颈段气管食管瘘合并喉气管狭窄的诊治经验

目的 探讨颈段气管食管瘘合并或遗留喉气管狭窄及颈前瘘的治疗方法 与经验教训.方法 回顾分析第四军医大学唐都医院1980至2007年收治各种原因引起的颈段气管食管瘘14例,其中9例合并或遗留喉气管狭窄,3例合并喉气管狭窄及颈前巨瘘,2例为食管狭窄用镍钛合金网支撑引起颈段气管食管瘘.根据不同病情分别采用喉气管狭窄成形术时食管气管瘘保守治疗;分期修复气管食管瘘、喉气管狭窄及颈前巨瘘.结果 4例气管食管瘘口较小者(长径2～3 mm)在喉气管成形术时喉气管腔内置入硅橡胶T型管,气管食管瘘保守治疗,食管气管瘘及喉气管狭窄全部治愈.6例气管食管瘘较大者(长径10～25 mm),其中3例合并喉气管狭窄及颈前瘘,2例仅合并喉气管狭窄者,1例因镍钛合金网支撑引起气管食管瘘无合并症者采用分期修复气管食管瘘、喉气管狭窄及颈前巨瘘.这6例气管食管瘘及喉气管狭窄,颈前巨瘘全部痊愈.2例气管食管瘘入院前经保守治疗已治愈,仅遗留喉气管狭窄,经喉气管成形术后治愈.以上12例经1～10年随访,食管气管瘘及喉气管狭窄未见复发,吞咽及呼吸功能基本保持正常.1例气管食管瘘合并喉气管狭窄术中见食管远端残端闭锁,只行喉气管成形术及瘘口缝合,治愈后,转胸科行胃代食管治疗治愈.1例食管狭窄用镍钛合金网支撑形成气管食管瘘于喉气管腔内置入硅橡胶T型管,合金网未取出,最终因损伤气管膜部血管出血造成窒息死亡.结论 治疗颈段小的气管食管瘘合并或遗留喉气管狭窄可在喉气管成形术同时采用保守治疗,瘘口大需分期手术修复气管食管瘘及喉气管狭窄.     

经瘘管口冲洗治疗耳前瘘管脓肿的临床研究

目的观察经瘘管口冲洗治疗耳前瘘管脓肿的临床疗效.方法耳前瘘管感染并发脓肿患者200例,随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组各100例.所有患者均行脓肿切开排脓,橡皮条引流,配合全身应用抗生素,直至病变愈合.在此治疗过程中,治疗组患者每日加用生理盐水冲洗瘘管及脓腔,对照组患者则不加用其他处理.疗程结束后,对比分析两组的临床疗效.结果治疗组脓腔愈合时间为(5.81±0.44)天,对照组为(10.55±2.52)天,组间差异的统计学意义非常显著(t=20.48,P＜0.001);治疗组治愈率为84%,对照组治愈率为12%,进行组间比较,差异的统计学意义非常显著(χ2=103.85,P＜0.001).两组的并发症发生率和病变复发率比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论一般处理措施联合经瘘管口冲洗治疗耳前瘘管脓肿的方法,能够明显缩短疗程,大幅提高治愈率,是安全有效的治疗方法.     

鼻旁牙源性皮肤瘘管的诊断与治疗──附2例报道和文献复习

目的 归纳面部牙源性皮肤窦道的临床特点和治疗经验。方法 报道因上颌侧切牙病变所引起的鼻旁皮肤瘘管２例,并对相关文献资料进行了复习。治疗措施包括彻底清理牙髓牙体病变和面部皮肤疹管及肉芽组织切除,必要时拔除病牙。结果 面部皮肤瘘管的鉴别诊断应首先考虑牙髓牙体病变。对于面部皮肤单发的慢性化脓性瘘管,应常规行上颌骨和下颌骨影像学检查,以明确诊断。结论 面部牙源性皮肤瘘管的复发误诊和牙髓牙体疾病治疗不彻底密切相关。     

Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from fine-needle aspirate for the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis

BACKGROUND: Despite its well-established usefulness in the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has several limitations in its clinical applications, especially when the presence of acid-fast bacilli is not proven. Furthermore, fine-needle aspirate is sometimes inadequate for diagnosis, and the sensitivity and specificity of this technique for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis has not been firmly established. OBJECTIVE: The authors performed Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mycobacterial DNA sequences from the remainder of fine-needle aspirate after cytological examination and evaluated its diagnostic efficacy in clinical situations. METHODS: Conventional diagnostic procedures including FNAC and M tuberculosis PCR were performed simultaneously in 29 cases that had been suspected to be cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis on patients' first visit. The results of FNAC and M tuberculosis PCR were compared with the clinical outcomes after several months of follow-up and pathological results from open biopsy of some cases. RESULTS: Among the 17 cases of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis diagnosed in clinical situations, M tuberculosis DNA was found by PCR in 13 cases (76.4%). Negative findings on PCR were achieved in 12 cases, which revealed non-granulomatous lymphadenopathy. CONCLUSION: From these results, we conclude that M tuberculosis PCR using the remainder of aspirate for cytological examination is a very useful tool for the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis, and its clinical application with FNAC could reduce the necessity for open biopsy.     

Diagnosis and treatment of deep neck abscess due to congenital piriform sinus fistula in children

IntroductionCongenital piriform sinus fistula is a relatively rare type of disease in clinical practice, most occurring during childhood, but doctors have insufficient knowledge regarding this disease, easily misdiagnosing it.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the characteristics of deep neck abscess due to congenital piriform sinus fistula in children.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 21 cases from January 2016 to August 2018 in our hospital. The onset age, clinical characteristics, auxiliary examination and clinical treatment of the patients was summarized to analyze the diagnosis, treatment characteristics and prognosis.ResultsChildren from 11 days to 12 years-old were enrolled, with an average age of 3.5 years. Twenty patients had left congenital piriform sinus fistula and 1 had right congenital piriform sinus fistula. Cervical enhanced computed tomography imaging showed gas-liquid equilibrium or air-shadow in the abscesses in 18 cases, and neck ultrasound demonstrated gas echo in the thyroid region in 10 cases. All patients underwent low temperature plasma to seal the internal fistula and returned to the hospital for electronic laryngoscope and neck ultrasound examination at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after the surgery. No recurrence occurred in any patient.ConclusionCongenital piriform sinus fistula is an important cause of deep neck abscess in children. The presence of purulent gas-liquid equilibrium or air shadow in cervical-enhanced computed tomography or ultrasound suggests a high possibility of the presence of an internal fistula, and endoscopic low temperature ablation can be done at the same time as the diagnostic endoscopy.     

保守治疗咽瘘的临床转归研究

目的:总结全喉切除术后并发咽瘘的临床转归及处理对策。方法:分析21例喉癌下咽癌全喉切除术后咽瘘发生的时间、创面状况和采用的相应治疗措施。结果:咽瘘的转归分为3期:引流清理期(Ⅰ期)、加压包扎期(Ⅱ期)、愈合期(Ⅲ期),不同期进行不同处理。咽瘘经过引流清理期、加压包扎期、愈合期的处理后,14例咽瘘愈合,占66.7%(14/21);其余7例保守治疗无效经手术治愈。结论:咽瘘分别按转归的3期进行处理,取得满意的疗效,咽瘘的转归分期对指导临床治疗有一定参考价值。     

Treatment assessment based on computerized lymph node volume and ratio of necrotic area in tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of computerized segmentation of lymph nodes to evaluate the relationship of treatment outcomes in tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis (TCL).

Methods

The study included 52 subjects with TCL that had CT before standard medical treatment. The relationship between the medication treatment response, volume and ratio of necrotic area of the largest lymph node in patients with TCL was evaluated. The treatment outcome was defined as the ‘responder’ (n = 35) and ‘non-responder’ (n = 17) groups. Seventeen non-responder patients required surgery.

Results

The average lymph node volumes and ratio of necrotic area were 58.59 cm³ (range, 4.96–249.48 cm³) and 0.30 (range, 0–0.59), respectively. There was a significant difference in the lymph node volumes (34.91 ± 24.00 cm³ vs. 107.04 ± 69.12 cm³, p < 0.001) and ratio of necrotic area (0.26 ± 0.12 vs. 0.40 ± 0.14, p = 0.001) between responders and non-responders. The receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used for differentiating responders from non-responders; it showed that the area under the curve for the lymph node volumes and ratio of necrotic area was 0.845 and 0.759, respectively. The cut-off value for the lymph node volumes and ratio of necrotic area was 44.15 cm³ and 0.36 based on the ROC curve.

Conclusions

A large lymph node volume and high ratio of necrotic area on the 3D reconstruction of CT images were associated with the response to medical treatment for TB. These findings might be useful for assessing treatment outcomes.     

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial head and neck infections in children: Analysis of results and complications for various treatment modalities

ObjectivesAnalyze the results and complications of various surgical interventions in a large cohort of children with non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) head and neck infections and suggest a heuristic treatment protocol for managing this condition while aiming to maximize cure and minimize complications.MethodsRetrospective chart review of 104 consecutive patients diagnosed with head and neck NTM at a tertiary paediatric hospital between January 1994 and December 2013 inclusive.Results104 patients ranged in age between 8 months to 15 years (mean age 27 months) were reviewed and 97 patients were included in the final analysis. 6 patients excluded due to lack of follow-up and one excluded due to systemic immunocompromised condition. Sub-sites of NTM infections were submandibular (n = 48, 46%), cervical (n = 40, 38%), parotid (n = 18, 17%) and submental (n = 4, 4%). Some patients had more than one lesion so counted twice. Higher cure rates were demonstrated for primary excision (81%, p < 0.01) versus incisional interventions (44%, p < 0.01). Marginal mandibular nerve palsy following surgery was seen in 7 patients (7.2%). This was permanent in 4 patients (4%) and temporary in 3 patients (3%). All children who were complicated with marginal mandibular palsies had lesions in the submandibular region. The rate of palsy for submandibular disease alone was 15%, while 8% presented permanent palsy and 6% temporary. Marginal mandibular nerve palsy was more likely following excisional compared to incisional procedures (6 versus 1 patient, p < 0.01). Hypertrophic scarring occurred in 7 patients: 3 patients following excision and 4 patients after an incisional procedure. One patient suffered long term spinal accessory nerve damage presented as winged scapula.ConclusionsExcision of NTM provides better cure rates compared to incision although at the expense of long term post-surgical morbidity. Excision should probably be the first line of treatment when the risk for neural damage is low. Incision and drainage with or without antimycobacterial treatment may be the preferred option for at-risk sub-sites (submandibular or parotid) in order to reduce long term morbidity.     

Chronic cutaneous infiltration with abscess and fistula formation. A type of clinical course in atypical mycobacteriosis]

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous lesions of atypical mycobacteriosis are very rare in Western Europe. Both the slow disease progression and the rather unspecific clinical appearance of the chronic infiltration render cutaneous mycobacteriosis a diagnostic challenge. In this communication, we present an uncommon, biphasic course of a cutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis. CASE REPORT: A 3-year-old child was referred to our institution due to submandibular cutaneous infiltration together with subcutaneous abscess formation. There was no carious lesion or other odontogenic potential source of infection. First-line therapy was incision of the abscess and local curettage to obtain a specimen for histologic and microbiologic evaluation, which revealed atypical mycobacteria. In spite of local curettage, only partial remission of the cutaneous infiltration was achieved. When the child was readmitted 9 months later, the lesion had progressed to a scrofulosis-like appearance even though specific antibiotic treatment had been administered. Complete surgical excision of the affected skin and extirpation of the respective lymph node and fistula was performed as second-line therapy. Complete remission was achieved without further adjuvant treatment. DISCUSSION: Our case demonstrates the problems that may arise with this rare type of mycobacterial infection. In all probability, scratch artifacts due to atopic dermatitis provided the source/entry of the infection in this specific case. Both histopathologic findings and clinical appearance were suggestive of classic cutaneous tuberculosis (tuberculosis cutis colliquativa), although it was in fact an atypical mycobacteriosis. Furthermore, obstinate persistence after minor surgical intervention and even after specific (triple) antibiotic treatment illustrates the difficulties of limited, minimally invasive treatment.     

The usefulness of abscess tonsillectomy followed by intraoral drainage for parapharyngeal abscess concomitant with peritonsillar abscess in the elderly

Parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) may cause life-threatening complications and peritonsillar abscess (PTA) and tonsillitis frequently precede PPA. The optimal management of PPA caused by PTA has been the subject of debate with respect to the surgical approach. We present three cases of PPA concomitant with PTA in elderly patients. In two cases, the abscesses in parapharyngeal space were drained by abscess tonsillectomy followed by intraoral incision of the tonsillar bed. On the other hand, the third case did not undergo abscess tonsillectomy because of his refusal of surgery and needed extraoral drainage after the aggravation of PPA. Based on the experience of those three cases, it was suggested that abscess tonsillectomy followed by intraoral incision of the tonsillar bed might be a useful surgical approach for the drainage of PPA concomitant with PTA, especially in elderly patients.     

颈深部筋膜间隙感染诊治体会

目的　探讨颈深部筋膜间隙感染的临床表现和诊断治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析2012年1月～2014年8月我院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的105例颈深部间隙感染患者的临床资料,总结其发病特征和诊治策略。结果　105例颈深部间隙感染患者中,70例行脓肿切开引流,4例行脓肿穿刺抽液,31例行静脉抗生素消炎治疗,仅2例颈深部多筋膜间隙感染患者分别并发呼吸困难、纵隔感染,所有患者均治愈出院。结论　颈深部筋膜间隙感染一经确诊脓肿形成,应及时切开引流,根据药敏试验结果选用合适抗生素,控制基础疾病及严重并发症。     

结核性中耳乳突炎的临床特征及疗效分析

目的 探讨结核性中耳乳突炎的临床特点以及手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析经病理学证实的16例(18耳)结核性中耳乳突炎的临床表现、影像学特征以及治疗方法,并随访其预后.结果 16例(18耳)患者均表现为耳流脓、听力下降,并发重度感音神经性聋患者3例(4耳),并发周围性面神经麻痹患者3例.16例颞骨高分辨率CT均表现为鼓室、乳突充满软组织密度影,其中骨质破坏11例(12耳),颞骨内存在死骨7例(7耳).16例患者中伴发肺结核7例.15例患者接受了手术治疗去除病灶并联合抗结核治疗.除2例患者术前经穿孔的鼓膜取活检明确诊断为结核性中耳乳突炎外,其余14例患者均为术中或者术后确诊.除1例患者失访外其余15例患者均随访1年以上,中耳乳突结核无复发,3例面神经麻痹患者基本恢复正常.结论 对于顽固性耳流脓,影像学提示鼓室、乳突充满软组织密度影且存在骨质破坏或者死骨者,应仔细询问是否有结核病史,以便鉴别结核性中耳乳突炎.手术去除病灶并结合抗结核治疗对该病有较高的治愈率.     

复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿治疗方式的回顾性分析

目的:总结39例复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的治疗经验,以期提高颈侧瘘管及囊肿的治愈率。方法:回顾性分析39例手术切除后复发的颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的诊治过程。其中第一鳃裂来源12例,第二鳃裂来源6例,第三鳃裂来源21例。结果:所有患者经历瘘管或囊肿切除手术2～5次。最后1次术后随访9个月～17年,6例失访;6例复发(第一鳃裂瘘管1例,第二鳃裂瘘管3例,第三鳃裂瘘管1例、囊肿1例);1例第一鳃裂瘘管患者第3次术后发生癌变,第4次术后1年死亡。2例第三鳃裂瘘管穿过甲状腺,术中切除瘘管穿行的甲状腺组织。所有术中找到明确内口并进行有效结扎的颈侧瘘管患者术后在随访期间均未见复发。结论:提高对颈侧鳃裂畸形的认识,合理选择手术时机,制定有效的手术方案是复发性颈侧瘘管治愈的关键。     

双梭形切口手术治疗儿童感染期先天性耳前瘘管

目的 探讨双梭形切口手术治疗儿童感染期先天性耳前瘘管的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月—2019年6月复旦大学附属儿科医院厦门分院收治的85例（85耳）先天性耳前瘘管感染期采用双梭形切口手术治疗患儿的临床资料,观察术后疗效。结果 85例患儿均顺利完成手术,术后7～10 d,83例（83耳）一期愈合,2例二期愈合。所有患儿皮肤表面手术瘢痕均不明显,无耳廓软骨膜炎等并发症,耳廓形态无明显变化,切口愈合达美容缝合效果。术后随访6个月至2年,均无复发,治愈率100%。结论 先天性耳前瘘管感染期行双梭形切口手术治疗,方法简便,兼顾美容效果,创伤小,恢复快,术后效果满意,临床可推广应用。     

Long-term deterioration of bone-conduction hearing level in patients with labyrinthine fistula

Objective

Although many reports describe the short-term hearing outcomes of surgically managed labyrinthine fistulae, the long-term results remain unknown. We reviewed the long-term postoperative hearing outcomes of 14 ears of patients with cholesteatoma and labyrinthine fistulae.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2010, 84 patients with cholesteatoma and labyrinthine fistula underwent tympanoplasty at Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital. Fistulae were located in the lateral semicircular canal in all patients and in the superior semicircular canal in one. Fourteen patients were followed up for more than 5 years.

Results

The postoperative air-bone gap was ≤10 dB in one patient, between 11 and 20 dB in seven, between 21 and 30 dB in four, and ≥31 dB in two. Mean bone-conduction hearing levels on the operated side had deteriorated by 3, −1 and −2 dB at 1, 2 and 4 kHz, respectively at 1 year postoperatively, and by 8, 6 and 2 dB at 1, 2 and 4 kHz, at 5 years postoperatively. Bone-conduction hearing levels at 1 and 2 kHz were significantly deteriorated at 5 years postoperatively, compared with baseline and 1 year (P < 0.05).     

晚期喉咽癌和喉癌全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘

目的:探讨晚期喉咽癌和喉癌患者施行全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘的位置、易患因素、处置及其结果.方法:回顾性分析因喉咽癌或喉癌施行全喉切除术的198例患者的资料,分析多因素对咽皮肤瘘形成的影响.结果:发生咽皮肤瘘患者33例(16.7%),内瘘口位于黏膜吻合口上段23例(69.7%),下段7例(21.2%),中段3例(9.1%);喉咽癌与喉癌的咽皮肤瘘发生率分别为24.7%和11.6%,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后持续发热>5 d与≤5 d者咽皮肤瘘的发生率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);28例通过保守治疗痊愈,5例手术修复.结论:全喉切除术后咽皮肤瘘内瘘口多发生于舌根处和气管造瘘后上方,肿瘤部位和术后发热是咽皮肤瘘形成的重要易患因素.     

内镜下射频消融治疗儿童急性感染期梨状窝瘘

目的　观察显微支撑喉镜下射频消融治疗儿童急性感染期梨状窝瘘的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析2017年1月~2019年10月我科收治的21例急性感染期梨状窝瘘患者的临床资料,所有患儿均在全麻下行显微支撑喉镜下射频消融封闭梨状窝瘘内瘘口,同时行颈部脓肿切开引流术。术后留置胃管2 w,抗生素治疗1～2 w,颈部换药3 w内痊 愈。观察分析患儿术后疗效、复发率及并发症等情况。结果  术后随访3～36个月,3例患儿出现一过性声嘶,术后3个月内恢复正常。所有患儿梨状窝瘘内瘘口1次封闭,无复发,无咽瘘、呛咳、喉返神经损伤、大出血等并发症。结论　内镜下射频消融术联合颈部脓肿切开引流术,推荐作为急性感染期梨状窝瘘的首选治疗方案。     

Tuberculous and non‐tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy incidence and distribution in Somalia from 2016 to 2020: A review of 241 cases

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) and other pathologies in cervical lymphadenopathies in Somalia and accompanying radiological findings.MethodsIn this hospital‐based retrospective study, the demographic characteristics, pathology results and radiological findings of 263 patients who underwent ultrasound (US)‐guided cervical lymph node biopsy between January 2016 and February 2020 were analyzed.ResultsOf 241 patients 118 men and 123 women (mean age 27.9 ± 18.1 years) included in the study, 46.1% (n = 111) were diagnosed as necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis (caseified, consistent with TBL) and 21.6% (n = 12, atypical lymphoid cells and n = 40, metastases) as malignancy. The most common type of metastasis was squamous cell cancer (n = 31), and the primary source of most of them was esophageal cancer (16/31, 51.6%). The age of patients with TBL was significantly lower than that of non‐TBL (21.9 ± 14.6 vs. 41.9 ± 24.6, P = 0.003) and the incidence of TBL in pediatric patients was statistically higher (58.0% vs. 21.5%, P = 0.019). The rate of patients with TBL being localized at level 4 and level 5 was significantly more than non‐TBL patients (18.0% vs. 10.0% and 23.4% vs. 10.8%, respectively, P = 0.01). Half of patients with TBL who have chest radiography had pathological findings; consolidation and bronchopneumonia were present in 52.6% of them. There were 2 patients with paravertebral abscess and one patient with gastrointestinal tuberculosis.ConclusionIn Somalia, in the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy, after diagnosis by using US‐guided biopsy; primarily considering of TBL and malignancy, thoracic involvement should be investigated, and esophageal carcinoma must be excluded in terms of metastatic lymph node.