重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酵母)10μg成人免疫失败因素探讨

目的 探讨重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(酵母)[Hepatitis B Vaccine Made by Recombinant DNA Techniques in Yeast,HepB(Yeast)]10 μg成人免疫失败的因素,为制定成人HepB接种方案提供依据.方法 随机选取≥18岁易感人群,按0、1、6个月免疫程序接种HepB(Yeast)10μg,对免疫失败者进行病例对照研究.结果 成人接种10μgHepB(Yeast)免疫失败率为12.99％.免疫失败人群吸烟率、肥胖率、乙肝家族史及微量乙肝病毒(Hepatitis Bvirus,HBV)感染率均高于免疫成功人群,差异有显著的统计学意义.结论 成人接种10μgHepB(Yeast)免疫失败与吸烟、肥胖、乙肝家族史、微量HBV感染有关.     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酿酒酵母)免疫12年保护效果及持久性分析

目的了解重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(酿酒酵母)[Hepatitis B Vaccine(HepB)Made by Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)Techniques in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Yeast,HepB-SCY]对新生儿的长期免疫效果和免疫持久性,为预防控制乙肝和HepB免疫策略提供参考。方法用横断面调查和分层整群抽样的方法,在HepB免疫效果长期监测点收集1997～2008年出生、全程接种HepB-SCY人群的血清样本和资料;用微粒子酶免疫法检测乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染指标,结合HepB免疫史进行分析。结果收集免疫人群样本9343例,乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)平均阳性率为0.98%,抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体(Antibody to HBV Core Antigen,Anti-HBc)阳性率为3.16%,HBV感染率为3.37%;抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Antibody to HBsAg,Anti-HBs)平均阳性率为63.78%,从免疫后1年的91.16%逐渐下降至免疫后12年的50.53%;HepB首剂(HepB1)及时接种人群的HBsAg阳性率为0.89%,显著低于未及时接种人群的2.73%。结论 HepB-SCY免疫人群的HBsAg阳性率显著下降,免疫12年后保护效果良好,无证据表明需要进行再免疫。HepB1及时接种对预防HBV传播至关重要,提高HepB1及时接种率是预防控制乙肝的关键措施之一。     

成人乙型肝炎感染风险和疾病负担

中国实施新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine,HepB)免疫规划以来,儿童乙肝表面抗原(Hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)携带率显著降低。然而成人乙肝病毒(HepatitisBvirus,HBV)感染率和易感者比例仍然较高,而HepB接种率较低,可因多种高危行为或职业暴露增加HBV感染风险。本文综述了成人HBV感染的风险和疾病负担,以及成人高危人群接种HepB的必要性。     

2006年全球新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗预防接种

乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（Hepatitis B Virus,HBV）感染是全球引起肝硬化和肝癌的主要原因,世界卫生组织（WHO）建议所有国家把乙肝疫苗（Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB）接种纳入国家免疫规划。另外,在围产期HBV感染占主要原因的国家,尤其是HBV感染高流行国家（HBV慢性感染率≥8%）,WHO建议HepB首针（HepB1）应尽快在出生后24h内接种,以控制围产期HBV传播。     

乙型肝炎疫苗和乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白联合免疫预防乙型肝炎母婴传播的免疫效果综述

乙型肝炎(乙肝)表面抗原(Hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)阳性母亲所生新生儿是乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染的高危人群,乙肝疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine, HepB)和乙肝免疫球蛋白(Hepatitis B immunoglobulin, HBIG)联合免疫后乙肝表面抗体(Hepatitis B surface antibody, HBsAb)水平随时间推移而下降,部分儿童无免疫应答或低应答,仍有HBV感染风险。本文基于国内外相关研究文献,对HBsAg阳性母亲所生新生儿HepB和HBIG联合免疫后的免疫原性、免疫持久性和保护效果进行了综述,为完善乙肝母婴传播阻断措施提供参考。     

乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白与乙型肝炎疫苗联合免疫预防围产期乙型肝炎病毒传播

中国是乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)高发地区,乙肝病毒(HBV)的感染对人群健康构成严重的威胁。而母婴传播是HBV在中国传播的重要途径。联合使用乙肝免疫球蛋白和乙肝疫苗(HepB)被广泛用于阻断围产期HBV母婴传播。国内外的诸多研究表明,联合免疫的阻断效果要强于单独使用HepB,同时随着流行情况及人群流行病学特征的差异以及免疫剂量和免疫程序不同,联合免疫的效果也会有相应的差异。     

1起接种乙型肝炎疫苗后偶合间质性肺炎死亡案例分析

乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)是由乙肝病毒引起的传染病,主要通过血液、母婴和性传播。为了降低乙肝发病率,中国于1992年开始在新生儿中普遍接种乙肝疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine,HepB),2002年将HepB纳入儿童免疫规划。2006年血清学调查显示,北京市乙肝人群表面抗原阳性率已由中度流行向低流行过渡,预防接种效果显著[1]。但是随着国家免疫规划的推广     

重庆市乙型肝炎疫苗预防接种效果分析

目的 了解重庆市10余年来乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)预防接种的效果.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,抽取3251名1～59岁人群进行血清流行病学调查,用固相放射免疫法检测乙肝病毒血清学标志物.结果 ①重庆市1～59岁城市和农村人群HepB接种率分别为24.09％和13.68％;②接种HepB人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙肝病毒核心抗体标化阳性率分别为4.75％和37.8％,未接种者分别为11.21％和44.73％;③已接种HepB城市人群HBsAg、乙肝病毒表面抗体阳性率分别为3.00％和48.83％,农村人群分别为6.55％和26.18％.结论 重庆市HepB预防接种效果良好,应重点加强农村人群HepB的预防接种.     

云南省不同时期乙型肝炎疫苗接种及乙型肝炎病毒感染情况分析

目的了解不同时期实施不同免疫策略后,人群乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)接种和乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染情况。方法利用2006年全国1～59岁人群乙肝血清流行病学调查中,云南省调查点的资料和血清标本,分析HepB纳入儿童计划免疫管理、世界银行贷款卫生Ⅶ(卫Ⅶ)项目、卫生部/全球疫苗免疫联盟(Ministry of Health/Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization,MOH/GAVI)合作项目的实施,对全省HepB接种和HBV感染的影响。结果 2006年调查显示,HepB接种率依次为MOH/GAVI项目实施后适龄儿童(1～3岁)高于卫Ⅶ项目实施后适龄儿童(4～10岁)(X~2=59.435,P<0.01),卫Ⅶ项目实施后适龄儿童(4～10岁)高于HepB纳入计划免疫管理后适龄人群(11～14岁)(X~2=31.615,P<0.01),HepB纳入计划免疫管理后适龄人群(11～14岁)高于HepB纳入计划免疫管理前适龄人群(15～59岁)(X~2=252.224,P<0.01)。HBV感染率和乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)阳性率,卫Ⅶ项目实施后适龄儿童(4～10岁)和HepB纳入计划免疫管理后适龄人群(11～14岁)差异无统计学意义(X~2=1.126,X~2=0.491;P均>0.05);MOH/GAVI项目实施后适龄儿童(1～3岁)低于HepB纳入计划免疫管理至卫Ⅶ项目实施后适龄人群(4～14岁)(X~2=15.308,X~2=7.211;P均<0.05),HepB纳入计划免疫管理至卫Ⅶ项目实施后适龄人群(4～14岁)低于HepB未纳入计划免疫管理前适龄人群(15～59岁)(X~2=63.205,X~2=10.248;P均<0.05);1～3岁、4～10岁、11～14岁扶贫开发县人群HepB接种率低于非扶贫开发县(X~2=45.022,X~2=213.505,X~2=66.175;P均<0.01),1～3岁扶贫开发县和非扶贫开发县人群HBV感染率差异无统计学意义(确切P=1.000),扶贫开发县4～10岁、11～14岁、15～59岁人群HBV感染率均高于非扶贫开发县(X~2=27.707,X~2=35.864,X~2=89.351;P均<0.01)。结论从HepB纳入儿童计划免疫管理到MOH/GAVI项目实施,全省HepB接种率提高,HBV感染率明显下降,但扶贫开发县儿童乙肝的控制亟待加强。     

我国成人乙型肝炎疫苗免疫现状和策略建议

我国新生儿乙型肝炎(下称"乙肝")疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine,HepB)免疫策略已实施多年,儿童乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染已得到有效控制,成人特别是青少年已逐渐成为我国HBV新发感染的主要人群。目前我国成年人HepB接种还处于自发状态,接种率大约10%～20%。普通成人按照常规免疫程序接种HepB可获得良好的效果,但对于HIV感染者、慢性肝病病人等特殊人群可能需要增加接种剂次和剂量,需进一步加强相关研究以获得循证数据。在成人中普种HepB可行性和成本效益较低,建议优先在特殊人群中推广HepB。     

Acute hepatitis B among children and adolescents--United States, 1990-2002

Since the 1991 adoption of a comprehensive strategy to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in the United States, the incidence of acute hepatitis B cases has declined steadily. Declines have been greatest among children born after the 1991 recommendations for universal infant hepatitis B vaccination were implemented. In 1995, the elimination strategy was expanded to include routine vaccination of all adolescents aged 11-12 years and, in 1999, to include children aged < or =18 years who had not been vaccinated previously. To describe the epidemiology of acute hepatitis B in children and adolescents in the United States, CDC analyzed notifiable disease surveillance data collected during 1990-2002 and data collected during 2001-2002 through enhanced surveillance of reported cases of acute hepatitis B in children born after 1990. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that the rate of acute hepatitis B in children and adolescents decreased 89% during 1990-2002 and that racial disparities in hepatitis B incidence have narrowed. Many confirmed cases in persons born after 1990 occurred among international adoptees and other children born outside the United States. Continued implementation of the hepatitis B elimination strategy and accurate surveillance data to monitor the impact of vaccination are necessary to sustain the decline of acute hepatitis B among children.     

乙型肝炎疫苗接种预防乙型肝炎和肝癌效果

目的 评价乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗预防乙肝和原发性肝细胞癌(肝癌)的保护效果。方法采用出生队列调查、横断面血清流行病学调查以及乙肝发病和肝癌死亡监测,对乙肝疫苗的预防效果进行评价。结果 婴儿乙肝疫苗普种后14年,接种人群HBsAg阳性率为0.7％～2.9％(平均为1.5％),保护率为83.5％～96.6％;HBV感染率为1.1％～5.1％(平均为2.2％),保护率为93.5％～98.4％。乙肝疫苗普种后15年,1～14岁年龄组乙肝发病率为1.4/10万,下降92.4％;0～19岁组肝癌死亡率为0.17/10万,下降19.23倍。结论 婴儿乙肝疫苗普种可降低急性乙肝发病率和肝癌死亡率。     

The effect of introduction of universal childhood hepatitis B immunization in South Africa on the prevalence of serologically negative hepatitis B virus infection and the selection of immune escape variants.

The effect of universal hepatitis B vaccination on the prevalence of serologically negative hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) and the emergence of HBsAg variants is unknown. We prospectively studied two different cohorts of 12--24 month old children in South Africa. They consisted of the unvaccinated children (n=459) born before the introduction of universal vaccination and the vaccinated children (n=1213) between 1 and 2 years after the introduction of the vaccination program. The frequency of detecting HBV DNA by PCR was reduced from 6.5% in unvaccinated children to 0.3% in vaccinated children (P<0.00001). There were no unique amino acid substitutions within the major hydrophilic region of the S sequence in both pre- and post-vaccination samples. Universal childhood vaccination reduced the frequency of serologically negative HBV infection and did not necessarily lead to selection of escape variants.     

Reduction in hepatitis B virus seroprevalence among U.S.-born children of foreign-born Asian parents—Benefit of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination

We demonstrate that after implementation of recommendations for universal infant hepatitis B vaccination, HBV infection prevalence among children of foreign-born Asian parents in Georgia declined dramatically; horizontal transmission of infection within households has occurred infrequently; and the vast majority of infants and children have received the recommended hepatitis B vaccinations. These results provide evidence of the success of the hepatitis B infant vaccination program and highlight its potential impact on reducing chronic HBV infection morbidity and mortality among U.S. populations at high risk.     

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among Asian and Pacific Islander children--United States, 1998

Asian and Pacific Islander (API) children in the United States have high rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (1-3). To prevent these infections, hepatitis B vaccination has been recommended for these children since the vaccine was first licensed by the Food and Drug Administration in 1981 (4). Recommendations have included universal hepatitis B vaccination of API infants beginning in 1990 and catch-up vaccination for API children aged <7 years (5). These recommendations were reinforced in 1991 when hepatitis B vaccination was recommended for all infants, particularly in populations such as API children with high rates of early childhood HBV infection (6). In 1995, vaccination was recommended for unvaccinated API children aged <11 years and catch-up vaccination for children aged 11-12 years who had not received hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) (7). Series completion among API children aged 19-35 months increased from 39% in 1994 to 88% in 1997 (8). However, among older API children, hepatitis B vaccination coverage was 10% in 1995 (7). In 1998, to examine trends in hepatitis B vaccination catch-up coverage among API children born before 1994, surveys were conducted in six U.S. cities. This report summarizes the results of the surveys, which indicate varying coverage among API children and suggest a need for continued focused vaccination programs for this population.     

Global progress toward universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination, 2003

In 1992, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal for all countries to integrate hepatitis B vaccination into their universal childhood vaccination programs by 1997. This report summarizes the global progress achieved toward vaccination of children against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Although many countries have introduced hepatitis B vaccination into their national vaccination programs, efforts are needed to increase coverage with the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series and expand vaccination programs into countries where the vaccine has not yet been introduced.     

Which newborns missed the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination among U.S. children?

Objectives

Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination is a critical step in preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus infection. This study assesses the prevalence of children who missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination and identifies socio-demographic factors associated with non-receipt of the birth dose among children in the United States.

Methods

A survey observation study was conducted with the national representative sample of 17,053 U.S. children aged 19–35 months obtained from the 2009 National Immunization Survey. Categorical data analysis and multivariable logistic regression in the context of complex sample survey were applied to evaluate the prevalence and determine the independent risk factors.

Results

39.2% of children missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination. Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, are not covered by health insurance, and have only 1 vaccination provider are significantly associated with non-receipt of the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination.

Conclusions

Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, and who are not covered by health insurance are two important modifiable risk factors for not receiving the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination. Future intervention studies could be needed to help control those modifiable risk factors.     

Universal immunization of infants with low doses of a low-cost,plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in South Africa

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of universal vaccination against viral hepatitis B in South Africa among 18-month-old rural children. METHODS: Children were immunized with a course of low-dose (1.5 microg), plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, and blood samples from the children were tested for three hepatitis B markers: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBs and anti-HBc. FINDINGS: One year after vaccination, a protective anti-HBs antibody titre of at least 10 IU/l was present in 669/769 (87.0%) of blood serum samples tested. Only 3/756 children (0.4%) were HBsAg positive and a fourth child was anti-HBc positive (HBsAg negative). This is a marked decrease compared to the hepatitis B prevalences reported in previous studies. Among rural migrant mine-workers, for example, HBsAg prevalence was 9.9%, and was 10.1% among children 0-6 years of age in the Eastern Cape Province. CONCLUSION: The low-dose, plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine, which is affordable to most developing countries, was very successful in controlling endemic hepatitis B infection, where the virus is predominantly spread by horizontal transmission among infants and young children.     

The Economics of Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination

Objective: To assess and compare the costs and effectiveness of different vaccination strategies against hepatitis B in Switzerland. Design: A birth cohort of 85 000 individuals was followed over their lifetime, using a decision-tree analysis. Published data were used to simulate the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the cohort, the consecutive clinical outcomes and the associated costs. Five new vaccination scenarios were assessed and compared with a baseline strategy of vaccination of high-risk groups. The 5 new vaccination scenarios were: (i) systematic prenatal screening and vaccination of newborns at risk; (ii) universal vaccination of infants; (iii) universal vaccination of school children; (iv) universal vaccination of infants and school children; and (v) universal vaccination of infants, school children and adolescents. Results: The incremental cost per year of life saved for systematic prenatal screening and vaccination of newborns at risk compared with the baseline scenario was estimated to be 23 350 Swiss francs (SwF; 1996 values). The 4 universal vaccination scenarios had a much larger impact on the number of chronic infections and deaths prevented. The incremental cost per year of life saved for universal vaccination compared with systematic prenatal screening and vaccination of newborns at risk ranged from SwF6120 (infant vaccination strategy) to SwF10 200 (school children vaccination strategy). In the sensitivity analysis, prevalence, vaccine price and discount rate were key elements. Conclusions: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios are lower with universal vaccination strategies than with selective vaccination. Furthermore, with universal vaccination strategies, increasingly ambitious strategies result in higher costs but also in more incremental years of life saved.     

Public vaccination programmes against hepatitis B in The Netherlands: assessing whether a targeted or a universal approach is appropriate

To date, the policy to control hepatitis B in the Netherlands is to vaccinate specific risk groups, rather than all children. Low incidence of the disease has fueled debate whether such a targeted vaccination strategy or rather a universal strategy, as recommended by the World Health Organization, is appropriate. The standard framework for assessing whether a particular vaccination should be included in a public programme, as recently proposed by the Health Council of the Netherlands (HCN), was applied to the various options for hepatitis B vaccination. This framework includes seven selection criteria, grouped under five thematic headings: seriousness and extent of the disease burden, effectiveness and safety of the vaccination, acceptability of the vaccination, efficiency of the vaccination, and priority of the vaccination. From about 1990 the disease burden has stayed more or less the same over time and careful assessment has made it clear that the targeted approach has failed to reach a significant part of the risk groups. Models suggest that the public health benefits obtained through targeted programmes could be augmented considerably by universal vaccination. Based on the assessment that universal vaccination means better protection for high-risk groups as well as the whole population, the HCN calls for universal immunisation, even though hepatitis B to a large extent is limited to specific high-risk groups. Should the Netherlands adopt universal vaccination, several immunisation programmes targeted to high-risk groups will, however, remain of crucial importance for years to come.