砷对睾丸补体抑制水平的影响及硒的拮抗作用

目的　研究砷对睾丸补体抑制水平的影响及硒的拮抗效应 ,以探讨砷的生殖毒性的免疫机制。方法　补体溶血抑制实验 ,测定大鼠睾丸及血清补体抑制水平。结果　以 4.6 mg/ kg体重三氧化二砷 (As2 O3)灌胃大鼠 5周 ,大鼠睾丸及血清补体抑制率显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。染砷大鼠同时分别给予含硒 10 0 ,2 0 0μg/ kg体重的康强硒 ,睾丸及血清补体抑制率比染砷组显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与对照组差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　砷可导致大鼠睾丸补体抑制水平下降 ,可能与砷引起的精子畸变、流产、不育有关 ,硒可有效拮抗砷的生殖毒性     

砷对小鼠子代免疫功能的影响及硒的拮抗作用

目的 研究砷对小鼠子代免疫功能的影响，同时观察硒对砷的拮抗作用。方法 利用一代一窝繁殖试验获得子代。结果 ①随着砷剂量的增加，小鼠各项免疫指标均显著降低；免疫组化实验显示脾脏中指环样T、B淋巴细胞减少；②脱离砷环境后，小鼠溶血A值虽升高但仍低于对照组，其余各项指标与对照组比较无统计学意义；③给予不同剂量的硒拮抗时，仅硒浓度为0．3mg／L组小鼠外周血白细胞数、溶血A值低于对照组。结论 砷可导致小鼠免疫功能降低，且体液免疫受损较严重，但损害是可逆的；硒能够拮抗砷的免疫毒性。     

赤灵芝提取物对小鼠免疫功能系统的影响

目的 旨在赤灵芝提取物对细胞、体液及非特异性免疫功能的影响.方法 以520、260 mg/kg赤灵芝提取物给昆明种雄性小鼠灌胃15 d,分别进行ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验、足跖增厚法测定小鼠迟发型变态反应、半数溶血值(HC50)测定、抗体形成细胞 (AFC) 检测、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力和网状内皮系统吞噬碳廓清功能测定.结果 赤灵芝提取物可明显增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化能力(P＜0.001,P＜0.01,P＜0.05)及体液免疫能力(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);明显抑制由SRBC引起的小鼠DTH反应(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能(P＜0.001);对碳廓清无明显影响.结论 赤灵芝提取物具有免疫调节作用,可明显增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化能力及体液免疫能力.     

牛磺酸对砷暴露小鼠肾组织核酸损伤的保护作用

目的 观察牛磺酸对砷暴露小鼠肾组织核酸损伤的保护作用。方法 昆明种小鼠40只，随机分为3组：4mg/L三氧化二砷染毒组、150m异／kg牛磺酸拈抗组以及生理盐水对照组。连续染毒60d，取小鼠肾组织固定，用免疫组织化学方法观察肾组织细胞8-硝基鸟嘌呤（8-NO2-G）的表达。结果 染砷组小鼠肾细胞出现肿胀，胞浆内有空泡变性，部分胞质溶解，核肿胀、溶解等明显的病理学变化。牛磺酸拮抗组小鼠肾组织的病理变化相对较轻。小鼠肾皮质细胞的胞浆中8-NO2-G吸光度值，染砷组（0．043±0．014）明显高于对照组（0．004±0．002），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；牛磺酸拮抗组（0．016±0．013），低于染砷组（P〈0．05），但仍明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 牛磺酸对砷暴露小鼠肾组织核酸损伤具有保护作用。     

脯-甘氨酸环二肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究脯-甘氨酸环二肽对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法昆明种雌性健康小鼠,随机分为高(5 mg/kg)、中(2.5 mg/kg)、低剂量(1.5 mg/kg)及对照(生理盐水)4组,每组10只。每天以0.2 ml/10 g剂量灌胃1次,连续21 d。分别进行碳廓清、抗体生成细胞检测(PFC)、血清溶血素测定、NK细胞活性测定(LDH)等实验。结果碳廓清实验中,高、中剂量组与对照组差异显著(P=0.038,P=0.006);抗体生成细胞检测高、低剂量组产生的溶血空斑数与对照组差异显著(P=0.048,P=0.002);血清溶血素测定试验中P值分别为0.00、0.001和0.004;NK细胞活性测定中高给药剂量组的P=0.019。结论脯-甘氨酸环二肽能在多方面发挥免疫促进的功能。     

白术多糖对小鼠免疫调节作用的影响

目的研究中草药白术多糖成分对正常小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法分别以白术多糖浓度为125,250,500 mg/(kg·d)小鼠灌胃,对照组予以等量的生理盐水,在连续灌胃30 d之后,通过血清抗体的测定、小鼠碳廓清实验的检测、脾脏以及相关脏器指数来观察白术多糖在免疫调节上的作用。结果在250~500 mg/(kg·d)剂量范围之内,尤其是在300 mg左右我们发现白术多糖在小鼠碳廓清指数一级Con A所诱导的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞转化能力有明显的提高。结论白术多糖对正常小鼠具有一定的免疫调节作用。     

北五味子粗多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究

目的 观察北五味子粗多糖的抗衰老作用。方法 北五味子粗多糖按100、200、400mg/kg连续灌胃3-7d,观察小鼠的存活时间,连续游泳时间和免疫器官重量试验。大鼠连续灌胃20d,测血清LPO含量和SOD活性。结果 北五味子粗多糖能明显提高小鼠耐氧及抗疲劳能力,增加正常小鼠免疫器官重量,并明显增强小鼠网状内皮系统的吞噬功能。可明显降低老年大鼠血清过氧化脂质（LPO）含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,结论 北五味子粗多糖具有抗衰老作用。     

参灵合剂对原发性肝癌小鼠抗肿瘤免疫反应的实验研究

[目的]探讨人参、灵芝、半枝莲和参灵合剂(三药合一)对原发性肝癌小鼠抗肿瘤及其作用机制。[方法]采用H22肝癌荷瘤小鼠模型,按体质量随机分为正常组、对照组、人参组、灵芝组、半枝莲组和参灵合剂组,每组20只。正常组和对照组每日均给予生理盐水20ml/kg,人参组每日灌胃人参皂苷25mg/kg,灵芝组每日灌胃灵芝多糖提取物830mg/kg,半枝莲组每日灌胃半枝莲多糖200mg/kg,参灵合剂组每日灌胃参灵合剂10g,各组均持续灌胃10d。检测药物对胸腺指数、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞计数和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)等指标的影响。[结果]与对照组相比,参灵合剂组明显改变肝癌小鼠的脾脏指数、胸腺指数和外周血白细胞计数(P0.05,P0.01);给药组对TNF-α和VEGF有显著影响(P0.05)。[结论]人参皂甙、半枝莲多糖、灵芝多糖提取物和参灵合剂对原发性肝癌小鼠模型都有一定的抑瘤作用,其中参灵合剂抑瘤作用最强。     

维生素E和氟化物对雄性小鼠生殖功能的联合作用

目的　探讨维生素E(VE)和氟化物对雄性小鼠生殖功能的联合作用。方法　选择健康成年雄性小鼠 ,按体重随机分成 5组 :空白对照组、VE对照组、VE拮抗组、染氟 1组和染氟 2组 ,每组 10只。染氟方式为小鼠饮用含氟化钠 2 0 0mg/L(VE拮抗组、染氟 1组 )或 3 0 0mg/L(染氟 2组 )的去离子水 ,VE采用灌胃方式每天给予 2 0 0mg/kg(VE对照组、VE拮抗组 )。每天 1次观察动物并每周称量小鼠体重 1次 ,饲养 5周后 ,检测各组小鼠的血氟水平 ,附睾及睾丸的脏器系数 ,附睾尾精子数、精子活动度及精子畸形率。结果　染氟 2组、染氟 1组及VE拮抗组大部分小鼠于受试后 3～ 5周均出现不同程度氟斑牙 ,各组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;染氟 2组血氟水平明显高于其他各组 (P <0 .0 1) ,染氟 1组、VE拮抗组的血氟水平也明显高于空白对照组、VE对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;各组小鼠体重、睾丸及附睾脏器系数、附睾尾精子数及精子畸形率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而染氟 2组、染氟 1组、VE拮抗组的活精率及精子活动度明显低于空白对照组和VE对照组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。结论　饮用含氟化钠 2 0 0mg/L或 3 0 0mg/L的去离子水的雄性小鼠活精率及精子活动度降低 ,染氟同时给予VE ,未见明显改善作用     

壳聚糖胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究壳聚糖胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法采用133mg/(kg·bw)、267mg/(kg·bw)、800mg/(kg·bw)剂量的壳聚糖胶囊给小鼠经口灌胃30天,进行免疫器官脏器/体重比值测定、血清溶血素测定、抗体生成细胞检测、碳廓清试验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验、NK细胞活性测定、脾淋巴细胞转化试验。结果壳聚糖胶囊能增强小鼠碳廓清的能力,提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率及吞噬指数,促进小鼠脾细胞溶血空斑及血清溶血素的形成,能增强脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力,提高NK细胞的活性。结论壳聚糖胶囊具有增强免疫力的功能。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.