获得性肝性脑部变性的临床与影像学特点

目的探讨获得性肝性脑部变性的临床与影像学特点。方法回顾性分析5例确诊患者的临床资料,总结其临床表现、影像学检查、临床疗效及预后。结果5例患者临床表现均有认知能力下降,帕金森病综合征2例,构音不清2例,精神异常、舞蹈病和共济失调各1例。头颅MRI检查5例双侧苍白球对称性T1WI高信号,2例中脑红核对称性T1WI高信号。治疗后1例病人有好转,3例病人无明显变化,1例病人病情恶化。结论获得性肝性脑部变性是一种发病机制不完全清楚且治疗困难的临床综合征,其特异性的MRI表现有助于诊断。     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、MRI及病理学诊断

目的探讨成人线粒体脑肌病（ME）的临床、MRI及病理学诊断方法。方法回顾性分析5例ME患者的临床表现、影像学和组织病理学特征，5例患者均行MRI检查、脑电图、肌肉活检及病理检查，其中2例行脑活检。结果患者主要临床表现为以抽搐为主要特征的癫痫样发作、运动不耐受及发作性头痛和呕吐、视听障碍等。脑电图为广泛中、重度异常。血乳酸水平升高。肌肉活检可见不整红边纤维。脑活检可见大量神经细胞空泡变性、减少和脱失。MRI检查示广泛的大脑皮层及皮层下长T1、长T2异常信号，呈灶状、囊状改变伴有脑萎缩，或者灰质核团对称性长T1、长T2信号，病变均未见强化。结论根据ME的临床及影像学特点，结合肌肉活检可对该病做出早期诊断。     

获得性肝脑变性25例临床分析

目的提高对获得性肝脑变性认识。方法收集2016年1月至2019年2月中国医科大学附属盛京医院25例获得性肝脑变性患者的临床资料及影像学特点,结合文献进行总结分析。结果 25例获得性肝脑变性患者均患有慢性肝病,肝脏影像学均显示肝硬化伴侧支循环形成,头颅MRI均显示苍白球T1WI高信号,部分伴有邻近部位受累,中脑9例,内囊3例,丘脑3例。25例患者均有不同程度的神经系统症状,以帕金森病样症状和小脑损害症状组合为主。同时合并有急性肝性脑病发作7例,经治疗急性肝性脑病后症状可缓解,但其帕金森病样症状及小脑损害症状未见明显缓解。结论获得性肝脑变性是与慢性肝病相关的神经系统慢性疾病,目前认为主要与微量元素锰离子沉积导致的基底节区病变相关。抗帕金森病药物治疗对症状无明显改善,早期肝移植可能是有效的治疗手段。     

可逆性后部脑病综合征四例的临床和影像学特征分析

目的探讨可逆性后部脑病综合征（RPES）的临床特征和MRI表现。方法回顾性分析4例经临床诊断RPES的临床和MRI资料。结果4例患者均有血压升高，神经症状有剧烈头痛（2例）、烦躁不安（3例）、视觉模糊（2例）、近期记忆力减退（1例）、癫痫发作（2例）；MRI上病灶主要对称性分布于顶叶后部及枕叶（4例），表现为T2加权像及压水像高信号，T1加权像低信号，2例主要累及皮质，1例表现皮质及皮质下白质同时受累，1例主要累及白质。4例复查时病灶明显消散。结论RPES的MRI表现较为有特征性，病灶多对称性分布于大脑后部，累及皮质或皮质下白质，为可逆性病灶；结合临床血压升高和某些后部脑结构受累所致神经症状等特点有助于该综合征的早期鉴别诊断。     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病头部磁共振表现

目的 探讨散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病(sCJD)头部磁共振的表现及其与临床的关系。方法 对10例sCJD于病后第2—12个月进行头部磁共振扫描，其中脑活检证实6例，14-3-3蛋白检测8例，脑电特异性改变8例及朊蛋白基因分析8例。结果5例双侧尾状核、壳核于T2，加权像或Flair像呈对称性高信号，苍白球与丘脑正常，T1加权像无改变；2例脑萎缩，1例少许脑腔隙梗死，另有2例正常。结论 (1)4例甲硫氨酸纯合型(129Met／Met)底节T2异常信号发现时间平均2．5个月，存活时间平均10．5个月；1例甲硫氨酸杂合型(129Met／Val)底节异常信号发现时间为12个月，存活时间为16个月；(2)底节T2异常信号者平均病程为12．2个月，长于底节无异常信号者(平均5．5个月)；(3)双侧尾核、壳核T2加权像对称性高信号是sCJD重要影像学改变，在特定的临床背景下为sCJD临床诊断依据之一。     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病的临床、病理及影像学研究

目的探讨散发性Creutzfeldt—Jakob病(sCJD)的临床、病理及影像学特点方法同顾性分析12例sCJD患者的临床表现、脑电图(EEG)、影像学特点及病理资料。结果(1)本组男7例,女5例,平均发病年龄49岁;3例以视觉缺失急性起病,9例以智能下降,精神、行为异常或共济失调亚急性起病;12例均有痴呆、肌阵挛和锥体外系体征。(2)9例脑电图(EEG)表现典型的、1例表现不典型的三相波,(3)12例头颅MRI检查,5例出现双侧基底节区T2加权像WI对称性高信号;8例同时行弥散加权(DWI)扫描,均表现为额叶或／和枕叶DWI高信号,并有5例伴双侧基底节区对称性DwI高信号．(4)1例尸检及6例脑活检均具备CJD病理特点。结论sCJD在具备典型临床表现基础上,动态EEG及头颅MRI DWI扫描可为CJD的早期临床诊断提供依据?     

获得性肝性脑部变性的临床及影像学特点

目的探讨获得性肝性脑部变性(AHCD)的临床及影像学特点。方法回顾性分析10例AHCD患者的临床资料。结果本组患者年龄45~75岁,平均(62.5±10.1)岁;病程2~36个月,平均(8.3±3.2)个月;有慢性肝病病史3~30年。临床表现为精神症状7例,认知功能障碍5例,震颤5例,不自主运动3例,构音障碍4例,共济失调3例。MRI均示有异常改变,表现为双侧苍白球(5例)、豆状核(3例)、壳核(1例)、尾状核(5例)、大脑脚(4例)、红核(2例)、脑桥(1例)部位对称性T1WI高信号,T2WI信号正常(7例)、稍高信号(2例)、高信号(1例)。结论 AHCD的临床特点是慢性肝病患者出现精神行为、智能障碍和帕金森综合征;其影像学特征在双侧基底节及脑干出现MRIT1 WI高信号,MRI检查有助于AHCD的诊断。     

急慢性肾衰竭合并可逆性后部白质脑病综合征（附二例病例报告）

目的 探讨急慢性肾衰竭合并可逆性后部脑白质综合征(RPLS)的原因、临床表现和病理特点.方法 回顾分析两例女性肾衰竭合并RPLS的临床资料并复习文献.结果 两例患者均出现意识障碍和高血压;病例1合并Goodpasture综合征,以癫痫为首发症状,病例2以头痛、视物障碍为首发症状.头颅CT检查显示多发低密度.颅MRI检查显示T2加权像、FLAIR像高信号,T1加权像等信号,弥散加权像为等信号和部分高信号.经降血压和停用细胞毒性药物治疗4 d和7 d后患者神经系统症状和体征完全恢复正常.结论 肾衰竭可引起RPLS.神经影像学检查对诊断RPLS具有重要地位.     

可逆性后部白质脑病综合征临床及影像学特点分析

目的 探讨可逆性后部白质脑病综合征(RPLS)的临床和影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析9例RPLS患者的临床及影像学资料.结果 9例患者临床表现以头痛、意识障碍、癫发作、视觉异常为主;头颅MRI检查有大脑半球后部白质为主的T1WI低信号,T2WI、Fair像呈高信号的病灶,且大多双侧对称.结论 头痛、意识及精神障碍、癫发作、视觉异常、是可逆性后部白质脑病综合征主要临床表现,影像学特征主要为大脑后部对称性、可逆性脑白质损害.     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、影像学和肌肉病理分析

目的 探讨MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、影像学特点和肌肉组织病理学改变,提高人们对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析5例MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、脑影像学改变(MRI和CT),以及骨骼肌活检的组织病理学特点.结果 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的主要临床表现为局灶性或全身性癫NFDCC发作、听觉和视觉障碍、运动不能耐受、认知功能障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸水平升高等.脑影像学检查可见病灶多位于颞、枕、顶叶皮层脑回处,脑MRI表现为长T1、长T2信号,部分患者头颅CT可见基底节钙化.骨骼肌活检5例患者肌肉组织中均可见破碎红边纤维(RRF),2例行电镜检查均可见异常线粒体聚集.结论 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病是一种以高乳酸血症和卒中样发作为特征的脑和肌肉能量代谢障碍综合征.患者临床表现复杂多样,容易造成误诊,其诊断需在临床表现和影像学特点的基础上,结合骨骼肌活检病理检查发现RRF或异常线粒体聚集,可获得临床确诊.     

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration and hepatic encephalopathy: correlations and variety of clinical presentations in overt and subclinical liver disease

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) and hepatolenticular degeneration can have similar clinical presentations, but when a chronic liver disease and atypical motor findings coexist, the distinction between AHD and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can be even more complicated. We describe three cases of AHD (two having HE) with different neuroimaging findings, distinct hepatic diseases and similar motor presentations, all presenting chronic arterial hypertension and weight loss before the disease manifestations. The diagnosis and physiopathology are commented upon and compared with previous reports. In conclusion, there are many correlations among HE, hepatolenticular degeneration and AHD, but the overlapping of AHD and HE could be more common depending on the clinical knowledge and diagnostic criteria adopted for each condition. Since AHD is not considered a priority that affects the liver transplant list, the prognosis in AHD patients remains poor, and flow interruption in portosystemic shunts must always be taken into account.     

Hepatic encephalopathy coexists with acquired chronic hepatocerebral degeneration

Hyperkinetic extrapyramidal syndrome is the typical clinical characteristic of acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), but is usually not observed with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We present a case of AHD coexisting with HE. Both conditions were secondary to liver cirrhosis and hepatitis C virus infection. The brain MRI showed bilateral and symmetric high T1 signal-intensity in the globus pallidus, and diffuse high signal-intensity of the hemispheric white matter on T2-FLAIR images. As we usually neglect the existence of AHD, the diagnosis is often ignored, especially when it coexists with HE. This case highlights the need to distinguish irreversible AHD from HE.Progressive chronic liver disease often causes neurological manifestation, including hepatic encephalopathy (HE), acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), and hepatic myelopathy (HM). Among these dysfunctions, HE is the most common and reversible disorder, while AHD is a rare and irreversible syndrome. Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of liver disease and is characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms, which range from subtle neurocognitive alterations to severe life-threatening neurological impairment.1,2 Hepatic encephalopathy presents in as many as 28% of patients with liver cirrhosis, and can be alleviated by lowering the blood ammonia levels.1,2 However, AHD is rare and the best result among the possible treatments is orthotopic liver transplantation.3 The prevalence of this disease is between 0.8-2% of cirrhotic patients. Of note, the more relevant risk factors are the presence of portosystemic shunts and the multiple bouts of hepatic coma seen in some patients with HE.4,5 Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is a progressive, irreversible neurological syndrome caused by persistent and decompensated liver disease, and characterized by abnormal movements, dysarthria, rigidity, intention tremor, ataxia, and impairment of intellectual functions.6 In AHD physiopathology, manganese accumulation in the basal nuclei appears to be a key factor. This metal concentration is responsible for the MRI T1 hyperintensity mainly involving the basal ganglia, which can be considered a biomarker of manganese overload.3,6 Hepatic encephalopathy and AHD are 2 different CNS disorders secondary to hepatic dysfunction. Hyperkinetic extrapyramidal syndrome is the typical clinical characteristic of AHD, but usually not observed in HE. Here, we describe a case coexisting with HE and AHD in the presence of symmetrical basal ganglia high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and widespread T2 high signal intensity of the hemispheric white matter. Our objective in presenting this particular case is to highlight the presence of AHD that is considered rare as the diagnosis tends to be ignored.     

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration

Cirrhosis and its co-morbidities may cause a variety of neurological complications, the most common being bouts of toxic metabolic encephalopathy. A proportion of patients with chronic liver disease develop acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), a chronic progressive neurological syndrome characterized by parkinsonism, ataxia and other movement disorders. This article reviews the clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, neuroimaging features and differential diagnosis of AHD along with emerging treatment options.     

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration: clinical characteristics and MRI findings

Objective: To determine the prevalence of acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), its clinical and neuroimaging characteristics and response to treatments. Background: Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is a chronic encephalopathy with predominant motor signs in the context of severe liver disease. Its clinical picture is not well defined, and its prevalence and risk factors are not well known. Methods: Review of a database of 1000 patients with cirrhosis to identify cases of AHD. Clinical and neuroimaging data, follow‐up and response to treatments, including liver transplantation, were recorded. Results: Eight patients with AHD were identified. Its prevalence was 0.8% of patients with cirrhosis. The main risk factor for AHD was the presence of portosystemic shunts. Movement disorders, especially a combination of parkinsonism and cerebellar signs were observed in all patients. All AHD cases showed on MRI T1‐weighted images hyperintensities in the globus pallidus, and 75% had extrapallidal involvement as well. Antiparkisonian drugs and treatments to prevent acute encephalopathies were ineffective. Three patients who underwent liver transplantation did not experience neurological improvement. Persistence of portosystemic shunts was demonstrated in two cases. Conclusions: Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration is a chronic encephalopathy which occurs in ～1% of patients with liver cirrhosis and seems related to portosystemic shunts. Its is characterized by a combination of parkinsonism and cerebellar signs. MRI pallidal and extrapallidal lesions are seen in most patients, probably reflecting intracerebral deposits of manganese. Liver transplant did not improve the neurological signs in our patients, perhaps because of the persistence of portosystemic shunts.     

Extraocular muscle dystonia due to acquired (non‐Wilsonian) hepatocerebral degeneration

We present a video report of a patient with advanced non‐Wilsonian cirrhotic liver disease who developed extraocular muscle dystonia (oculogyric crisis) and severe orofaciolingual dyskinesias. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration causes choreic movements, especially of cranial muscles, but dystonic ocular spasm is an infrequent manifestation of this disorder. This case illustrates that AHD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extraocular muscle dystonia. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society     

Bilateral globus pallidus lesions in a patient with Tourette syndrome and related disorders.

BACKGROUND: The neuroanatomic and pathologic basis of Tourette's syndrome or related disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder remains unknown. Although a substantial body of neuroimaging and other data implicate basal ganglia and some point out specifically the globus pallidus in the etiopathogenesis of these three related disorders, no clear or pathologically significant isolated lesions restricted to this region have yet been demonstrated, with the exception of obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHODS: A seventeen-year-old male case of Tourette syndrome with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, stuttering and gait disturbance, who had negative family history is presented. RESULTS: The patient has failed to respond to drug treatment and his MRI scan revealed bilateral and symmetrical globus pallidus lesions with specific "tiger's eye" appearance of unknown etiology. CONCLUSIONS: Well-localized lesions in the globus pallidus support growing data suggesting the involvement of this brain region in Tourette syndrome and related disorders.     

Progressive dysarthria. Case reports and a review of the literature.

Two patients presenting with progressive dysarthria as the single initial manifestation of a neurodegenerative condition are described. The nature of the dysarthria as well as the additional symptoms that developed in the course of the disorder are very different in these two cases. Nevertheless, neuroimaging findings are strikingly similar and suggest bilateral involvement of posterior inferior frontal lobe structures, mainly in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. The clinical syndrome of these patients can therefore be considered an example of frontotemporal degeneration presenting without dementia or compartmental alteration, at least in the early stages. This broadens the clinical spectrum of frontotemporal degeneration and demonstrates the need for a syndromal subclassification of this nosological entity.     

A case of corticobasal degeneration of which movemental disturbances were improved by administration of amantadine]

Corticobasal degeneration(CBD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised clinically by apraxia, cortical sensory loss, alien limb, dementia, oculomotor abnormalities, dysarthria, postural instability, akinesia, rigidity, and pyramidal signs. Brain imaging may demonstrate greater abnormalities contralateral to the more affected side. We reported a case of corticobasal degeneration of which praxic impairments were improved by administration of amantadine. The patient was a 63-year-old right-handed woman. She showed marked dysfunction including rigidity, limb kinetic apraxia, cortical sensory loss, ideomotor apraxia, and dressing apraxia. A brain MRI scan revealed bilateral cortical atrophy centered in the postcentral gyrus, more pronounced in the left hemisphere than the right. A SPECT scan showed a decrease in blood flow in the temporo-parieto-occipital regions, more pronounced in the left hemisphere than the right. An EEG showed a diffuse slowness. L-dopa had no effect on the symptoms of rigidity, limb kinetic apraxia, cortical sensory loss, ideomotor apraxia, and dressing apraxia. By administration of amantadine, rigidity and cortical sensory loss did not improve, but some praxic impairments, such as dressing apraxia and ideomotor apraxia, and the EEG improved. Upon withdrawal of amantadine, the improved symptoms deteriorated. Amitriptyline did not improve the deteriorated symptoms. After amantadine was re-administered, the same praxic impairments and the EEG improved again. This suggested that administration of amantadine had some effect on certain praxic impairments and the EEG.     

Merosin-negative congenital muscular dystrophy,occipital epilepsy with periodic spasms and focal cortical dysplasia. Report of three Italian cases in two families

We report clinical, EEG and neuroimaging findings of three patients in two Italian families with merosin-negative congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), drug-resistant occipital epilepsy, diffuse persistent cerebral white matter changes and focal cortical dysplasia. Clinical and epilepsy histories, EEG and neuroimaging findings were very similar in all patients. Seizures started in childhood and mainly consisted of periodic spasms, a particular type of partial seizure characterized by clusters of epileptic spasms. The motor expression of the spasms was very mild so that they had been frequently missed or misinterpreted as non-convulsive generalized absence seizures. Interictal EEG showed occipital spike-waves and bilateral synchronous slow spike-wave discharges. Ictal EEG showed prolonged periodic sequences of slow waves with associated fast rhythm complexes, characteristic of periodic spasms. Two patients had normal intelligence, one patient presented moderate mental retardation. Focal cortical dysplasia in the posterior areas of the brain, in addition to marked diffuse white matter alterations, was detected in the magnetic resonance images of all patients. Findings in these patients indicate that in merosin-negative CMD brain involvement can include cortical dysplasia, in addition to white matter changes. In such cases the brain damage can lead to a childhood-onset localization-related symptomatic occipital epilepsy. Epileptic seizures and cortical dysplasia can be, however, difficult to detect in CMD. The clinical semiology of epileptic seizures may in fact be modified because of muscular weakness. This implies that epilepsy may be misdiagnosed or even missed and EEG-polymyographic recordings may be necessary to identify it. Similarly, cortical dysplasia may be very localized and visible by neuroimaging only if it is carefully investigated on the basis of epileptological and EEG-polymyographic findings.     

Type II (adult onset) citrullinaemia: clinical pictures and the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Adult onset type II citrullinemia is an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism caused by a deficiency of liver specific argininosuccinate synthetase activity. Most of the patients with this disease were reported in Japan and therefore, this disease has not been well recognised outside this country. The detailed clinical pictures of the patients with type II citrullinaemia are reported and their outcomes after liver transplantation referred to. METHODS: Ten patients with this disease were evaluated. Seven of them underwent liver transplants using a graft obtained from a healthy family member. RESULTS: There were six men and four women; the age of onset of encephalopathy ranged from 17 to 51 years. The initial symptom in nine patients was sudden onset disturbance of consciousness, and one patient had long been regarded as having a chronic progressive psychotic illness. High concentrations of plasma citrulline and ammonia were commonly seen on admission. Although brain CT or MRI lacked any consistent findings, the EEG was abnormal in all patients, showing diffuse slow waves. Additionally, in five patients chronic pancreatitis preceded the onset of encephalopathy. After liver transplantation the metabolic abnormalities, including abnormal plasma concentrations of citrulline and ammonia, were immediately corrected and all neuropsychic symptoms soon disappeared, except for impaired cognitive function in one patient. Six out of these seven patients returned to their previous social lives, including work. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical concept of adult onset type II citrullinaemia coincides well with the range of hepatic encephalopathy, and liver transplantation is a very promising therapeutic approach.