1800名学生早夜餐用餐情况的调查分析

目的了解学生用早餐、夜餐情况,为培养学生养成良好饮食习惯提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样的办法抽取一~三年级学生1800名,然后用调查问卷的方法进行调查。结果3个年级男女生均有不同程度的不合理用餐,不用早餐的男生占29·90%,女生占36·78%,吃夜餐的男生有70·10%,女生有63·22%。结论一~三年级学生中有不良饮食习惯的学生比率较高,学校应加强健康教育,指导合理用餐,从而帮助学生建立良好的饮食习惯。     

鼓浪屿区976名小学生早餐饮食行为分析

目的了解鼓浪屿小学生早餐饮食行为状况,以便科学地指导学生进行平衡膳食和合理营养.方法对976名小学生的早餐饮食行为、早餐质量与小学生学习成绩、健康教育与早餐饮食行为之间的关系进行分析.结果经常吃早餐的学生低年级占92.74%,高年级占87.48%;有时吃或不吃早餐的低年级学生占7.26%,高年级占12.52%;经常吃早餐者女生为89.36%,男生为90.32%;有时吃早餐者女生为10.64%,男生为9.67%;平均身高、体重和年龄经常吃早餐者居中;经常不吃早餐者偏小;有时吃早餐者偏大;早餐质量能影响小学生的学习成绩.结论应加强营养教育,使青少年懂得平衡膳食和合理营养的重要性,培养与建立良好的饮食习惯,提高自我保健能力.     

在校大学生早餐摄入相关知识、态度及行为状况调查

目的了解高校在校大学生早餐摄入相关知识、态度以及行为状况,为指导大学生合理膳食提供依据。方法于2014年3—5月采用二阶段抽样方法,第一阶段在吉林省吉林市吉林医药学院分层随机抽取不同院系、年级的学生329人进行早餐摄入相关知识和态度调查;第二阶段在第一阶段基础上,随机抽取118名学生进行早餐摄入情况调查。结果大学生早餐知识和态度调查显示,大多数学生能够认识到早餐对健康的重要性,女生比男生更重视早餐(87.9%vs 75.0%),女生了解早餐相关知识比男生多(45.2%vs 43.8%),也更关注早餐的营养状况(48.8%vs 37.5%);女生经常吃早餐的频率(每周早餐频率≥5次)明显高于男生(79.3%vs 60.4%),且男生早餐就餐情况受上课影响也比女生大(56.9%vs 41.7%);早餐实际摄入状况调查显示,男生早餐摄入能量平均值为(2 498.9±637.9)k J,女生为(1 941.4±588.1)k J,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且男女生早餐摄入能量均值低于推荐值标准;摄入早餐能量不足者中,女生体重过轻者比例明显高于男生(19.5%vs5.3%)。结论大学生对早餐相关知识的了解、重要性的认识、早餐习惯以及能量摄入等方面还有待加强。为保证大学生良好的身体素质,有必要对在校大学生制定合理的早餐膳食规划。     

天津市小学生早餐行为及质量现状

目的了解天津市小学生早餐行为及质量现状,为开展有针对性的营养宣教提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法,从天津市抽取2060名小学生为调查对象,通过问卷调查收集他们的早餐行为及质量资料并进行评价。结果 57.38%的小学生每天吃早餐,不同年级小学生早餐食用比例具有显著性差异(χ2=50.553,P0.01);早餐食用时间少于10 min的小学生占61.92%,不同的年级间小学生用餐时间有显著性差异(χ~2=1.616,P0.05);早餐在家就餐者占88.20%;早餐准备者为妈妈的小学生占68.82%;早餐质量较差的小学生占44.82%,男生比例(48.58%)明显高于女生(40.79%,χ~2=14.388,P0.01)。结论天津市小学生不吃早餐的问题突出,且早餐营养质量较差,应尽早进行营养宣教,改善其早餐食物结构,促进健康。     

烟台市部分中学生早餐现状调查

目的了解烟台市区中学生早餐现状,为有针对性地开展营养教育提供依据。方法采用问券调查的方法,对烟台市区一所中学1 021名学生进行调查。结果早餐质量良好的占9.2%,一般占52.1%,质量差的占38.7%;男生吃早餐的情况明显好于女生;每天早晨喝牛奶的中学生占68.6%,而每天早晨能吃到蔬菜和水果的中学生只占21.6%。结论烟台市区中学生早餐现状不容乐观,结构不合理。应对学生和家长加强营养教育,改变对早餐的传统认识,促进学生健康成长。     

5960例农村小学生卫生习惯抽样调查

目的了解临湘市农村小学三、四年级学生卫生习惯状况,以便有针对性地开展健康教育。方法采用抽样法对全市56所农村小学三、四年级学生的个人卫生、饮食卫生及公共卫生习惯3个方面进行问卷调查。结果临湘市56所农村小学共调查5 960人,其中三年级学生2 970人,四年级学生2 990人;男生2 940人,女生3 020人。在个人卫生、饮食卫生及公共卫生习惯三个方面所涉及的27个问题中,女生大多优于男生,仅每天吃早餐、喜欢吃零食和边做作业边吃东西男生好于女生。在个人卫生习惯中,有7项四年级学生好于三年级。结论通过调查分析临湘市农村小学生卫生习惯有待改善,应加强学生卫生知识和健康教育。     

科特布斯农业地区学校的吸烟调查

作者在科特布斯农业地区的15所学校里调查了3220名6～10年级的学生(男生1679名,女生1541名)。结果表明,男生吸烟人数从5年级的4%增加到10年级的51%。特别是在8～9年级,各校男生吸烟人数都有明显增加。然而在10年级各校男生吸烟人数却有差别。女生的吸烟人数由6年级的1%增加到10年级的33%;和男生一样,在8～9年级时也出现一个“飞跃”(由6%增加到30%)。总的来看,在被调查的学生中,男女生吸烟人数平均占19%(男生25%,女生13%)。从5到10年级,男生的吸烟量由每人每天1支增加到每人每天5支,女生是由每人每天1支增加到每人每天3支。没有发现各校吸烟量有较大差别。但各校     

2009年广州市大学生亚健康状况及其相关因素分析

[目的]探讨大学生的亚健康状况及其影响因素,为有针对性地对大学生进行亚健康干预提供更全面依据。[方法]2009年,在广州市9所大学抽取1～3年级部分学生进行调查。[结果]调查1420人,亚健康率为67.54%。男生为64.40%,女生为72.37%（P〈0.01）;三年级为70.31%,一、二年级为64.00%（P〈0.05）;医学生为67.38%,非医学生为67.68%（P〉0.05）。重视早餐质量、与同学相处无压力、与他人沟通交往良好、对发展前景较有信心、早餐情况良好、锻炼情况良好、每天饮水量合理、有良好睡眠质量者亚健康发生率较低（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。多因素非条件Lo-gistics回归分析结果显示,进入回归方程的因素中,睡眠质量好、早餐质量好、与同学交往无压力、与他人沟通交往良好、对发展前景有信心、锻炼情况良好、饮水量较多为亚健康的保护因素,高年级、女生、不知晓急性扭伤处理方法是亚健康的危险因素。[结论]大学生亚健康率较高,睡眠质量好、早餐质量好、与同学交往无压力、与他人沟通交往良好、对发展前景有信心、经常锻炼、多饮水低年级、男生、知晓急性扭伤的处理方法者亚健康率较低。     

2011年南阳市城区初中学生早餐状况调查

[目的]了解南阳市城区初中学生早餐状况,为开展中学生合理膳食健康教育提供科学依据。[方法]2011年5月,在南阳市城区抽取5所不同层次的初中学校,采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取一、二、三年级学生1 627名进行调查。[结果]调查1 627人,每天吃早餐的占63.86%,不能保证每天吃早餐的占33.87%,不吃早餐的占2.27%。每天吃早餐学生所占比例,一年级为71.35%,二年级为63.38%,三年级为56.31%（P〈0.01）;男生为66.31%,女生为61.20%（P〈0.05）;认为早餐非常重要者为71.62%,认为无所谓者为45.17%,认为早餐不重要者为4.44%（P〈0.01）。不能保证每天吃早餐的588人中,不吃早餐的原因,时间不够的占38.27%,没有食欲的占35.71%,家长不够重视的占16.33%,控制体重的占9.69%。吃早餐的1 590人中,早餐营养充足的占5.72%,营养较好的占16.98%,营养质量差的占77.30%。上午课间有饥饿感者所占比例,每天吃早餐者为36.19%,不吃早餐者为66.50%（P〈0.01）。[结论]南阳市城区初中学生不吃早餐现象严重,吃早餐者早餐质量差者占较大比例。     

宁德市民族中学学生青春期教育情况调查

目的 为开展青春期教育制定方案提供科学依据.方法 采用自拟调查问卷对宁德市民族中学初中二年级到高中三年级308名学生进行现场不记名调查.结果 (1)性知识掌握情况:男生为53.94％,女生为50.08％,初中生为47.05％,高中生为56.98％;(2)性观念情况:有固定异性朋友的初中男生占48.1396,女生占41.11％,高中男生占39.26％,女生占35.32％;(3)性心理发展水平:本次调查有46.86％的学生达到中等以上水平.结论 青春期教育应纳入中学课程,统一思想认识,打破禁区,以严肃、科学的态度,适时、适度、适量地进行教育.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.