纤维支气管镜检查对痰菌阴性下肺野结核的诊断评价（附26例报告）

目的 评价纤维支气管镜（以下简称纤支镜）对痰菌阴性下肺野结核的诊断价值。方法 选痰菌阴性下肺野阴影２６例，经纤支镜检查，进行肺活检，刷片或灌洗液查结核菌。结果 ２６例纤支镜镜下主要所见为结核肉芽新生物，粘膜充血水肿，开口狭窄等表现。其中１２例经纤支镜肺活检。８例病理证实为结核肉芽肿，阳性率为６６．７％，５例纤支镜刷片或灌洗液查出的结核菌，占１９．２％（５／２６），确诊率为８４．６％，结论 纤支镜检     

纤支镜灌洗液的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的　评价纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值。方法 选无痰或痰菌阴性的不典型肺结核患者49例行纤支镜检查,进行活检、刷检、BALF经BBLMGIT分支杆菌快速培养查结核杆菌。结果 49例经纤支镜刷检、BALF快速培养结核分支杆菌检出率分别是67.4%、83.7%,其中15例经纤支镜肺活检,10例病理证实为结核肉芽肿,检出率为66.7%。结论 纤支镜对无痰或痰菌阴性下BALF行结核分支杆菌快培对不典型肺结核具有较高的诊断价值,快速,阳性率较高。根据镜下所见采用不同的取材方法可望提高诊断率。     

纤支镜灌洗液的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的：评价纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值。方法：选无痰或痰菌阴性的不典型肺结核患者49例行纤支镜检查，进行活检、刷检、BALF经BBL MGIT分支杆菌快速培养查结核杆菌。结果：49例经纤支镜刷检、BALF快速培养结核分支杆菌检出率分别是67．4％、83．7％，其中15例经纤支镜肺活检，10例病理证实为结核肉芽肿，检出率为66．7％。结论：纤支镜对无痰或痰菌阴性下BALF行结核分支杆菌快培对不典型肺结核具有较高的诊断价值，快速，阳性率较高。根据镜下所见采用不同的取材方法可望提高诊断率。     

纤维支气管镜检查对无痰或痰菌阴性不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（简称“纤支镜”）检查对无痰或痰菌阴性不典型肺结核的诊断价值。 方法 选无痰或痰菌阴性的不典型肺结核患者201例,用纤支镜在病变部位进行活检、刷检、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）进行BBLMGIT(Mycobacteria Growth Indicate Tube)分枝杆菌快速培养查结核杆菌。术后进行痰涂片查抗酸杆菌、痰结核分枝杆菌快速培养。 结果201例刷检、BALF快速培养结核分枝杆菌阳性率分别是67.2%、83.6%,61例活检阳性率63.9%,201例术后痰涂片、术后痰快速培养结核分枝杆菌阳性率分别是28.9%、57.2%。 结论 纤支镜检查是确诊无痰或痰菌阴性不典型肺结核的有效方法 ,其中BALF行结核分枝杆菌快速培养具有较高的诊断价值、快速、阳性率较高。根据镜下所见采用不同的取材方法 可望提高诊断率。     

菌阴肺下野结核纤支镜诊断及其误诊分析

目的研究菌阴肺下野结核的纤支镜镜检的诊断价值。方法分析49例误诊的患者行纤支镜而确诊的肺下野结核。结果49例纤支镜镜检下表现中下支气管慢性炎症最多见,占40例(81.67%),其次为管口狭窄5例(10.2%),刷检抗酸杆菌阳性31例(63.24%),镜检后痰检抗酸杆菌阳性24例(48.97%)。活检5例(10.2%)。结论纤支镜检查能提高菌阴肺下野结核的诊断率,刷检、活检及镜后痰检可互补,更能提高诊断的阳性率,避免误诊误治。     

荧光定量PCR测定支气管肺泡灌洗液中TbDNA诊断肺结核的临床价值

目的探讨纤支镜肺泡灌洗液中结核分枝杆菌DNA在肺结核诊断中的价值。方法对187例初治肺结核患者及41例肺炎患者分别应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)技术检测结核分枝杆菌DNA、肺泡灌洗液结核菌培养、纤维支气管镜刷片抗酸染色。结果肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液结核分枝杆菌DNA阳性率为:78.6%、肺泡灌洗液结核菌培养阳性率为28.8%、刷片抗酸染色阳性率为21.9%。肺炎患者肺泡灌洗液结核分枝杆菌DNA、肺泡灌洗液结核菌培养、刷片抗酸染色均阴性。结论荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测肺泡灌洗液结核分枝杆菌DNA,特异性高,用于肺结核诊断可提高肺结核诊断的敏感性和准确性,明显优于纤维支气管镜刷片抗酸染色,亦较肺泡灌洗液结核菌培养诊断灵敏、快速,可作为肺结核诊断较可靠指标。     

多种手段在肺部肿瘤诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)刷检/针吸/活检、肺穿刺组织病理学/细胞学与痰液细胞学在肺部肿瘤诊断中的应用。方法纤支镜在病变部位刷片、针吸或活检;CT引导下肺部病变部位穿刺;取晨痰或新鲜痰液涂片作细胞学检查。结果本组617例患者,经临床或病理学确诊为肺癌患者525例,应用纤支镜、肺穿刺及痰液细胞学诊断肺癌432例,占82.3%;其中纤支镜刷检/针吸/活检阳性318例,占60.6%;肺穿刺阳性108例,占20.6%;痰液细胞学阳性104例,占19.8%(其中痰液细胞学单独阳性者6例,占1.1%)。结论纤维支气管镜刷检/针吸/活检与CT引导下肺穿刺组织病理学/细胞学检查,在肺部肿瘤的诊断中有重要的应用价值;痰细胞学检查简便易行,可作为纤支镜检查阴性和不能耐受纤支镜检查的肺癌患者的补充手段,在肺部肿瘤的筛查中有重要的意义。多种手段联合检查,可进一步提高肺部肿瘤诊断的阳性率。     

纤支镜中多种检查在周围型肺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨非直视经纤支镜肺活检联合细胞学检查在周围型肺癌的诊断价值。方法将本院100例最终确诊为周围型肺癌患者的资料进行总结分析。结果 100例患者中非直视经纤支镜肺活检(TBLB)阳性59例,占59%;支气管肺泡灌洗(BALF)阳性25例,占25%;刷片阳性22例,占22%;痰检阳性12例,占12%。TBLB+BALF+刷片法+痰检法阳性74例,占74%。结论非直视经纤支镜肺活检联合细胞学检查对周围型肺癌有较高诊断价值。     

纤支镜灌洗液经变色液体培养基快速培养结核分枝杆菌对涂阴肺结核诊断价值的研究

目的评价纤维支气管镜小量肺泡灌洗液经变色液体培养基快速培养结核分枝杆菌对涂阴肺结核的诊断价值。方法对40例涂阴肺结核患者分别行纤支镜小量肺泡灌洗、刷检或活检，将灌洗液经变色液体培养基快速培养结核分枝杆菌。结果纤支镜肺泡灌洗40例，灌洗液培养出结核分枝杆菌17例，阳性率42．5％，刷检32例，阳性5例，活检8例，阳性3例，刷检＋活检阳性率20％，P〈0．05有统计学意义。快速培养检出时间平均13．5天。结论纤支镜灌洗液经变色液体培养基快速培养结核支杆菌，可提高涂阴肺结核中结核分枝杆菌的检出率，缩短了细菌培养检出时间，值得应用     

经纤支镜诊断菌阴肺下野结核60例及其误诊分析

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜检查在菌阴肺下野结核中的诊断价值及其误诊中的临床意义。方法 对 60例曾经被误诊,后经纤支镜检查确诊的肺下野结核的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 60例患者纤支镜下表现:中、下叶支气管粘膜慢性炎症最多见,分别为 25例 (41.7%)和 20例(33.3%),其次为管口狭窄 7例 (11.7%)。四种方法联合检出的 60例肺结核中,单纯刷检抗酸杆菌阳性 37例 (61.7%)；刷检+支气管肺泡灌洗 (BAL)阳性 46例 (76.7%)；BAL+镜检后痰检 +组织活检诊断肺结核 52例 (86.7%)。结论 纤支镜检查能提高菌阴肺下野结核的诊断率,刷检、灌洗、组织活检及镜查后痰检可互相补充以提高诊断的阳性率,避免误诊。     

117例HIV／AIDS病人合并肺结核的临床特点

目的分析艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者／艾滋病（AIDS）病人合并肺结核的临床特点,提高诊疗水平。方法对1997年7月至2011年7月间,住院的HIV／AIDS合并肺结核的病人,回顾分析其末梢血CD＋T淋巴细胞（简称CD4细胞）计数与结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物试验（PPD试验）、痰涂片、结核抗体以及纤维支气管镜灌洗液涂片的关系。结果117例病人中,cD。细胞计数〈50个／mm3时,PPD试验无阳性反应,痰涂片阳性率为20．0％（3／15）,结核抗体阳性率为26．7％（4／15）;CD4细胞计数在50～200个／mm3时,PPD试验阳性率为25．0％（16／64）,痰涂片阳性率为40．6％（26／64）,结核抗体阳性率为35．9％（23／64）;CD4细胞计数在200～500个／mm3时,PPD试验阳性率为55．3％（21／38）,痰涂片阳性率为60．5％（23／38）,结核抗体阳性率为52．6％（20／38）,其中65例痰涂片阴性患者经纤维支气管镜灌洗液涂片有29例（44．6％）抗酸杆菌阳性;CD4细胞计数〉500个／mm3时,痰涂片阳性率为71．4％（5／7）,结核抗体阳性率为57．1％（4／7）。结论CD4细胞计数在500个／mm3以上时,痰涂片阳性率、结核抗体阳性率与HIV阴性肺结核检测相近,CD4细胞计数在200个／mm3以下时,临床表现较为复杂,数值越低合并肺结核症状越重,PPD试验反应、痰涂片、结核抗体以及纤维支气管镜灌洗液涂片阳性率越低。     

纤支镜在菌阴肺结核中的应用评估

目的 观察纤支镜在菌阴肺结核诊断中的价值.方法 分析190例入院时痰涂片和PCR分析均为阴性疑诊为肺结核患者的病例资料,从经纤支镜抗酸杆菌涂片的阳性率、PCR检测结核分枝杆菌阳性率、上皮性肉芽肿支气管活检、结核分枝杆菌的培养阳性率等四个方面进行分析.结果 190例病例中,经纤支镜取样的阳性率:42.6％(痰涂片),63.6％(PCR分析),31.2％(肉芽肿支气管活检),54.2％(痰培养),将各种检查手段联合起来,诊断率可以达到85.2％.结论 经纤支镜取样有较高阳性率,可以提供快速明确的结核诊断.     

Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy

The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is confirmed by the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum. Bronchoscopy has been used for diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases. The value of bronchoscopy such as bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated, and the results were as follows: 1) One hundred ninety cases were investigated bronchoscopically due to suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis with sputum negative smear and 92 cases were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis. 2) Out of 91 cases examined by bronchial aspirate and 46 cases by bronchial washing, smear positivity was 20.9% and 23.9% and culture positivity was 58.2% and 84.8%, respectively. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed positive findings of tuberculosis in 75.8% out of 33 specimens. 3) Out of 88 sputa taken before bronchoscopy and 50 sputa after bronchoscopy, smear positivity was 0% and 12%, and culture positivity was 54.5% and 40% respectively. Gastric lavage culture positivity was 29.4% in 17 cases examined. 4) Diagnosis of tuberculosis was made rapidly in 28 cases (30.4%) by smear positive results of bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and sputa after bronchoscopy, and relatively rapidly in 20 cases (21.7%) by transbronchial lung biopsy.     

支气管镜联合CT引导肺穿刺活检对痰涂阴性肺结核的诊断价值

目的评价联合使用多种介入诊断技术对于痰涂阴性肺结核诊断的价值。方法收治的62例通过介入技术确诊的痰涂阴性肺结核病例进行总结和分析。结果 62例痰涂阴性肺结核病例,通过支气管镜直视下行冲洗、刷检、活检,阳性检出率为43.5%,加做支气管镜肺活检后,阳性检出率为59.7%;有22例接受了CT引导下肺穿刺活检,阳性检出率为81.8%;支气管镜联合CT引导下肺穿刺活检的总阳性检出率88.7%。结论支气管镜检查和CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对于痰涂阴性肺结核的诊断具有重要价值,联合使用可显著提高阳性检出率。     

The value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis

Although mycobacterial culture positivity is the gold standard for the diagnosis, the initial approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTbc) is the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in respiratory specimens as recommended by the World Health Organization. But the physicians have to make a decision for the patients whose sputum smears are negative or who can not produce sputum. Waiting for culture results with radiological follow up or empirical antituberculous therapy are the standard options. In our study we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients, suspected to have tuberculosis, whose sputum smears were negative or who could not produce sputum. Fifty six patients who suspected to have PTbc with sputum smear negative were enrolled in the study (fiberoptic bronchoscopy and selective bronchial washings were done to all patients. Bronchial washings were obtained from the affected parts). Mucosal biopsies were done in patients in where endobronchial abnormalities were noted. Transbronchial biopsies were done in selected patients from the radiological localizations. Ziehl-Nielsen staining and culture in L?wenstein-Jensen medium were the microbiological studies. Typical granulomas were expected to detect on histopathologic examination. Bronchoscopic lavage smears were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 13 (23%) patients. Twenty eight (50%) patients had positive culture. Histopathological results confirmed tuberculosis in eight of 20 patients who had undergone mucosal biopsies, four of seven of transbronchial biopsies, two of three of needle aspiration biopsies. By bronchoscopic procedures early diagnosis was performed in 27 (48.21%) patients. We concluded that fiberoptic bronchoscopy has an important role in the diagnosis of patients suspected to have tuberculosis, whose sputum smears were negative or who could not produce sputum. It is useful and necessary in selected cases.     

成人血行播散性肺结核202例临床及影像分析

目的通过对血行播散性肺结核临床资料的分析,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析1998—2008年收治的成人血行播散性肺结核202例的临床资料、影像学特点、误诊情况及治疗反应。结果（1）中青年患者占80.2%, 老年患者占19.8%。（2）痰涂片查抗酸杆菌（AFB)阳性率为20.7%;31例AFB阴性患者中35.5%纤维支气管镜检抗酸杆菌阳性。（3）12.9%X线胸片早期表现为肺间质磨玻璃样改变,51.5%表现为大小、密度、分布均匀的粟粒结节。（4）胸部高分辨CT显示55.0%急性血行播散型表现双肺弥漫分布的大小、密度均匀的粟粒结节;另48例亚急性和慢性血行播散性肺结核表现以上中肺野为主的3～7mm大小、密度及分布不均匀的结节。46.8%的肺野内可见斑片、结节、纤维条索状影;43.1%伴纵隔和/或肺门淋巴结肿大。（5）20例活组织检查60%病理阳性。 （6）44.6%合并肺外结核,常见于脑膜、浆膜腔、淋巴结、脑、肝、脾、骨等。（7）42.1%入院前被误诊为其他疾病。（8）除8例外其余患者抗结核治疗后体温在3d到12周内降至正常。（9）79.7%在抗结核治疗2个月后胸片显示病灶不同程度吸收。结论痰涂片、HRCT、纤维支气管镜及器官组织活检是早期诊断的关键。     

49例下叶肺结核的临床特点及诊断程序分析

目的探讨下叶肺结核的临床特点及合理的诊断程序。方法对49例下叶肺结核患者进行回顾分析,总结其临床特点及诊断方法。结果下叶肺结核多见于青壮年,60岁以下占77.6%;临床表现以咳嗽、咳痰为主,占69.4%;痰液抗酸杆菌阳性率（34.7%）;X线表现多种多样,片状影10例（20.4%）;其中斑片影35例（71.4%）,斑片影伴斑点、结节影16例（32.7%）,伴空洞影4例,伴条索影2例。通过查痰AFB确诊17例（34.7%）;胸部CT检查诊断14例（28.6%）;纤维支气管镜检查刷检、灌洗诊断11例（22.4%）;PPD皮试及诊断性抗痨确诊7例（14.3%）。结论认识下叶肺结核的临床特点,按痰中找结核菌、胸部CT、纤维支气管镜检查、诊断性抗痨的诊断程序,可减少误诊。     

Value of smear and PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis.

At present, further investigations are needed in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and either negative sputum smear or without sputum. The aim of the present study was to analyse the yield of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) smear and PCR in patients with confirmed pulmonary TB. Patients with a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in sputum or BALF were analysed over 5 yrs. In total, 90 out of 230 (39%) patients with culture-positive pulmonary TB had a positive sputum smear, and 120 patients underwent bronchoscopy. BALF smear was positive in 56 (47%), BALF PCR in 93 (78%) patients, and BALF smear and/or PCR was positive in 83%. In total, 71 patients who underwent bronchoscopy and had complete clinical records were further analysed. BALF (smear or Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-PCR) allowed a rapid diagnosis in 10 (59%) out of 17 patients who had a negative sputum smear, and 49 (91%) out of 54 patients without sputum production. Of these 71 patients, 12 (17%) were only culture positive. Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB by smear and/or PCR was made in 190 out of 210 patients (90%) in sputum or BALF. In conclusion, combined use of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-PCR has a good diagnostic yield in patients with sputum smear-negative tuberculosis or without sputum production.     

纤维支气管镜术后痰细胞学检查对肺癌诊断的价值

目的观察纤维支气管镜术后痰（以下简称“术后痰”）细胞学检查对肺癌诊断的价值。方法对110例行纤维支气管镜术患者术后第2～5天根据情况送1～3次痰细胞学检查。结果110例有64例确诊为肺癌,其中62例通过刷检、冲洗液、咬检、术后痰、穿刺等6种不同方法联合检查得到确诊,2例通过开胸手术才能确诊。术后痰共检出癌40例,可疑癌2例,不典型上皮细胞3例。纤维支气管镜术结合术后痰检查使肺癌的检出率达92．19％,在两者基础上结合穿刺术可使肺癌检出率提高到96．88％。同时,本组术后痰癌细胞分类与组织学对照,符合率为94．12％。结论结合纤维支气管镜术后痰细胞学检查可提高肺癌的检出率。术后痰细胞学检查对癌细胞分类的准确率高。