异甘草酸镁注射液与注射用还原型谷胱甘肽配伍的稳定性分析

目的考察异甘草酸镁(MgIG)注射液与注射用还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)在室温条件下配伍的稳定性。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定MgIG注射液与注射用GSH在5%、10%葡萄糖溶液中配伍的浓度变化。结果 MgIG注射液与注射用GSH配伍液在0、0.5、1、1.5、2、4 h内浓度均无明显变化。结论 MgIG注射液与注射用GSH在5%、10%葡萄糖溶液中可以配伍使用,但应在4 h内用完。     

以社区为基础的静脉吸毒人群共用注射器具行为特征研究

目的 了解凉山彝族自治州某地静脉吸毒人群共用注射器具的行为特征。方法 以社区为基础调查静脉吸毒人群人口学和共用注射器具吸毒行为情况。结果 在静脉吸毒的379人中，曾经共用注射器具的247人(65．2％)；近3个月使用别人用过的注射器具吸毒的166人(43．8％)。本人静脉注射转变到与他人共用注射器具吸毒的平均时间为363．73天，其中87人(35．2％)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具。彝族吸毒人群从本人静脉吸毒转变到与他人共用注射器具吸毒的时间短，与他人共用注射器具吸毒的次数，以及近3个月使用别人用过的注射器具吸毒的次数，高于其他吸毒人群。低文化水平吸毒人群从本人静脉吸毒转变到与他人共用注射器具吸毒的时间短，与他人共用注射器具吸毒的次数，以及近3个月使用别人用过的注射器具吸毒的次数，高于其他吸毒人群。结论 针对彝族和低文化水平吸毒人群开展干预，以改变共用注射器具静脉吸毒的高危行为。     

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with ejaculated, epididymal or testicular spermatozoa was first successful in 1992 and has since become the widely accepted treatment for couples with severe male-factor infertility. The outcome of several thousands of ICSI cycles in terms of fertilization, embryo cleavage and implantation is similar to that for conventional in-vitro fertilization in couples with tubal or idiopathic infertility. To evaluate the important issue of safety of the new technique of ICSI, a prospective follow-up study of children born after ICSI was carried out. The aim was to compile data on karyotypes, congenital malformations, growth parameters and developmental milestones. Parents' agreement to genetic counseling was obtained, as well as prenatal diagnosis, followed by a physical examination of the children at 2 months, 1 and 2 years. Important outcome data to be examined comprise information on major and minor congenital malformations obtained prenatally or after birth, as well as on the further development of the children.     

Variceal injection sclerotherapy

With the development and widespread use of flexible endoscopes, injection sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices has advanced beyond the early stages. Although slightly different techniques and different sclerosants are used, the results are not strikingly different. The cumulative rate of adverse effects is in the range of 20 to 40%, with a procedure-related mortality of around 1 to 2%. Sclerotherapy is the best available treatment for haemostasis of acute oesophageal variceal bleeding. However, as a long-term therapy it is less effective in the prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding events, since obliteration of all varices often takes several months. Furthermore, extra-oesophageal bleeding is not amenable to sclerotherapy. Thus, if repeated injections fail to prevent recurrent bleeding, other options such as shunt surgery, transection, chronic medical portal decompression with beta-blockers or even liver transplantation should be considered according to the needs of the individual patient. Prophylaxis of first variceal haemorrhage was beneficial in selected patients with a high bleeding risk. It cannot, however, be generally recommended at present.     

Ultrasound-guided injection of carpal tunnel syndrome: A comparative study to blind injection

Background

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper limb neuropathy with increasing incidence especially among females, having a high economic and social impact on patients. CTS can be treated either with conservative measures or surgically. Steroid injection, as a conservative treatment, could be carried out using anatomical landmarks or via ultra-sonographic guidance.

Use of supervised injection facilities and injection risk behaviours among young drug injectors

Aims   To study the use of supervised injection facilities (SIFs) as a predictor of safer injecting practices.
Design   Cross-sectional study conducted with face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire with computer-assisted personal interviewing. Dried blood spot samples were collected for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing.
Setting   All participants were street-recruited by chain referral methods in Madrid and Barcelona.
Participants   A total of 249 young heroin drug injectors recruited by the ITINERE cohort study in two Spanish cities with SIFs.
Measurements   The main outcome measures were self-reported injecting behaviours and SIFs attendance.
Results   SIF users were more marginalized socially than non-users. They were also more often regular injectors (weekly or more versus sporadic) [odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7–8.8], speedball users (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5–4.3) and anti-HCV-positive (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.4–7.1). In the logistic regression analysis, using SIFs was associated independently with not borrowing used syringes (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4–7.7). However, no significant association was found between SIF use and not sharing injection equipment indirectly (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.5–2.2).
Conclusions   SIFs attract highly disadvantaged drug injectors who engage none the less in less borrowing of used syringes than non-users of these facilities. The risks of indirect sharing should be emphasized when counselling SIF attendees.     

Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users

Safer injection facilities provide medical supervision for illicit drug injections. We aimed to examine factors associated with syringe sharing in a community-recruited cohort of illicit injection drug users in a setting where such a facility had recently opened. Between Dec 1, 2003, and June 1, 2004, of 431 active injection drug users 49 (11.4%, 95% CI 8.5-14.3) reported syringe sharing in the past 6 months. In logistic regression analyses, use of the facility was independently associated with reduced syringe sharing (adjusted odds ratio 0.30, 0.11-0.82, p=0.02) after adjustment for relevant sociodemographic and drug-use characteristics. These findings could help inform discussions about the merits of such facilities.     

Prior opiate injection and incarceration history predict injection drug use among inmates

Aims To describe injection drug use among inmates, and to identify correlates of drug injection while incarcerated. Design Cross‐sectional survey. Setting Six provincial correctional centres in Ontario, Canada. Participants Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 439 adult males and 158 females. Measurements Inmates were asked about drug use in their lifetime, outside the year prior to their current incarceration, and while incarcerated in the past year. Among the 32% (189 / 597) with a prior history of drug injection, independent correlates of injection while incarcerated in the past year were identified using multiple logistic regression. Findings Among all inmates while incarcerated in the past year, 45% (269 /597) used drugs and 19% (113 / 596) used non‐cannabis drugs. Among those with a prior history of injecting, 11% (20 / 189) injected while incarcerated in the past year. Rates of injection with used needles were the same pre‐incarceration as they were while incarcerated (32%). Independent correlates of drug injection while incarcerated were injection of heroin (OR = 6.4) or other opiates (OR = 7.9) and not injected with used needles (OR = 0.20) outside in the year prior to incarceration, and ever being incarcerated in a federal prison (OR = 5.3). Conclusions The possibility of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV) or other blood‐borne diseases exists in Ontario correctional centres. In this setting, drug injection while incarcerated is primarily related to opiate use prior to incarceration. The correlation between injecting and extensive incarceration history suggests missed opportunities to improve inmates’ health.