伤口摄入超铀核素的内照射剂量估算

目的 比较NCRP伤口生物动力学模型和ICRP 78号报告推荐的注入模式下伤口摄入超铀核素所致内照射剂量的差异,了解器官剂量的分布特性。方法 以²⁴¹Am（M类,颗粒态）为例计算了上述两种不同模型模式下工作人员伤口摄入单位活度后所致人体各组织器官当量剂量和待积有效剂量,及其在部分器官（肝、骨等）和部分生物样品（尿、粪等）中的滞留/排泄分数曲线。结果 工作人员经由伤口摄入单位活度²⁴¹Am所致待积有效剂量的两种模型计算结果相差约为18.5%;器官当量剂量由高到低依次为骨表面,肝和红骨髓;伤口摄入单位活度²⁴¹Am后全身滞留分数较高,不易排出,在骨和肝中的滞留分数随时间推移而显著升高,而在尿、粪中的排泄分数则较低且变化较小。结论 利用现有的两种模型估算超铀核素伤口污染所致的内照射剂量尚有较大的差异,值得继续深入开展研究。     

Effects of trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride on plasma lipoproteins of rats

Effects of single intraperitoneal administration of trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride (positive control) on the plasma contents of lipoproteins were investigated in rats. Plasma was fractionated to VLDL, LDL, and HDL by sequential ultracentrifugation. On the administration of carbon tetrachloride at 30 to 1000 mg/kg, VLDL and HDL were reduced dose-dependently, but the reduction in LDL was not dose-dependent. With trichloroethylene at 30 to 300 mg/kg, the lipid contents of VLDL and LDL fractions were decreased. At 1000 mg/kg, VLDL and LDL was increased by the trichloroethylene. The HDL was decreased with increasing doses of trichloroethylene at 30 to 1000 mg/kg. With 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 100 to 300 mg/kg, VLDL and LDL were increased. The HDL levels rose at 100 mg/kg but fell at 1000 mg/kg. Thus trichloroethylene impairs VLDL formation at low doses. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane stimulates the VLDL synthesis at low doses and inhibits it at high doses. The decreases in HDL at high doses of trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane resulted from the inhibition of HDL synthesis. Liver-to-body weight ratios were raised with increasing doses of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Plasma GOT and GPT activities rose at much higher doses of solvents than dose levels which produce the changes in lipoproteins and the increases in liver weights. The liver enlargement appeared to be a sensitive marker of hepatotoxicity related to the changes in lipoproteins, the profile of which was different in three solvents.     

ABCB4基因突变合并巨细胞病毒感染致婴儿胆汁淤积症的诊治分析并文献复习

目的探讨ABCB4基因突变合并巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染致婴儿胆汁淤积症(IC)患儿的临床特征、基因检测结果和诊治方案。 方法选择2019年8月3日,于中山大学附属第七医院就诊并确诊为ABCB4基因突变合并CMV感染致IC的1例婴儿(女性,生后9个月)为研究对象。回顾性分析其临床病例资料,包括临床特征、实验室检查结果及基因检测结果。同时,检索国内外数据库中ABCB4基因突变所致IC患儿的相关文献,并进行文献复习。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年新修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。 结果本例IC患儿在本院诊治结果如下。①病史采集：系G₂P₂,足月顺产,外观无异常,否认新生儿黄疸病史,生后2个月龄时出现皮肤及巩膜呈暗绿色,伴反复呕奶,当地医院治疗并诊断为胆汁淤积性肝病、CMV感染和泌尿系统感染,抗病毒治疗2周后好转出院。出院时,其血清总胆汁酸(sTBA)为152.8 μmol/L,CMV-DNA<4×10² copies/mL,口服熊去氧胆酸胶囊10 mg/(kg·d)治疗后,皮肤暗绿色逐渐消退,大、小便正常。出院后定期监测肝功能,sTBA、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)仍然较正常值增高。②实验室检查：血清CMV免疫球蛋白(Ig)G抗体呈阳性、CMV IgM抗体呈阴性,CMV-DNA<55×10² copies/mL。基因检测结果：患儿及其父亲均携带ABCB4基因杂合变异。治疗结果：经口服熊去氧胆酸胶囊10 mg/(kg·d)及谷胱甘肽片0.1 g/次× 3次/d治疗后,对患儿定期复查sTBA、GGT。随访到18个月龄时,其各项指标逐渐恢复正常范围。③文献复习结果：共计检索到8篇国内外报道的因ABCB4基因突变引起IC相关文献,纳入14例IC患儿,均被诊断为进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积3型(PFIC3),伴肝大,sTBA、GGT水平升高等。14例IC患儿中,共检测到ABCB4基因突变位点20个。其中,9例IC患儿接受熊去氧胆酸治疗,7例随访结果显示临床症状及实验室检查指标有所好转。 结论携带ABCB4基因突变,可引起IC。对于sTBA升高、肝酶异常的病因不明确、治疗效果不佳IC患儿,建议完善基因检测进一步排查ABCB4基因突变所致胆汁淤积症。     

Systemic toxicity from subchronic dermal exposure, chemical characterization, and dermal penetration of catalytically cracked clarified slurry oil

Clarified slurry oil (CSO), the heavy residual fraction from the fluidized catalytic cracker, was applied to the shaven backs of groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats 5 days/week for 13 weeks at doses of 8, 30, 125, or 500 mg/kg/day, and to another group for 2 weeks at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The rats were fitted with cardboard Elizabethan collars to minimize the ingestion of the test material, which was applied undiluted and remained uncovered on the skin. A similar group of rats served as controls; they were treated in the same manner except that no CSO was applied to their skin. There was a dose-related mortality and depression of body weight gain in the rats treated with CSO at doses of 30 mg/kg/day or greater; none of the rats dosed at 2000 mg/kg/day survived more than 2 weeks. The primary target organs of CSO toxicity were the liver, thymus, and bone marrow. The effects on the liver included increased weight (250% at 500 mg/kg/day), cholangiolitis, diffuse liver cell degeneration and hypertrophy, necrosis, fibrosis, decreased serum glucose, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, bilirubin, and triglycerides. The thymus was found to be small and upon microscopic examination to be atrophic or hypoplastic. Erythroid hypoplasia was found in the bone marrow of some of the rats dosed at 30 mg/kg/day and increased in severity with increasing dose. The erythroid hypoplasia was accompanied by a dose-related anemia. Even in the rats dosed at 8 mg/kg/day, very slight abnormalities in the bile ducts were observed upon microscopic examination of the liver. Chromatographic separation and analyses demonstrated that CSO contains about 58% 3- to 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and approximately 8-10% carbazole derivatives. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration studies demonstrated that the carbazole materials penetrate through the skin to a considerable extent (about 44%); less penetration was observed with 2- or 3-ring (8-13%) or 5-ring PAHs (3%).     

Tamoxifen protects against 17alpha-ethynylestradiol-induced liver damage and the development of urogenital papillae in the rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum)

Juvenile rainbow darters (Etheostoma caeruleum) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 20 to 1,000 ng/L of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) at 120 d posthatch and in a subsequent experiment to 200 ng/L of EE2 with 2.0 to 20,000 ng/L of tamoxifen (TMX) at 150 d posthatch to determine the threshold of estrogen-induced morphological and histological changes in a sexually dimorphic benthic fish species ecologically relevant to southern Minnesota (USA). 17Alpha-ethynylestradiol induced female-associated urogenital papillae in males at 200 ng/L, enlargement and development of fibrosis in male testes, enlargement of ovary and oocyte size in females, and large fatty inclusions in the liver of both sexes. Exposure to 1,000 ng/L of EE2 caused gross hypertrophy of the liver and kidneys and high mortalities, predominantly in male fish. A low incidence of ovotestes found in all treatment groups was unaffected by EE2, which may be unusual to this species or a response to unknown water contaminants present during the hatching or early development of the darters. Gonadosomatic index was not altered for either sex by any treatment. A TMX level equal to or less than that of EE2 decreased fat accumulation in the liver in both sexes, and a TMX level greater than that of EE2 appeared to prevent urogenital papilla in males. Tamoxifen did not significantly alter fibrosis caused by EE2 in testes. It appears that the presence of TMX in the environment can mask many signs of estrogen exposure, including secondary sexual characteristics, hypertrophy of ovaries and testes, and fatty infiltration of organs. Ovotestes did not prove to be a good indicator of estrogen exposure at this late stage of juvenile darter development.     

A treatment planning comparison of passive-scattering and intensity-modulated proton therapy for typical tumor sites

Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is expected to improve treatment results with fewer side effects than other proton therapies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor sites for which IMPT was effective under the same beam calculation conditions by planning IMPT for typical cases treated with passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT). We selected 16 cases of nasal cavity, lung, liver or prostate cancers as typical tumor sites receiving PSPT. The dose distributions and dose volume histograms optimized by the IMPT were compared with those optimized by the PSPT. We took particular note of the doses to the skin and organs at risk (OAR) when PSPT was replaced by IMPT. Furthermore, an improvement of the beam angles was also performed to obtain better dose distributions in the IMPT. The IMPT with the same beam angles resulted in near-maximum doses to the skin of average 78%, 64%, 84% and 99% of the PSPT doses for nasal cavity, lung, liver, and prostate cancers, respectively. However, it was difficult to improve the dose homogeneity of the target volume. The change of the IMPT beam angles could reduce the doses to OARs and skin in the case of the nasal cavity, while it had limited effect in the other cases. We concluded that IMPT was effective for reducing the doses to some OARs when treating nasal cavity, lung, liver and prostate cancers. The selection of beam angles was important in the IMPT optimization, especially for nasal cavity cancers.     

Arsenic in drinking-water and risk for cancer in Denmark

BACKGROUND: Arsenic is a well-known carcinogen, which is often found in drinking-water. Epidemiologic studies have shown increased cancer risks among individuals exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking-water, whereas studies of the carcinogenic effect of low doses have had inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine if exposure to low levels of arsenic in drinking-water in Denmark is associated with an increased risk for cancer. METHODS: The study was based on a prospective Danish cohort of 57,053 persons in the Copenhagen and Aarhus areas. Cancer cases were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry, and the Danish civil registration system was used to trace and geocode residential addresses of the cohort members. We used a geographic information system to link addresses with water supply areas, then estimated individual exposure to arsenic using residential addresses back to 1970. Average exposure for the cohort ranged between 0.05 and 25.3 microg/L (mean = 1.2 microg/L). Cox's regression models were used to analyze possible relationships between arsenic and cancer. RESULTS: We found no significant association between exposure to arsenic and risk for cancers of the lung, bladder, liver, kidney, prostate, or colorectum, or melanoma skin cancer; however, the risk for non-melanoma skin cancer decreased with increasing exposure (incidence rate ratio = 0.88/microg/L average exposure; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.94). Results adjusted for enrollment area showed no association with non-melanoma skin cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that exposure to low doses of arsenic might be associated with a reduced risk for skin cancer.     

Toxicity of photomirex with special reference to porphyria,hepatic P-450 and glutathione levels,serum enzymes,histology and residues in the quail and rat

Conclusions Photomirex, given either as single oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg to quails or as 100 ppm diet to quails and female rats for 27 days, caused moderate hepatic changes consisting of an increase in liver weight and cytoplasmic enlargement of hepatocytes. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 contents of quails but not rats were also increased. There were no indications of severe damage to the livers of these animals (alterations in glutathione level and serum profile, porphyria and necrosis).     

Effects of liver damage induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on cadmium metabolism in mice

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were added to the diets of mice at different concentrations. Mice fed these diets were given a sc or oral doses of 109Cd. The uptake and excretion of Cd was followed by whole-body counting. The gastrointestinal absorption of Cd after an oral dose of 109Cd was less in animals fed on 66 ppm PCB diet, compared with a control group, and the body elimination of Cd was faster. In the liver, the amount of Cd was reduced by dietary PCB exposure, after both oral and sc administration of 109Cd, and the data suggest a faster transport of Cd from liver to kidneys in PCB-exposed animals than in controls. The mobilized liver Cd was not quantitatively recovered in the kidneys, thus increased urinary excretion due to PCB exposure may have taken place. Histological examination of the livers revealed a dose-dependent induction of liver changes characterized by centrilobular enlargement of liver cells and centrilobular focal necroses. In four of eight livers from animals fed 200 ppm PCB for 32 weeks there were five liver cell tumors with cytological signs of malignancy. In the control group and in groups fed lower doses of PCB (10-100 ppm) no such tumors were found among 28 animals. The results support observations made with agents inducing acute liver damage, that liver damage increases the rate of redistribution of cadmium from the liver to the kidney.     

Phospholipid and glyceride biosynthesis in 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl-treated human skin fibroblasts

2,4,5,2',4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) was taken up by cultured human skin fibroblasts ( A61437 ; GM488 ). HCB caused enhanced incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into phospholipids and glycerides at low concentration and reduced incorporation at high concentrations. sn-[U-14C]Glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into phospholipids was inhibited. No significant change in total cellular phospholipids was observed. Triglyceride cellular content was increased 29%. The observed stimulation and inhibition of phosphoglyceride synthesis are similar to results obtained with rat liver microsomes.     

Some biochemical changes associated with fenarimol-induced liver growth in the rat.

Fenarimol administered in one single or repeated oral doses of 250 or 125 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively, stimulated rat liver enlargement which was associated with a wave of DNA synthesis on the first day after start of treatment. Subsequently, even though fenarimol treatment was continued, the DNA synthesis was suppressed as soon as a new steady liver DNA level was reached. The early hyperplastic episode was evidently primary responsible for the liver growth that occurred within the first 3 days of administration of compound. Liver enlargement achieved maximum growth by 3 or 5 days from first administration of 125 and 250 mg fenarimol/kg body weight per day, respectively. This later stage of hepatomegaly was mainly due to cellular hypertrophy involving an increase in RLW accompanied by an increase in liver protein content. Hepatomegaly and DNA synthesis appeared to be threshold related.     

北虫草提取物抗衰老作用的初步研究

目的探讨北虫草提取物抗衰老的作用,为新资源食品的有效利用提供科学依据。方法昆明种小鼠70只,随机分为对照组、衰老模型组和3个剂量北虫草提取物组(3.3、10、30 g/kg)。建立D-半乳糖致小鼠亚急性衰老模型,以称质量法测定胸腺和脾指数,对-二甲氨基苯甲醛显色法测定小鼠皮肤中羟脯氨酸含量,荧光分光光度法测定肝组织中脂褐质含量。结果北虫草提取物低剂量组的胸腺指数和脾指数分别为51.3±4.5和27.6±3.6,明显高于模型组(分别为45.6±4.8和23.6±3.6)(P0.05,P0.01);中、高剂量组的上述2个指数也同样明显高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01)。北虫草提取物3个剂量组皮肤羟脯氨酸的含量均明显高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01),北虫草小分子肽低、中2个剂量组肝组织中脂褐质的含量明显低于模型组(P0.01)。结论北虫草提取物能促进衰老模型小鼠的皮肤羟脯氨酸生成,降低其肝组织脂褐质含量,并提高其胸腺指数和脾指数,提示北虫草提取物可能具有抗衰老的生物作用。     

Histopathological liver alterations in juvenile rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus) exposed to light Arabian crude oil, dispersed oil and dispersant

With the heavy transport of crude oil there is an increasing risk of a major oil spill in the Gulf waters; however, there have been few studies on the impact of oil spills and subsequent remedial action on Gulf fish. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to water soluble fraction (WAF) of light Arabian crude oil, dispersed oil and dispersant on the liver of the juvenile rabbit fish (Siganus canaliculatus), observing several histopathological biomarkers of the liver at different time points and different doses. The concentrations used (3-100 percent WAF) simulated a range of possible oil pollution events. The main alterations observed in this study include hepatocyte swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolisation, megalocytosis, coagulative dispersed necrosis, lymphocytic infiltration, melanomacrophage aggregates, spongiosis hepatis, pericholangiitis, and bile stagnosis. Treated livers showed significantly higher total index values than the control group (p<0.01). According to the total liver index, liver exposed to WAF, dispersed oil or dispersant showed significant histopathologic alterations compared with the control fish (Mann-Whitney U-test; p<0.01). Components of the total liver index, (circulatory, degenerative, proliferative, and inflammatory changes) differed significantly from the control groups. There was a significant correlation between exposure time and the total liver index values and the different reaction pattern indexes of treated fish (Spearman correlation; p>0.05). The present study indicates that dispersed oil is not more toxic, to livers of juvenile rabbit fish, than crude oil or dispersant.     

1,3-dinitrobenzene toxicity in the least shrew, Cryptotis parva

Shrews are abundant in most areas of toxic chemical contamination and bioaccumulate pollutants at much higher rates than sympatric rodent species. As a part of studies to provide information concerning the toxicity of 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) in least shrews (Cryptotis parva), groups of 10 females and 10 males received DNB at 0 (control), 0.7, 2.9, 11.6, and 46.3 microl/L (equivalent mean daily dosage of 0, 0.26, 1.06, 4.26, and 17.0 mg/kg body wt in each sex) in their diet for 14 d. Leukocytosis present at the 0.26 mg/kg body weight/d dosage established the lowest-observed-adverse effect level (LOAEL). Adrenal enlargement was noted at the 1.06 mg/kg body weight/d level. Splenic enlargement and reductions in hematocrit and hemoglobin values occurred at the 4.26 mg/kg body weight/d treatment. Enlargements in the liver and heart and reductions in brown fat weight, granulocyte numbers, and alanine aminotransferase levels were present at high dose levels. Histopathologic examinations showed Kupffer's cell hemosiderosis and suggested testicular damage at the two highest tested doses but failed to confirm brain lesions. Least shrews do not follow standard scaling estimates for lifespan or metabolic rates. The LOAEL calculated from the standard terrestrial screening benchmark equation was higher than our findings, suggesting that these estimates must be viewed with caution.     

原花青素对小鼠乙醇性肝损伤的保护作用机制

目的研究原花青素对乙醇导致肝脏损伤的保护作用机制。方法将昆明种小鼠分为正常对照组、乙醇对照组、原花青素低剂量组(100mg/kg)和高剂量组(300mg/kg),观察各组小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以及肝匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和活性氧(ROS)等指标水平,并采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肝组织Cu,Zn-SOD和toll样受体4(TLR4)的mRNA水平。结果原花青素低、高剂量组与乙醇对照组比较,ALT、MDA、ROS明显降低(P<0.01),SOD明显升高(P<0.01),并可使Cu,Zn-SODmRNA的表达上调和TLR4mRNA的表达下调。结论原花青素对小鼠乙醇性肝损伤的保护作用与增强Cu,Zn-SOD的表达、抑制TLR4的表达有关。     

Effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on nitrogen balance and intestinal galactose transport in rats with moderate liver cirrhosis

The malnutrition caused by liver cirrhosis (LC) often worsens the course of the disease. Patients affected by LC often have a low bioavailability of the anabolic liver peptide insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low doses of IGF-I on the nutritional status and in vivo jejunal transport of D-galactose in anatomically, pathologically and biochemically confirmed moderate, non-ascitic, cirrhotic rats. LC was experimentally induced in growing rats by inhalation of CCl4 and addition of phenobarbital to drinking water. Both the nutritional status, as evaluated by N balance, and in vivo intestinal transport of D-galactose, were significantly impaired in cirrhotic rats. As compared with healthy rats, administration of 20 microg human recombinant IGF-I/kg body weight for 14 d to cirrhotic rats significantly improved N balance variables and restored in vivo intestinal transport of the sugar. However, IGF-I had no effect on the steatorrhoea associated with LC. These results suggest that low doses of IGF-I may have beneficial effects on the malnutrition associated with moderate LC.     

QS-21 promotes an adjuvant effect allowing for reduced antigen dose during HIV-1 envelope subunit immunization in humans

Three separate studies were undertaken in HIV-1 uninfected persons to determine if the adjuvant QS-21 improves the magnitude or kinetics of immune responses induced by recombinant soluble gp120 HIV-1(MN) protein (rsgp120) immunization. The QS-21 was administered at two doses (50 and 100 microg), either alone or in combination with aluminum hydroxide (600 microg). At the highest doses of rsgp120 (100, 300, and 600 microg), QS-21 exerted no significant effect on either binding or neutralizing antibody titers. Antibody binding and neutralizing responses fell dramatically when rsgp120, formulated with alum alone, was given at low doses (3 and 30 microg). In contrast, antibody responses similar in titer to those in the high dose antigen groups were induced with the low dose rsgp120 formulated with QS-21. In addition, the lymphocyte proliferation and delayed type hypersensitivity skin testing were superior in the QS-21 recipients compared with the alum recipients at the low antigen doses. Moderate to severe pain was observed in majority of the volunteers receiving QS-21 formulations, and vasovagal episodes and hypertension were not infrequent. Thus, the use of QS-21 may provide a means to reduce the dose of a soluble protein immunogen.     

The effects of topical and oral L-selenomethionine on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation.

This study was conducted to determine whether oral and/or topical selenium (Se) supplementation can reduce the incidence of acute and/or chronic damage to the skin (i.e., sunburn and pigmentation and/or skin cancer, respectively) induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in mice. Groups of 38 BALB:c female mice or 16 Skh:2 hairless pigmented mice were treated with 1) lotion vehicle, 2) 0.02% L-selenomethionine (SeMet) lotion, or 3) vehicle and 1.5 ppm SeMet in the drinking water. Within each group, 30 BALB:c mice or 12 Skh:2 mice were given UV irradiation (Westinghouse FS 40 bulbs) three times per week in doses of 0.575 and 0.24 J/cm2, respectively. The animals' weights and food intakes and the Se concentrations of skin and liver were measured. Skin biopsies were taken from the backs and abdomens of all animals to evaluate the relative amounts of Se and the damage by UV irradiation. Skin pigmentation was scored, and the total number of clinically detectable skin tumors per animal was counted weekly. Results showed that the skin Se concentrations in areas of application of the lotion containing SeMet were greater than those of animals given comparable oral doses, while the Se concentrations of untreated skin and liver were similar to those of animals receiving oral Se. Mice treated with Se showed no signs of toxicity and had significantly less skin damage by UV irradiation, as indicated by reduced inflammation and pigmentation and by later onset and lesser incidence of skin cancer.     

Skin dose measurement for patients using imaging plates in interventional radiology procedures

A method using europium-doped BaFBr imaging plates (IPs) has been developed to estimate and map values of entrance skin doses during interventional radiology (IR). IPs offer many advantages for measuring the entrance skin dose because they have a wide dynamic range (up to 100 Gy), provide high spatial resolution as a detector of two-dimensional images, and can be used repeatedly. The entrance skin dose was measured by fitting a 40x40 cm IP sheet around a patient's back using a corset in clinical studies involving IR procedures at two hospitals. The corset can minimize a geometric discrepancy in dose estimates between the IP and the patient body. The entrance skin dose was measured by using photoluminescent glass dosimeters simultaneously, and both values were compared. The spatial relative dose profiles from both dose estimates showed generally good agreement; however, the doses obtained with glass dosimeter chips were often lower than those obtained with IPs. This discrepancy comes from a radiation shielding effect for x rays by IPs and a strong angular dependence of the glass dosimeter in low energy x-ray fields. Comprehensive results of this study demonstrated that IPs were able to measure entrance skin dose in even high dose regions with steep dose gradients and to determine the peak skin dose, without missing hot spots, over all ranges used during interventional radiology procedures. Use of the corset minimized variations associated with angular dependence.