45岁以下行冠状动脉介入治疗女性冠心病患者的临床特点

目的 对照评价45岁以下行冠状动脉介入治疗的女性和男性冠心病患者的临床特点及近远期临床疗效.方法 选择2004年4月至2008年2月在阜外心血管病医院择期接受冠状动脉介入治疗的45岁以下所有未绝经的124例女性患者作为女性组,采取整群抽样的方法选择阜外心血管病医院2006至2007年所有择期行冠状动脉介入治疗的45岁以下男性患者430例作为对照(男性组).两组均在术后6个月行临床冠状动脉造影随访,所有患者均临床随访1年.结果 共入选124例女性患者160处病变,430例男性患者665处病变,两组皆完成随访.女性组的血脂异常、陈旧性心肌梗死及吸烟史比例均低于男性组(均P<0.01).左主干病变比例女性组高于男性组(11.2%比2.9%,P<0.01).左前降支比例女性组高于男性组(61.3%比46.9%P=0.016).右冠状动脉病变比例女性组低于男性组(15.6%比30.2%,P<0.01).C型病变比例女性组低于男性组(36.2%比48.9%,P=0.004).分叉病变比例女性组高于男性组(26.9%比11.1%,P<0.01).靶病变长度女性组短于男性组[(20.36±13.37)mm比(23.04±13.86)mm,P=0.027].住院期及1年随访期间,女性组与男性组主要不良心血管事件、血栓发生率及再狭窄率差异无统计学意义.结论 病变位于左主干、前降支和分叉病变的比例45岁以下女性冠心病患者高于45岁以下男性冠心病患者,但是男性患者的冠心病危险因素较多、冠状动脉病变较严重.45岁以下男、女冠心病患者冠状动脉介入治疗的近远期疗效相似.     

血流储备分数指导女性冠状动脉临界病变的治疗及预后研究

目的研究血流储备分数(FFR)指导女性冠状动脉临界病变的治疗及预后。方法纳入我院行冠状动脉造影为临界病变的患者270例,其中男性160例,女性110例,根据FFR值决定治疗方案,比较男性与女性临床资料特征、FFR值、PCI比例及随访期间主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率。结果女性患者年龄、合并高血压及高脂血症比例高于男性,既往心肌梗死、吸烟和饮酒史比例低于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。女性FFR值明显高于男性,差异有统计学意义(0.85±0.08 vs 0.83±0.08,P=0.036)。男性与女性行PCI比例比较,差异无统计学意义(29.4%vs 24.5%,P=0.382)。完成临床随访患者262例中,男性156例,发生MACE 7例;女性106例,发生MACE 8例,男性与女性MACE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(4.5%vs 7.5%,P=0.295)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,男性与女性生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(95.5%vs 92.5%,P=0.366)。结论临界病变的FFR值有性别差异,女性的FFR值较男性高;FFR指导临界病变治疗的预后无性别差异。     

女性慢性完全闭塞病变患者的临床和影像学特点

目的:通过同期男女冠心病慢性完全闭塞（CTO）患者的比较分析女性CTO病变的临床和影像学特点。方法:1989年6月~2005年12月诊断冠心病的患者,入院后行常规实验室生化检查及X线胸片、心脏超声等临床辅助检查,并行冠状动脉造影及左室造影检查。入选有1支或1支以上CTO病变的患者进入本研究,按性别分为女性组（n=334）和男性组(n=1 382)。结果:与男性组比较,在临床资料方面,女性组年龄大［(64±8)岁 vs.(60±11)岁,P<0.01］,高血压病比例高(65.6% vs. 53.3%,P<0.01),而女性组体质量低［(65±10)kg vs.(75±10)kg,P<0.01)、吸烟比例低(11.1% vs.46.7%,P<0.01)、饮酒比例低(2.4% vs. 26.6%,P<0.01)、心肌梗死比例低(38.0% vs. 52.7%,P<0.01),在心绞痛、心律失常、心力衰竭、糖尿病 、脑血管病的比例均无统计学差异。实验室检查资料方面,女性组三酰甘油（TG）高［(2.3±2.0)mmol/L vs.(2.0±1.5)mmol/L,P<0.01)、总胆固醇（TC）高［(5.4±1.3)mmol/L vs.(5.0±2.4)mmol/L,P<0.01］、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）高［(1.4±0.5)mmol/L vs.(1.3±0.4)mmol/L,P<0.01 ］、空腹血糖（FPG）高［(6.1±1.7)mmol/L vs.(5.9±1.7)mmol/L,P<0.05］和纤维蛋白原（Fib）水平高［(4.1±1.3)g/L vs.(3.9±1.4)g/L,P<0.05 ］,而尿素氮低（BUN）［(5.6±2.4)mmol/L vs.(5.9±2.0)mmol/L,P<0.05］、血清肌酐（Cr）低［(81±31)μmol/L vs.(95±33)μmol/L,P<0.01］。心脏超声左室内径小［ (48±6)mm vs.(51±6)mm,P<0.01］,左室射血分数（LVEF）偏高［(0.64±0.10) vs.(0.63±0.11),P<0.05］。冠状动脉造影资料比较显示,两组在冠状动脉优势型、单支血管病变、多支血管病变、CTO血管分布、侧支循环0级、Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级比例及造影并发症发生中均无统计学差异。结论:女性CTO患者中代谢指标异常较为突出,且年龄较高,但女性CTO患者病变复杂程度与男性并无显著差异。     

早发冠心病患者的临床特征和冠脉病变特点的性别差异分析

目的 探讨早发冠心病患者的危险因素、临床症状和冠状动脉病变特点的性别差异。方法 连续入选我科2009年5月~2014年10月经冠脉造影确诊的198例早发冠心病患者，分为男性组（年龄<55岁,n=135）和女性组（年龄<65岁,n=63）。观察两组在冠心病危险因素、临床症状和冠脉造影特点等方面的差异，探讨早发冠心病患者的性别特征。结果 男性组吸烟(83% vs. 5%，P<0.01)、肥胖(28% vs. 16%,P<0.05)和饮酒的比例(39% vs. 2%,P<0.01)显著高于女性组，而女性组高血压病患者的比例高于男性组(70% vs. 51%,P<0.05)；两组糖尿病、血脂异常患者的比例之间差别无统计学意义。男性组血清三酰甘油水平较女性组高〔(2.0±1.4) mmol/L vs.(1.6±0.9) mmol/L,P<0.05〕，而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇〔(1.03±0.23) mmol/L vs.(1.18±0.27) mmol/L,P<0.01〕和载脂蛋白A水平〔(1.11±0.19) g/L vs.(1.20±0.23) g/L,P<0.01〕和载脂蛋白A/B比值〔(1.4±0.5) vs.(1.6±0.5),P<0.01〕则均较女性组低。男性组危险因素聚集较女性组明显〔(1.9±1.0) vs.( 1.1±0.8)，P<0.01〕；职业分布中，工人在两组所占比例均较高(50% vs. 40%),但男女组间无显著差异。与男性组比较，女性下岗或无业比例较更高(12% vs. 30%,P<0.01)；两组无胸痛比例(35% vs. 46 %)无显著差异，同时，男性患者出汗较为常见(44% vs. 29%,P<0.05)，而女性组心悸现象则较多见(7% vs. 22%,P<0.01)。两组冠状动脉造影结果显示均以单支病变为主(49% vs. 60%)，病变血管均以前降支最为多见(68% vs. 54%)。两组冠状动脉造影结果比较，病变血管数、罪犯血管分布和累及植入支架比例之间差别均无统计学意义。结论 早发冠心病患者临床特征存在性别差异，但冠状动脉病变分布特征二者之间无显著差别。     

中国人与澳大利亚人左冠脉病变规律的比较研究

目的 探讨中国人与澳大利亚人左冠状动脉病变规律的差异.方法 中国南京入选患者3 021例(男性68.4%),澳大利亚悉尼入选患者3 230例(男性67.5%),分别进行冠脉造影及定量冠脉造影分析.结果 澳大利亚人组左冠状动脉主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)变率及总的Gensini积分均高于中国人组(P<0.05);中国人组男性LM、LAD病变率及总的Gensini积分均高于女性患者,澳大利亚人组男性LCX病变率及总的Gensini积分均高于女性患者(P<0.05);澳大利亚人组男性LM、LAD及总的Gensini积分,女性LM及总的Gensini积分分别高于中国人同性别组(P<0.05).结论 澳大利亚人左冠状动脉病变程度比中国人重;两组男性左冠状动脉病变程度均比女性重;澳大利亚人组男性及女性的左冠状动脉病变程度均比中国人组同性别患者重.     

中国人与澳大利亚人冠状动脉造影三支血管病变及完全闭塞病变比较

目的 探讨中国人与澳大利亚人冠状动脉造影三支血管病变及完全闭塞病变规律差异.方法 中国南京入选冠心病患者3 021例(男性2 067例,68.42%),澳大利亚悉尼入选冠心病患者3 230例(男性2 195例,67.9%),分别进行冠状动脉造影及定量冠状动脉造影分析.结果 (1)澳大利亚人组三支血管病变、完全闭塞病变及总的Gensini积分均显著高于中国人组(P＜0.01);(2)中国人组男性三支血管病变、完全闭塞病变率及总的Gensini积分均显著高于女性患者,澳大利亚人组男性三支血管病变、完全闭塞病变率及总的Gensini积分均显著高于女性患者(P＜0.01);(3)澳大利亚人组男性及女性三支血管病变、完全闭塞病变率及总的Gensini积分,均分别显著高于中国人同性别组(P＜0.01).结论 澳大利亚人组三支血管病变及完全闭塞病变率较中国人高;两组男性三支血管病变及完全闭塞病变率均比女性高;澳大利亚人组男性及女性的三支血管病变及完全闭塞病变率均比中国人组同性别患者高.     

未绝经女性患者冠状动脉事件临床特点分析

目的 分析未绝经女性患者冠状动脉事件的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1995-2007年间于北京协和医院接受诊治的未绝经女性冠心病患者47例,已绝经女性冠心病患者172例和未绝经非动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉疾病女性患者(non-AS CAD组)18例的临床表现.结果 (1)与已绝经冠心病组比较:未绝经冠心病组的高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症的发生率较低(均P<0.01),既往发生胸痛较少(14.9%比82.6%,P<0.01),冠心病危险因素个数较少(1.04±0.98比2.21±0.10,P<0.01),急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)较多(83.0%比48.8%,P<0.01);冠状动脉造影显示以单支病变为主(70.2%比29.1%,P<0.01),冠状动脉病变积分(Gensini评分)较低(10.5±7.2比56.5+27.0,P<0.01);logstic回归发现,肥胖是未绝经女性冠心病患者独立的危险因素(OR =3.655,95%CI:1.15～11.59,P=0.028).(2)18例non-AS CAD患者占疑诊冠心病未绝经女性患者中的28%,其中16例以ACS起病.与未绝经冠心病组比较,血生化指标、危险因素、冠状动脉病变情况等差异均无统计学意义.结论 未绝经女性冠心病患者较已绝经女性冠心病患者合并高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症者少,冠心病危险因素少;既往发生胸痛较少,以ACS起病多见;肥胖是独立的危险因素.非动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉疾病也是引起未绝经女性患者发生冠状动脉事件的重要原因.     

冠状动脉直径≤3.0mm病变介入治疗特点及中期疗效分析

目的评估男性与女性冠心病患者冠状动脉直径≤3.0mm病变的介入治疗特点及中期预后。方法入选2004年4月至2008年4月收住阜外医院并进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术的患者共计1350例(1702处治疗病变),介入治疗血管为参照血管直径<3.0mm的自身冠状动脉首次介入治疗病变,其中男性1073例(79.6%),女性277例(20.5%)。随访严重不良心脏事件。结果与既往研究相比,临床特征与既往研究基本相符。造影结果,男性术后和随访狭窄程度略高,同时支架释放成功率略低。其余造影结果并未明显差异。平均随访(181.1±9.6)d后,男女两组患者之间严重不良心脏事件差异没有统计学意义(23.1%比22.9%,χ2=0.02,P=0.87),除冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和死亡因女性样本量太小原因得出差异外,包括急性心肌梗死(0.37%比0.36%,χ2=0.003,P=0.95),再狭窄(16.6%比15.6%,χ2=0.68,P=0.41),晚期支架内血栓(0.56%比0.36%,χ2=1.15,P=0.28),再次血管重建(11.8%比13.4%,χ2=2.55,P=0.11)等各亚项差异皆无统计学意义。结论男女冠心病患者在冠状动脉直径相同和病变特点相似情况下,PCI术后女性和男性的中期预后差异无统计学意义。冠状动脉血管直径的差异,可能对PCI术后预后的性别差异中起着关键性的作用。     

冠心病临界病变冠状动脉血流储备降低的临床特点与冠状动脉造影特点

目的探讨冠心病临界病变冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)降低的临床与冠状动脉造影特点。方法入选北京友谊医院行冠状动脉造影的冠心病临界病变患者,行冠状动脉生理学检测,包括血流储备分数(FFR)、CFR、微循环阻力指数(IMR)测定。将FFR 0.8的患者根据CFR 2与CFR≥2分为两组,比较两组患者临床与冠状动脉造影特点。对FFR 0.8且CFR 2的患者,根据IMR≥23与IMR 23再分为两个亚组,比较两亚组患者临床与冠状动脉造影特点。结果研究从完成冠状动脉内生理学检测的89例冠状动脉临界病变中共入选FFR 0.8的患者52例,其中CFR 2组19例(36.5%)。CFR 2组高血压病(89.5%比42.4%,P 0.001)、糖尿病(52.6%比18.2%,P=0.011)、吸烟(36.8%比9.0%,P=0.031)和右冠状动脉比例(57.9%比15.2%,P=0.002)、IMR[(26.7±3.7)比(17.3±5.0),P 0.001]明显高于CFR≥2组。IMR≥23亚组血清C反应蛋白[(8.37±1.67)mg/L比(3.85±1.01)mg/L,P 0.001]、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值[(3.94±0.87)比(2.04±0.43),P 0.001]明显高于IMR 23亚组。结论冠状动脉临界病变CFR降低更常见于有高血压病、糖尿病、吸烟史的患者,右冠状动脉评估时更常见、易合并IMR升高。     

中青年女性冠心病临床特点分析

目的了解中青年女性冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)患者的临床和冠状动脉造影影像学特征及危险因素。方法入选2006年6月至2011年6月在马鞍山市中心医院心内科接受冠状动脉造影的住院中青年女性患者253例(年龄≤55岁)和同龄男性冠心病患者222例,根据冠状动脉造影结果分成女性冠心病组(n=96)、女性非冠心病组(n=157)和男性冠心病组(n=222),分析不同性别冠心病组冠状动脉病变的数量和部位;采用多因素Logistic回归分析中青年女性冠心病患者的影响因素。结果中青年女性冠心病组与非冠心病组相比,吸烟史、血压[(147.3±14.6/79.9±13.5)vs.(127.9±4.7/71.1±13.1)mm Hg]、空腹血糖[(6.32±1.26)vs.(5.56±1.19)mmol/L]、总胆固醇[(4.99±0.96)vs.(4.44±0.78)mmol/L]和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)[(2.96±0.71)vs.(2.48±0.69)mmol/L]高(均p0.01)。与男性冠心病组相比,女性冠心病组糖尿病史比例较高(16.7%vs.4.5%,p0.05),冠状动脉病变以单支病变多见(58%vs.41%,p0.01);吸烟史比例、三支病变的发生率低(分别3.1%vs.14.9%,17%vs.36%,均p0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:糖尿病、高血压及吸烟史是女性冠心病的主要危险因素,OR值分别为4.286、3.267、2.500(均p0.05)。结论中青年女性冠心病患者,糖尿病是最重要的危险因素,其冠脉病变多为单支病变。     

锡伯族和汉族冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化及冠状动脉病变对比分析

目的 对比分析锡伯族、汉族冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化及冠状动脉病变情况.方法 对经冠状动脉造影明确的48例锡伯族、57例汉族冠心病患者和50例正常对照者均行颈动脉超声检查,比较各组间颈动脉内膜中膜厚度、斑块的发生率及冠状动脉病变的Gensini积分.结果 锡伯族、汉族冠心病患者内膜中膜厚度及颈动脉斑块的发生率均高于正常对照者(1.1±0.3 mm和1.0±0.1 mm比0.6±0.2 mm、88.3%和77.2%比38.0%,P<0.05),但锡伯族与汉族间比较没有统计学差异(P>0.05);锡伯族患者冠状动脉病变支数少于汉族(1.82±0.24比2.54±0.31, P<0.05),冠状动脉病变的Gensini积分也明显低于汉族(8.23±1.35比15.84±2.68,P<0.05),且冠状动脉病变支数越多,锡伯族、汉族冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度越重.结论 锡伯族和汉族冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化情况均重于正常对照者,但锡伯族和汉族间比较没有统计学意义;锡伯族和汉族冠心病患者冠状动脉病变存在差异,且锡伯族冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度低于汉族;通过颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的程度可预测冠状动脉病变的存在及严重程度.     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点

目的探讨老年冠心病患者冠状动脉的病变特点。方法临床诊断冠心病患者602例,其中老年女性207例(老年女性组),经冠状动脉造影确诊123例,中青年女性129例(中青年女性组),老年男性266例(老年男性组)。对比分析老年女性组与中青年女性组患者冠状动脉造影阳性率,老年女性组与老年男性组患者冠状动脉病变的不同特点。结果老年女性组不稳定性心绞痛和急性心肌梗死冠状动脉造影阳性率显著高于中青年女性组(77.3%vs57.7%,95.8%vs66.7%,P<0.01),两组患者稳定性心绞痛和陈旧性心肌梗死无统计学差异((78.2%vs76.5%,95.0%vs100.0%,P>0.05)。冠状动脉造影阳性的老年女性组与老年男性组患者不同临床类型的冠状动脉病变血管支数无统计学差异(P>0.05),老年女性组稳定性心绞痛和陈旧性心肌梗死冠状动脉Gensini积分均显著高于老年男性组[(54±7)分vs(46±5)分,(78±9)分vs(68±4)分,P<0.05],两组患者冠状动脉病变分布无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论老年女性患者冠状动脉病变阳性率高于中青年女性,部分老年女性患者冠状动脉病变程度较老年男性患者重。     

Comparison of medical treatment and coronary revascularization in patients with moderate coronary lesions and borderline fractional flow reserve measurements

Objectives : (1) To evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with moderate coronary lesions and borderline fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements (between 0.75 and 0.80), comparing those who underwent coronary revascularization (CR) to those who had medical treatment (MT), and (2) to determine the predictive factors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at follow‐up. Methods : A total of 107 consecutive patients (mean age 62 ± 10 years) with at least one moderate coronary lesion (mean percent diameter stenosis 47 ± 12%) evaluated by coronary pressure wire with FFR measurement between 0.75 and 0.80 (mean 0.77 ± 0.02) were included in the study. MACE [CR, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death) and the presence of angina were evaluated at follow‐up. Results : Sixty‐three patients (59%) underwent CR and 44 patients (41%) had MT, with no clinical differences between groups. At a mean follow‐up of 13 ± 7 months, MACE related to the coronary lesion evaluated by FFR were higher in the MT group compared with CR group (23% vs. 5%, P = 0.005). Most MACE consisted of CRs, with no differences between groups in MI and cardiac death rate at follow‐up. Both MT and FFR measurements in an artery supplying a territory with previous MI were independent predictive factors of MACE at follow‐up, respectively (hazard ratio 5.2, 95% CI 1.4–18.9, P = 0.01; hazard ratio 4.1, 95% CI 1.1–15.3, P = 0.03). The presence of angina at follow‐up was more frequent in the MT group compared with the CR group (41% vs. 9%, P = 0.002). Conclusions : In patients with moderate coronary lesions and borderline FFR measurements deferral of revascularization was associated with a higher rate of MACE (CR) and a higher prevalence of angina at follow‐up, especially in those with previous MI in the territory evaluated by FFR. Further prospective randomized studies should confirm whether or not an FFR cut‐off point of 0.80 instead of 0.75 would be more appropriate for deferring CR in these cases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Incidence,predictors, and prognostic value of intramyocardial hemorrhage lesions in ST elevation myocardial infarction

Background: Intra myocardial hemorrhage lesions (IMH) are underdiagnosed complication of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We sought to determine the incidence, predictors and the prognostic value of IMH in STEMI using cardiac MR imaging (CMR) techniques. Methods: We screened for inclusion consecutive patients with STEMI treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within the first 12 hr of evolution. IMH lesions were identified on T2‐weighted sequences on CMR between days 4 and 8 after PCI. Adverse cardiac events were defined as a composite of death + severe ventricular arrhythmias + acute coronary syndrome + acute heart failure. Results: N = 114 patients were included and n = 11 patients (10%) presented IMH lesions. Patients with IMH lesions had a larger myocardial infarction extent (25.6 ± 1.8 vs. 13.5 ± 1.0 % LV mass, P < 0.01), microvascular obstructive lesions extent (4.6 ± 1.0 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3% LV mass, P < 0.01) and lower LV ejection fraction (40.7 ± 2.3% vs. 50.7 ± 1.3%, P < 0.01). The value of glycemia at admission was an independent predictor of IMH development (Odd ratio 1.8 [1.1–2.8] per mmol l^?1, P = 0.01). The incidence of adverse cardiac events was higher in the IMH group than in the non‐IMH group during the first year following STEMI (P = 0.01, log‐rank analysis). Cox regression analysis identified the presence of IMH lesions as an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome (Hazard Ratio = 2.8 [1.2–6.8], P = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study indicates that IMH is a rare but severe finding in STEMI, associated with a larger myocardial infarction and a worse clinical outcome. Per‐PCI glycemia might influence IMH development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Intracoronary ultrasound before coronary interventions: A prospective comparison of two different catheters

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides unique information about the coronary arterial wall that can be used to guide transcatheter therapy. In this prospective study, two different IVUS systems were compared with respect to feasibility of imaging before intervention and angiographic changes induced by the simple advancement of the catheter across the lesion. Eighty-five patients (mean age 59 ± 10 yr, 11 female) were studied with IVUS before intervention. In 34 patients, a 4.8F (1.6-mm) IVUS catheter was used (Group I), whereas in the remaining 51 patients a 3.5F (1.2-mm) IVUS catheter was used (Group II). Quantitative angiography was performed before and after the IVUS study to determine potential changes in lumen diameter. Clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar in the two groups. A successful IVUS interrogation of the target lesion was obtained more frequently in Group II (45/51 (88%) vs. 19/34 (56%) patients, P < 0.01). After the IVUS study, a change in minimal lumen diameter was seen in Group I (baseline 0.84 ± 0.2 vs. Final 1.17 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.001) and Group II patients (baseline 0.80 ± 0.3 vs. final 1.03 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.01). In the 64 lesions successfully crossed, the absolute gain in lumen diameter was significantly higher in Group I (0.40 + 0.2 vs. 0.23 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.05). In addition, an inverse correlation was found between baseline minimal lumen diameter and the absolute lumen gain induced by the IVUS study in Group I (r = −0.47, P < 0.05) but not in Group II patients (r = −0.16, NS). Neither angiographic nor echogenic lesion characteristics were associated with the change in lumen diameter. When multivariate analysis was applied, catheter size was the only independent predictor of lumen gain induced by IVUS after adjustment. Thus, the advancement of IVUS catheters across severe coronary lesions induces significant angiographic changes consistent with plaque remodeling and a Dotter effect. The use of smaller catheters not only allows a higher number of lesions to be studied before intervention, but also lessens the mechanical disruption of the plaque, yielding a more accurate and veracious picture of baseline plaque characteristics. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 40:33–39, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Low restenosis rate in lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery with stenting following directional coronary atherectomy

The present study evaluated acute and late results with stenting following directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) for the lesions in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Between April 1995 and January 1997, 200 LAD lesions with ≥3 mm reference vessel diameter were treated with coronary stents. The lesions were divided as to whether or not DCA was performed before stenting; 1) stenting alone (n = 163) and 2) debulking and stenting (n = 37). There were no significant differences in the incidences of complications except for non-Q-wave myocardial infarction that was more frequent in patients with debulking and stenting than in those with stenting alone (13.5% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.05). A greater acute lumen gain (2.85 ± 0.66 vs. 2.25 ± 0.60 mm, P < 0.01) and minimal lumen diameter (3.64 ± 0.56 vs. 3.15 ± 0.41 mm, P < 0.01) after stenting were observed in patients with debulking and stenting than in those with stenting alone. At follow-up patients with debulking and stenting continued to have a greater minimal lumen diameter (2.88 ± 0.72 vs. 2.15 ± 0.85 mm, P < 0.01) and had a lower restenosis rate (6.3% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.05) than those with stenting alone. Stenting following DCA appears to be advantageous in the LAD lesions with ≥3 mm reference vessel diameter. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:131–138, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity predicts the risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

This study was done to evaluate whether anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity can be a predictor of restenosis after coronary intervention. Recent studies indicate that latent infection with C. pneumoniae is associated with and could possibly cause atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether chronic infection with this microorganism is involved in the mechanism of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. We prospectively studied 78 consecutive patients (90 target lesions) with symptomatic coronary artery disease who underwent successful coronary intervention to a de novo lesion (conventional balloon angioplasty to 31 lesions and stent implantation to 59 lesions). At angioplasty, blood samples were collected to measure the serum level of anti-C. pneumoniae IgG to examine whether seropositive patients were prone to restenosis and whether the seropositivity could predict the risk of restenosis determined by follow-up coronary angiography performed within 6 months after the angioplasty. Restenosis, defined as more than 50% stenosis with an increase of 15% or more in the degree of stenosis from that measured on cineangiograms after angioplasty, developed in 36 of 62 seropositive patients and in 4 of 16 seronegative patients (58% vs 25%, P = 0.025). Lesions in the seropositive patients had a greater mean loss index (mean ± SD 0.75 ± 0.45 vs 0.35 ± 0.41, P < 0.001), which was defined as late loss (luminal diameter reduction at follow-up angiography) divided by acute gain (luminal diameter gain by angioplasty), in late loss (1.07 ± 0.64 mm vs 0.65 ± 0.79 mm, P = 0.019), in percentage of diameter stenosis (57% ± 20% vs 41% ± 21%, P = 0.003) and a lesser mean in minimal luminal diameter (1.18 ± 0.58 mm vs 1.67 ± 0.63 mm, P = 0.002) at follow-up angiography. In a multivariate logistic regression model, anti-C. pneumoniae IgG seropositivity was a strong independent predictor of restenosis compared to the other risk factors (odds ratio = 6.2, P = 0.01). C. pneumoniae could play an important role in the mechanism of restenosis and evaluation of the IgG seropositivity, and may help to identify patients at high risk for restenosis. Received: June 13, 2001 / Accepted: December 7, 2001     

Assessment of the results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty using an integrated ultrasound imaging-angioplasty Catheter

To evaluate the results percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), intra-vascular ultrasound imaging was performed in 32 proximal coronary arterial segments and in 16 atherosclerotic lesions after PTCA in 13 patients using a 5 Fr balloon catheter with an ultrasound transducer mounted just proximal to the balloon. Simultaneous angiographic measurements of vessel diameter were also performed using electronic calipers from contrast cine angiograms. There was good correlation between ultrasound and angiographic minimum luminal diameters of the normal proximal vessel (y = 0.59x + 1.49, r = 0.70, P<0.01, n = 32). However, the luminal diameter measured by intravascular ultrasound was significantly greater than when measured by contrast angiography (2.81±0.10 vs. 2.34±0.12mm, n = 16, P<0.001, mean ±SEM). Post-PTCA, there was good correlation between ultrasound and angiographic minimum luminal diameters of the lesion (y = 0.62x + 1.42, r=0.76, P<0.001, n = 16), but again luminal diameters were significantly greater when measured by intravascular ultrasound compared to contrast angiography (2.61±0.08 vs. 1.89 ± 0.10mm, n = 16, P<0.001). Furthermore, residual stenosis was significantly less when determined by intravascular ultrasound than by contrast angiography (7.3±2.0 vs. 18.1 ± 2.1%, n = 16, P<0.001). Intravascular ultrasound was able to detect coronary calcification that was not evident by contrast coronary angiography in 8 of 16 lesions. Post-PTCA, dissection was evident in four lesions by ultrasound, whereas dissection was appreciated in only three lesions by contrast angiography. We conclude that intravascular ultrasound can accurately measure the luminal diameter of coronary arteries both before and after PTCA and reveals more information about the lesion characteristics than does conventional contrast angiography.     

Long-term angiographic outcomes of post-Sirolimus-eluting stent restenosis in Japanese patients

Though restenosis after drug-eluting stent implantation is still observed, the factors affecting post-Sirolimus-eluting stent restenosis (re-restenosis) have not been fully determined. We evaluated the long-term angiographic outcomes and examined background factors affecting re-restenosis. We enrolled 51 patients with 68 Sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) restenosis lesions who underwent target lesion revascularization (TLR) and angiographic follow-up studies. Re-restenosis was observed in 29 of 68 restenosis lesions, and the rate was 42.6%. Study subjects were divided into two groups: a re-restenosis (Re-R) group (20 patients) with 29 lesions and a restenosis (R) group (31 patients) with 39 lesions with no re-restenosis. There were no differences in age, sex, coronary risk factors, past history, or medications between the two groups. Re-restenosis was observed more frequently in the right coronary artery (Re-R group vs. R group; 65.5 vs. 33.3%, P = 0.009). The incidence of stent fracture was higher in the Re-R group (Re-R group vs. R group; 48.3 vs. 12.8%, P = 0.003). QCA results showed that the initial lesion length at the time of first coronary intervention was significantly longer in the Re-R group (Re-R group vs. R group; 21.6 ± 3.37 vs. 12.6 ± 4.98 mm, P = 0.049). The rate of re-restenosis was 47.1% when treated with POBA alone, while it was 36.7% with SES treatment. In multivariate analysis, the initial lesion length at the time of first coronary intervention (odds ratio = 1.64, 95% CI 1.29–2.06, P < 0.001) and stent fracture (odds ratio = 12.42, 95% CI 1.89–81.4, P = 0.009) were independent predictors of re-restenosis. This study demonstrates that recurrent restenosis with SES treatment is associated with lesion length and stent fracture, a finding that is beneficial in the management of restenosis after SES implantation.     

Coagulation Activation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: the Higher Coronary Risk of Female Diabetic Patients

Thrombophilia in diabetic patients is a well-recognized phenomenon which constitutes an additional risk of coronary heart disease. This study included 1980 ethnic Chinese people (835 male, 1145 female); age range: 45 to 69 years, including 280 Type 2 diabetic patients (male 125, female 155). Haemostatic parameters measured were fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), factor VIIc, factor VIIIc, antithrombin III, and plasminogen. Compared with a control group, male diabetic patients showed significantly shorter APTT (25.6 ± 3.7 vs 27.5 ± 3.6 s, p<0.001), and elevated factor VIIIc (171.1 ± 77.48 vs 131.16 ± 52.23%, p<0.0001), whereas female diabetic patients showed significantly shorter APTT (24.9 ± 4.2 vs 26.5 ± 3.9 s, p<0.001) and elevated fibrinogen (10.6 ± 3.3 vs 9.8 ± 2.6 μmol 1^?1, p<0.05), factor VIIc (150.4 ± 68.7 vs 135.3 ± 32.3%, p<0.001), factor VIIIc (190.1 ± 92.6 vs 141.1 ± 62.4%, p<0.0001), and plasminogen (140.3 ± 41.9 vs 128.4 ± 38.7%, p<0.01). This study showed that Chinese diabetic patients had coagulation activation, and that female diabetic patients seemed to constitute a higher risk group for coronary heart disease than males.