腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合术的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2015年7月-2017年7月海南医学院第一附属医院肝胆胰外科收治的76例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,分别行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆道镜胆总管探查术+一期缝合(PDC组)(n=20)和腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆道镜胆总管探查术+T管引流(TTD组)(n=56),观察2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间、腹腔引流管拔除时间、术后住院天数以及并发症(胆总管残余结石、胆瘘和胆道感染)发生率。术后随访2~12个月。计量资料2组间比较采用t检验,计数资料2组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果所有患者均成功实施腹腔镜手术,无1例中转开腹。PDC组和TTD组患者在手术时间[(106.2±15.8)min vs(147.5±23.2)min]、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间[(32.9±8.1)h vs(49.4±6.5)h]、腹腔引流管拔管时间[(3.5±1.3)d vs(5.7±2.6)d]、术后住院时间[(6.3±1.5)d vs(11.4±2.0)d]进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.87、-3.61、-2.64、-26.34,P值分别为0.036、0.021、0.034、<0.001)。2组患者术中出血、术后胆瘘、胆道残余结石和胆道感染方面差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论从有限病例进行初步研究发现,只要选择合适的病例,腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术是安全有效的。     

加速康复外科理念在老年患者行腹腔镜胆道探查术中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)理念下行腹腔镜胆道探查术(LCBDE)对老年胆总管结石患者的效果。方法入选2014年2月至2018年3月内蒙古医科大学第三附属医院普外科收治的老年胆总管结石患者120例,随机数字表法分为ERAS组及对照组,每组60例。ERAS组给予加速康复方案治疗,对照组给予常规治疗,比较2组患者的术后疗效、术后并发症及术后镇痛效果。采用SPSS 18. 0统计软件对数据进行处理。组间比较采用t检验、χ~2检验或秩和检验。结果 ERAS组患者相比对照组患者术后下床时间[(9. 62±2. 35) vs (22. 51±3. 32) h]、排气时间[(22. 13±5. 12) vs(37. 51±6. 43)h]、进食时间[(18. 75±3. 28) vs (34. 69±4. 47)h]、住院天数[(9. 73±1. 48) vs (14. 73±2. 92)d]明显提前,住院费用降低[(1. 68±0. 23)×10~4vs (2. 47±0. 32)×104RMB$],肺部感染[5. 00%(3/60) vs 13. 33%(8/60)]、尿路感染[3. 33%(2/60) vs 11. 67%(7/60)]、腹胀发生率[8. 33%(5/60) vs 20. 00%(12/60)]均降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。ERAS组患者术后镇痛达到优者占81. 67%(49/60),明显高于对照组的48. 33%(29/60),差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论老年患者在ERAS原则下行LCBDE安全、有效,值得推广。     

快速康复理念在肝硬化伴胆道结石患者围手术期应用的前瞻性研究

目的探讨快速康复外科(FTS)理念应用于胆道结石手术伴有肝硬化患者围手术期的优越性和安全性。方法选择2011年1月-2013年9月成都军区总医院收治的52例胆道结石伴肝硬化手术治疗患者,随机分为FTS组30例和对照组22例。FTS组采用FTS理念指导下的围手术期处理措施。对照组采用传统的围手术期处理措施,比较两组患者术中情况,术后肠道恢复通气时间、术后住院日、总住院金额、术后并发症情况。两组间计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。结果与对照组比较,FTS组术后肠道通气恢复时间[(22.84±10.78)h vs(27.90±14.22)h](t=2.239,P=0.045)和术后住院日[(10.64±5.23)d vs(11.87±5.08)d](t=4.246,P=0.038)明显缩短,总住院金额[(3.84±2.61)万元vs(3.95±2.63)万元](t=3.045,P=0.033)明显降低,差异均有统计学意义;术后并发症两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 FTS理念应用于胆道结石伴肝硬化患者的围手术期是安全有效的,在不增加手术风险前提下,可加速康复进程。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术后胆道内置管引流胆总管一期缝合的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开探查胆道内置引流管、胆总管一期缝合的临床应用可行性、安全性和有效性。方法选用16F普通硅胶管制作胆道内置引流管,对过去5年开展腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后胆道内置管引流胆总管一期缝合病例资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期放置T管引流的临床资料进行对照。结果自2001年9月至2006年2月共156例术中明确无残余结石、无肝内胆管结石及胆道狭窄患者行腹腔镜胆道探查术,其中107例患者放置胆道内置管引流,胆总管一期缝合,其余49例仍按传统方法放置T管引流。2组平均手术时间分别为115·2±26·7min、127·5±24·2min(P<0·05),术后住院4·8±0·92d、8·4±1·48d(P<0·05),术后平均输液量7278·5±1381、11270·2±2026ml(P>0·05),平均住院费用8932·7±1553·6元、10242·9±1594·5元(P<0·05),恢复日常工作时间14·44±1·89d、31·93±3·52d(P>0·05)。2组术后肝功能的恢复、并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0·05)。2组病人随访1~51月,平均28月,均未发现胆总管残余结石及其它胆道相关并发症。结论腹腔镜胆总管切开探查后放置胆道内置管引流胆总管一期缝合是一种安全、有效、可行的胆道引流方法。     

腹腔镜在肝外胆道结石再手术中的应用价值

目的:比较腹腔镜与开腹手术在肝外胆管结石再手术治疗中的临床疗效.方法:将华北理工大学附属开滦总医院收治的244例胆道结石再手术患者依据术式随机划分为腹腔镜组121例和常规开腹手术组123例.比较两组患者手术情况、术后恢复情况及术后并发症情况.结果:腹腔镜组5例中转开腹,中转率4.13%,腹腔镜组患者平均手术时间显著长于开腹组(109.7 min±5.7min vs 97.8 min±7.7 min),术中平均出血量显著少于开腹组(32.7 m L±4.2 m L vs 92.7 m L±6.5 m L,P0.05);腹腔镜组术后肛门排气时间,术后镇痛次数,术后住院时间,均显著低于开腹组(1.7 d±0.1 d vs3.0 d±0.6 d,1.4次±1.0次vs 2.9次±0.7次,8.5 d±0.9 d vs 12.0 d±1.2 d,P0.05);腹腔镜组术后切口感染发生率显著低于开腹组(0%vs 4.88%,P0.05).结论:腹腔镜在肝外胆管结石再手术治疗方面安全有效,并且创伤较小、术后并发症少,术后恢复快,在术者经验丰富的前提下应作为胆道结石再手术的首选手术方式.     

加速康复外科策略在腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石Ⅰ期缝合术围手术期的临床应用

目的探讨加速康复外科策略(EARS)在腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石行Ⅰ期缝合术围手术期的临床应用价值。方法选取2015年10月-2016年2月于成都市第二人民医院肝胆外科住院的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者64例,按其围手术期处理方式不同分为EARS组(n=32例)和对照组(n=32例),比较两组患者临床观察项目及并发症发生情况。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果 ERAS组患者较对照组引流管拔除时间、住院时间、术后停止输液的时间明显缩短[(1.6±0.9)d vs(2.7±1.0)d,(5.1±1.0)d vs(6.8±1.1)d,(3.8±1.0)d vs(4.9±1.2)d,t值分别为-5.675、-5.910、-3.923,P值均0.01],术后首次下床活动时间及肠道功能恢复时间提前[(1.0±0.3)d vs(1.6±0.7)d,(1.1±0.4)d vs(1.8±0.6)d,t值分别为-4.313、-4.842,P值均0.01],住院总费用降低[(17 433.5±1411.3)万元vs(26 651.6±2945.8)万元,t=-15.942,P0.001],且术后疼痛例数少于对照组[4(12.5%)vs 13(40.6%),χ2=6.490,P=0.011],术后ERAS组患者ALT和TBil明显低于对照组[(105.25±35.34)U/L vs(179.00±48.64)U/L,(50.78±12.60)μmol/L vs(79.70±18.56)μmol/L,t值分别为-5.973、-7.090,P值均0.05]。结论 EARS在腹腔镜手术中的围手术期治疗实用性高,能够促进患者快速康复,在肝胆胰外科的应用前景十分广阔。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影胆道金属支架置入治疗不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻的效果观察

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道金属支架置入对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻的临床疗效及安全性。方法收集2010年1月-2015年12月郑州大学第二附属医院收治的不可切除性肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者40例。根据手术方法不同分为经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD)组和ERCP组各20例。观察2组患者支架通畅期和生存期、术后临床疗效、术后并发症发生情况、术后住院时间等指标。计量资料组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或校正的χ2检验。2组支架通畅期和生存期的比较采用Kaplan-Meier法对数秩检验。结果 ERCP组患者的支架通畅期[(225.6±52.5)d vs(156.3±44.5)d]、生存期[(335.6±42.5)d vs(225.5±42.5)d]较PTCD组均明显延长(t值分别为11.45、10.46,P值均<0.05)。ERCP组患者术后发生腹痛(7例)少于PTCD组(10例),差异有统计学意义(35.0%vs 50.0%,χ2=9.45,P<0.05)。ERCP组患者术后严重并发症发生率显著低于PTCD组(10.0%vs 30.0%,χ2=7.49,P<0.05)。与PTCD组相比,ERCP组患者的住院时间更短[(12.4±2.5)d vs(19.8±4.0)d,t=10.67,P<0.05]。结论 ERCP支架置入与PTCD解除胆道恶性梗阻疗效相近,但ERCP术后胆道通畅时间、生存期长,并发症少,住院时间短。因此对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者,采用ERCP临床疗效更好,安全性更高。     

肠溶片治疗胆道结石术后消化不良影响

目的探讨复方阿嗪米特肠溶片对治疗胆道结石术后消化不良的影响.方法取2013-10/2016-12苍南县人民医院普外科收治胆道术后消化不良患者90例,电脑抽取随机数字法分为对照组(n=45)和观察组(n=45).对照组采用复方消化酶胶囊治疗,观察组采用复方阿嗪米特肠溶片治疗,比较2组临床疗效及安全性.结果观察组治疗后食欲不振时间(1.28 d±0.21 d)、腹胀消失时间(2.04 d±0.35 d)、嗳气消失时间(1.98 d±0.38 d)及腹痛等症状消失时间(2.13 d±0.41 d),均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为13.33%,对照组为20.00%,2组治疗2 wk药物不良反应发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05).结论胆道结石术后消化不良患者采用复方阿嗪米特肠溶片治疗效果理想,安全性高,值得推广应用.     

腹腔镜与开腹胆总管探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床效果比较

目的:比较腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)与开腹胆总管探查术(open common bile duct exploration,OCBDE)治疗胆总管结石的临床效果.方法:随机抽取96例胆总管结石患者的临床资料,按照实际手术方案分为实验组(LCBDE)50例和对照组(OCBDE)46例,比较两组患者手术情况、术后情况以及并发症发生情况.结果:两组患者手术时间及术中出血量比较(130.33 min±11.06 min vs 128.68 min±10.88min)、(68.86 m L±10.97 m L vs 70.92 m L±11.26 m L),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者术后镇痛次数、胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间及治疗总费用均显著低于对照组,(1.27次±0.50次vs 1.68次±0.72次)、(29.82 h±5.69 h vs 34.91 h±5.70 h)、(7.22 d±1.15 d vs 10.11 d±1.33 d)、(10068.44元±113.08元vs 13025.75元±116.20元),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者术后切口感染发生率显著低于对照组,(0.00%vs8.70%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论:LCBDE与OCBDE比较,创伤小、术后恢复时间短、治疗费用低,是治疗胆总管结石的优选手术方案.     

加速康复外科理念在微创食管癌根治术围手术期的应用价值

目的探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念在微创食管癌(esophageal carcinoma,EC)根治术围手术期的应用价值.方法将2015-08/2017-02在南昌大学第二附属医院胸外科收治的100例接受全胸腹腔镜微创EC根治术的患者按随机数字表法分成ERAS组(n=50)和对照组(n=50),ERAS组采用ERAS理念进行围手术期处理,对照组采用传统的围手术期处理,比较2组患者的临床指标.结果2组患者术前一般资料无明显差异(均P0.05).2组患者的手术时间(312.8 min±34.9 min vs310.1 min±28.4 min)、术中出血量(175.3 mL±30.4 mL vs 170.5 mL±29.8 mL)、术后并发症发生率均无明显差异(均P0.05).但ERAS组术后首次排气时间(35.2 h±7.0 h vs 45.2 h±9.1 h)、早期NRS疼痛评分、术后营养指标(血清总蛋白、白蛋白)、术后住院时间(8.2 d±2.1 d vs 11.1 d±4.6 d)均明显优于对照组(均P0.05).所有患者无出院30 d再次入院或手术病例.结论ERAS理念应用于微创EC患者围手术期的管理安全有效,能加快患者术后恢复.     

经内镜胆道引流治疗胆道梗阻

目的：进一步提高经内镜胆道引流术的成功率。方法：总结1998年1月至2001年9月对320例胆道梗阻患者行十二指肠镜下各种胆道引流术的经验，其中鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）242例，胆道内置管引流术（ERBD）43例，胆道金属支架术（EMBE）35例。结果：305例得到成功引流，胆道梗阻症状缓解；失败15例。其中ENBD失败10例，经调整鼻胆管位置或重新置管获得成功；ERBD失败3例，2例选用合适长度的支架后引流成功，1例经努力仍未成功改用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流；EM-BE失败2例，其中1例金属支架未超出肿瘤狭窄段，经原金属支架再套入另一金属支架而成功，另1例支架放置1月又出现胆道阻塞，经原金属支架通道再放入塑料支架而恢复通畅引流。结论：经内镜引流治疗胆道梗阻疗效确切，及早分析内镜引流失败原因并采取相应的对策，绝大多数引流失败是可以避免或补救的。     

Early treatment of biliary lithiasis in biliary pancreatitis

Since 1982, 38 consecutive patients with biliary pancreatitis were treated prospectively in order to prevent recurrent migration of gallstones. Removal of the stones was achieved by "early surgery" i. e. within the first week after admission or by endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with severe pancreatitis. Gallstones were visualized by ultrasonography in 31 patients (82 p. 100). Microlithiasis was present in 14 (37 p. 100) and was missed at ultrasonography in 7 patients. According to Ranson's prognostic signs, only 4 patients had 4 or more signs. These 4 patients and 2 additional patients aged more than 85 underwent urgent retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy. No complications could be attributed to this technique. Among the 4 patients with severe pancreatitis, 3 developed an abscess which required delayed surgery without further complications. The 32 other patients underwent a biliary operation within the first week after admission. Common bile duct calculi were present in 14 patients being discovered by cholangioscopy in 6. One patient died after operation and one was reoperated on for a pseudocyst on day 40. No recurrent attack of pancreatitis was observed in either group. Our study suggests that slightly delayed biliary operation with cholangioscopy during the same hospitalization can be performed safety in patients with mild pancreatitis. In patients with severe attack and/or poor general condition, endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe technique and deserves wider consideration in the management of severe acute pancreatitis for which delayed drainage of pancreatic necrosis may occasionally be required.     

Intrahepatic biliary papilloma morphologically similar to biliary cystadenoma

A 37-year-old man presented complaining of epigastralgia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of a papillary tumor (9 mm in diameter) in the cystic lesion (18 mm in diameter) in hepatic segment 4, which was accompanied by mild intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Although abdominal computed tomography also showed the cystic lesion, it did not show papillary tumors inside the lesion. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the communication between the cystic lesion and the left hepatic duct. In addition, mucus was observed in the common bile duct. When transpapillary intraductal ultrasonography was performed through the left hepatic duct using a fine ultrasonic probe, a hyperechoic papillary and lobulated tumor was clearly shown in the cystic lesion. The wall of the cyst was smooth and there was no sign of tumor infiltration. Based on these findings, biliary cystadenoma was diagnosed and an extended left lobectomy was carried out. However, pathological findings postoperatively revealed that the lesion was a localized biliary papilloma, developing and extending to the intrahepatic duct. This case is rare and there have been no published reports describing a biliary papilloma morphologically similar to biliary cystadenoma.     

The finest branches of the biliary tree might induce biliary vascularization necessary for biliary regeneration

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The finer branches of the biliary tree play an important role in biliary regeneration. They are consistently escorted by microvessels. Defects in the vascularization of these structures could impair bile duct regeneration. Therefore, we investigated the pattern of the escorting microvessels during the development of bile duct loss in the human liver, using chronic rejection as a model. METHODS: The number of interlobular bile ducts, bile ductules and extraportal biliary cells with and without escorting microvessels and the expression of VEGF-A were studied in follow-up biopsies of 12 patients with chronic rejection and 16 control patients with acute rejection without progression to chronic rejection. RESULTS: The controls showed a proliferation of bile ductules at 1-week and 1-month. Proliferation of bile ductules without microvessels preceded proliferation of bile ductules with microvessels. Proliferation of the microvascular compartment followed biliary proliferation. This sequence of events was not observed in the chronic rejection group, in which all biliary structures decreased in time. VEGF-A expression was increased at 1-week and 1-month in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: An immediate proliferative response of the finer branches of the biliary tree followed by proliferation of the microvascular compartment after biliary injury seems to be a prerequisite for bile duct regeneration.     

Adjuvant therapies using biliary stenting for malignant biliary obstruction

The aim of this study was to analyze the patency of expandable metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction and to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy accompanied by biliary stenting. We analyzed 29 patients in whom bile duct stenting was performed for malignant biliary obstruction. Their types of disease were: hilar ductal carcinoma (n = 8), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 11), and pancreatic carcinoma (n = 10). Initially, 46 expandable metallic stents were placed in 29 patients. In 23 of the 29 patients, adjuvant therapy was administered. Seventeen patients underwent radiotherapy, and 16 patients received various systemic chemotherapies. In principle, hyperthermia was performed twice a week, simultaneously with radiotherapy. Patient survival and the probability of stent patency were calculated using actuarial life table analysis. There was no significant difference in stent patency among the patients according to type of disease. Hyperthermia did not influence the stent patency rate. The median stent patency time was significantly greater in the chemo-radiation group than in the no-adjuvant therapy group: 182 days versus 68 days, respectively (P = 0.017). Moreover, a significant increase was seen in the median survival time in the chemo-radiation group: 261 days versus 109 days (P = 0.0337). Complications occurred in 9 patients (31.0%). Stent occlusion occurred in 6 patients (20.7%), with all of these patients managed successfully using a transhepatically placed new expandable metallic stent, employing the stent-in-stent method. Stent migration occurred in 2 patients after radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, in combination with stent insertion, resulted in an increase in the patency period of expandable metallic stents and in increased patient survival time.     

Preoperative biliary drainage for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

We posed six clinical questions (CQ) on preoperative biliary drainage and organized all pertinent evidence regarding these questions. CQ 1. Is preoperative biliary drainage necessary for patients with jaundice? The indications for preoperative drainage for jaundiced patients are changing greatly. Many reports state that, excluding conditions such as cholangitis and liver dysfunction, biliary drainage is not necessary before pancreatoduodenectomy or less invasive surgery. However, the morbidity and mortality of extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer is still high, and the most common cause of death is hepatic failure; therefore, preoperative biliary drainage is desirable in patients who are to undergo extended hepatectomy. CQ 2. What procedures are appropriate for preoperative biliary drainage? There are three methods of biliary drainage: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD), and surgical drainage. ERBD is an internal drainage method, and PTBD and ENBD are external methods. However, there are no reports of comparisons of preoperative biliary drainage methods using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thus, at this point, a method should be used that can be safely performed with the equipment and techniques available at each facility. CQ 3. Which is better, unilateral or bilateral biliary drainage, in malignant hilar obstruction? Unilateral biliary drainage of the future remnant hepatic lobe is usually enough even when intrahepatic bile ducts are separated into multiple units due to hilar malignancy. Bilateral biliary drainage should be considered in the following cases: those in which the operative procedure is difficult to determine before biliary drainage; those in which cholangitis has developed after unilateral drainage; and those in which the decrease in serum bilirubin after unilateral drainage is very slow. CQ 4. What is the best treatment for postdrainage fever? The most likely cause of high fever in patients with biliary drainage is cholangitis due to problems with the existing drainage catheter or segmental cholangitis if an undrained segment is left. In the latter case, urgent drainage is required. CQ 5. Is bile culture necessary in patients with biliary drainage who are to undergo surgery? Monitoring of bile cultures is necessary for patients with biliary drainage to determine the appropriate use of antibiotics during the perioperative period. CQ 6. Is bile replacement useful for patients with external biliary drainage? Maintenance of the enterohepatic bile circulation is vitally important. Thus, preoperative bile replacement in patients with external biliary drainage is very likely to be effective when highly invasive surgery (e.g., extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma) is planned.