.714~0.879,P<0.01),各维度间有较高的相关(0.432~0.664,P<0.01)。结论编制的大学生网络小说成瘾问卷具有良好的心理测量学指标。     

大学生网络交往问卷的初步编制及信效度检验

目的:编制大学生网络交往问卷(IIQUS),用来测量大学生的网络交往行为,并检验其信效度。方法:选取296名大学生进行预测调查,进行项目分析及探索性因素分析;另外抽取711名大学生进行正式问卷调查,用于进行验证性因素分析及考察同质性信度和结构效度。以网络成瘾类型问卷中的网络关系成瘾维度为效标。结果:大学生网络交往问卷共有26题,包括网络社交自我知觉、网络自我表露、网络人际关系以及网络交往依赖4个因子,解释了总方差的47.8%。问卷具有良好的结构效度(χ2/df=6.61,CFI=0.95,IFI=0.95,RM SEA=0.08),网络人际关系成瘾得分与网络交往依赖得分正相关(r=0.56,P<0.01)。总量表和4个因子的Cronbachα系数为0.78～0.90,重测信度为0.70～0.88。结论:本研究编制的大学生网络交往问卷具有较好的信效度,能用来测量大学生的网络交往行为。     

问题性网络游戏使用量表在我国大学生中的信效度检验

目的:引入Kim编制的问题性网络游戏使用量表,并在大学生群体中对其信效度进行验证.方法:共收集735名大学生网络游戏使用的相关数据,并通过项目分析、验证性因素分析等方法检验量表的信效度.结果:①问题性网络游戏使用量表的所有项目与其所属因子的相关在0.43-0.78;②问题性网络游戏使用量表及五个因子的内部一致性系数均在0.70以上,相应的重测信度在0.62-0.75;③问题性网络游戏使用量表符合二阶因子结构(x2/df=4.52,RMSEA=0.069,GFI=0.90,CFI=0.92,IFI=0.92);与网络成瘾量表总分的相关系数为0.69.结论:网络游戏成瘾量表具有较好的信效度,可以用作考察我国大学生网络游戏使用研究的工具.     

大学生电脑游戏成瘾量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制适合大学生使用的电脑游戏成瘾量表(CGAI),并检验其信效度。方法:对477份来自北京市8所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行探索性因素分析,对405份来自北京市5所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行验证性因素分析。结果:探索性因素分析获得33个条目的CGAI问卷,分为4个因素可解释总方差的55·1%,四个维度依次为:依赖/成瘾行为表现维度、情绪唤起维度、功能损害维度、对现状羞耻或不满维度;验证性因素分析验证了4因素模型,其结果为χ2/df=2·304;IFI=0·885;CFI=0·884;NFI=0·813;RSMEA=0·057。该问卷的内部一致性信度(r=0·77~0·94)、重测信度(r=0·907,P<0·001)和效标效度(成瘾组被试CGAI四维度评分均高于正常对照组)均符合测量学的要求。结论:该量表具有良好的信度和效度,可在大学生中使用。     

大学生自我同一性状态问卷中文简版的修订

目的:修订适合我国大学生使用的自我同一性状态简版问卷。方法:通过问卷调查,以整群抽样法选取普通高校的1131名大学生,对自我同一性状态简版问卷进行验证性因素分析、效标关联效度分析、信度分析和项目分析。结果:问卷的32个项目均具有良好的区分度,各项目与相应分量表总分的相关在0.42-0.69之间;四个同一性状态分量表的内部一致性信度系数在0.55-0.75之间,分半信度在0.56-0.67之间;验证性因素分析结果表明模型的拟合良好,该简版问卷具有良好的结构效度;同一性状态分量表与效标的各维度之间存在显著相关。结论:修订的自我同一性状态简版问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可作为大学生自我同一性状态的测量工具。     

教师隐性评价行为的问卷编制-从小学生感知到的角度

目的从小学生感知的角度,编制教师隐性评价行为问卷,并检验该问卷的信度和效度。方法对309名和179名3~6年级的小学生调查数据进行项目分析及探索性因素分析、对352名小学生数据进行验证性因素分析。结果教师隐性评价行为问卷包含20个项目,含积极评价和消极评价两因子,项目因子负荷在0.59~0.75之间,共解释总方差的48.23%。量表整体和分维度的内部一致性系数在0.67~0.91之间,各项目与总分的相关在0.34~0.73之间。验证性因素分析结果显示问卷的RMSEA小于0.05,GFI、CFI、IFI、TLI都在0.90以上。结论该问卷的因素结构拟合良好,信度和效度达到心理测量学的要求。     

伯克利情绪表达量表中文版在中国大学生中的信、效度分析

目的:本研究旨在探讨伯克利情绪表达量表在中国文化背景下的信、效度。方法:采用伯克利情绪表达量表测量1037名18-24岁的中国大学生,另采用中文版情绪调节量表、正负性情绪量表及自评抑郁量表检验效标关联效度。一个月后抽取105名大学生进行重测。结果:修订的伯克利情绪表达量表包括正性情绪表达、负性情绪表达、负性情绪抑制、正性情绪表达强度和负性情绪表达强度五个维度,共16个题项。探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果支持了中文版情绪表达量表的五因素模型。问卷总体的内部一致性系数为0.77,五个分量表的内部一致性信度在0.58-0.72之间,重测信度在0.53-0.63之间。伯克利情绪表达量表中文版具有较好的效标关联效度。结论:伯克利情绪表达量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以用于中国大学生情绪表达的测量。     

大学生手机成瘾倾向量表的编制

目的:编制大学生手机成瘾倾向量表(MPATS),并检验其信效度。方法:通过查阅文献、访谈等方法编制题目。方便选取中部大城市641名大学生进行MPATS施测,通过项目分析筛选题目,对数据进行探索性因素分析(n=290)和验证性因素分析(n=351)。另抽取同质被试67名大学生进行M PATS施测,并间隔1周后进行重测。结果:探索性因素分析获得16个项目,4个因素:戒断症状、突显行为、社交抚慰和心境改变。各因素负荷在0.51～0.79之间,累积方差贡献率为54.3%。验证性因素分析结果表明量表的四因素模型拟合良好。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.83,4个因素的α系数在0.55～0.80之间;总量表的重测信度为0.91,4个因素的重测信度在0.75～0.85。结论:大学生手机成瘾倾向量表具有较好的信度和效度,可在未来相关领域使用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.