声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

目的：观察声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移病理学特点，以及颈淋巴结转移和原发病变的关系。方法：１００例声门上型喉癌和颈廓清标本经火棉胶包埋、进行连续切片光镜观察。结果：①颈淋巴结转移５５例，转移率５５％；②颈淋巴结转移分四类：临床病理转移２９例，病理转移２６例，临床转移５例，无转移４０例；③转移淋巴结分四期：癌早期、癌长期、癌满期、破膜期；④转移淋巴结分三型：单发型、多发型和融合型；⑤声门上型喉癌不同发病率部位癌转移率为：杓会皱襞８５．７％，杓区６６．６％，会厌室带５６．８％，会厌４６．４％，室带４５．４％；⑥声门上型喉癌扩展到喉外者转移率为８０％～８４％。结论：声门上型喉癌有较高的颈淋巴结转移率，在转移淋巴结中融合型居多，破膜率高。分析肿瘤发病部位可帮助预测颈淋巴结转移。     

Oncological and functional outcome of conservative surgery for primary supraglottic cancer

The aim of this study was to verify the oncological and functional outcome of conservative surgical treatment of primary supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma (SGSCC) and related neck disease in order to verify the effectiveness of supraglottic laryngectomy (SL) and the validity of an “observation” policy in the control of clinically negative (N0) necks. Of a total of 252 consecutive patients affected by primary SGSCC seen between 1975 and 1990 at the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Perugia (1975–1987) and the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome (1988–1990), a subset of 132 patients treated with classical SL was evaluated after presenting sufficient clinicopathological data and a follow-up period of at least 5 years. Tumors were staged according to the 1992 UICC TNM classification and grouped into stages I-II (n = 94) and III-IV (n = 38). Comprehensive neck dissections were performed only in the clinically positive (N+) necks (25/132 cases), while in the clinically N0 ones (107/132 cases) an “observation” policy under strict follow-up conditions was adopted. After primary surgery, the 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) was 74%. The RFS was 80% for T1-2 disease and 65% for T3. The RFS was 80% for stages I-II tumors and 71% for stages III-IV. The actual 5-year overall survival (OS) was 89% for T1-T2 tumors and 67% for T3 disease or 93% for stages I-II and 69% for stages III-IV. The OS was 89% for N0 neck and 73% for N+. The 5-year-metastasis-free survival (MFS) was 83% for N0 patients, 74% for N+, 84% for T1-T2 N0, 71% for T1-T2 N+, 81% for T3 N0 and 68% for T3 N+. In all, SL was found to be highly effective in the management of primary SGSCC. In the presence of clinically N0 neck “observation” under strict follow-up with therapeutic comprehensive neck dissection for delayed nodal recurrence, SL was suitable for controlling the neck cancer, as well as for salvaging recurrent disease. Bilateral elective, selective or functional neck dissection in every instance of supraglottic cancer was best performed only in those SGSCC patients who were more likely to have occult nodal disease on the basis of biological factors and imaging data. Received: 26 September 1998 / Accepted: 22 February 1999     

MMP-14 can serve as a prognostic marker in patients with supraglottic cancer

The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of MMP-14, 15 and 16 (MT1, MT2 and MT3-MMP) in supraglottic carcinoma and to explore their clinical significance. Expression of MMP-14, 15 and 16 was examined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry methods in samples from 85 cases of supraglottic carcinoma. Results showed that both mRNA and protein expression of MMP-14, 15 and 16 were increased in supraglottic carcinoma tissues compared to expression in control adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (P < 0.05). Expression of MMP-14, but not MMP-15 and MMP-16, was significantly increased in the T3 and neck nodal metastasis groups compared with the T1–2 group and the group without nodal metastasis at both mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). Expression of MMP-14 mRNA and protein was also higher in tumors of patients with stage III–IV disease compared to patients with clinical stage I–II tumors (P < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that the groups with high MMP-14 protein expression had a poorer prognosis than patients in the groups with weak or negative expression of MMP-14 protein (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MMP-14 may play an important role in the progression of supraglottic carcinoma and may be a novel prognostic factor for patients with supraglottic carcinoma. Huiyan Zhang and Ming Liu are co-first authors.     

Occult contralateral nodal metastases in supraglottic laryngeal cancer crossing the midline

We evaluated the risk of occult contralateral neck involvement according to T stage and ipsilateral neck stage in centrally located supraglottic laryngeal cancer. The side largely involved by the tumor was defined as ipsilateral and the other side was defined as contralateral in terms of the neck dissection side. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathologic data from a group of 189 centrally located supraglottic cancer patients in which bilateral neck dissection was part of the primary treatment. Among 378 neck dissection specimens, the rate of bilateral metastasis was 33/189 (17.5%). The rate of occult metastases in the contralateral side were 33/75 (44%) and 6/114 (5.3%), when ipsilateral neck was pN+ and pN−, respectively. Clinically or pathologically positive ipsilateral nodes and the extracapsular spread in the ipsilateral positive nodes displayed significantly higher risk of contralateral metastases. The incidence of occult contralateral metastases did not seem to be affected significantly by T stage of the tumor. Our retrospective study confirmed that the probabilistic criteria of the incidence of contralateral occult metastases in supraglottic laryngeal cancer with tumor largely involving one side and crossing the midline. On the basis of our data, there is a high prevalence of contralateral metastases in tumors with clinically or pathologically positive ipsilateral lymph nodes. The extracapsular spread of the nodes is also an important determinant of the contralateral involvement. The work related to this article was done in Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, İzmir Atatürk Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Izmir, Turkey.     

Is routine bilateral neck dissection absolutely necessary in the management of N0 neck in patients with supraglottic carcinoma?

The supraglottic larynx has a rich lymphatic network that places patients with supraglottic laryngeal carcinomas at high risk for early dissemination of the disease into the cervical lymphatics. Therefore, elective neck treatment of clinically N0 neck in patients with supraglottic carcinomas is widely accepted as a standard approach. However, the issue whether elective neck treatment should routinely be directed on both sides of the neck is still controversial. The present study is aimed at determining whether T2–T4 stage supraglottic carcinomas require bilateral neck dissection in the management of N0 necks. We designed a prospective study on 72 patients with N0 supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Patients were divided into three groups according to the site and extension of the primary tumors. Group I consisted of 21 patients with lateralized (clear lateral) lesion reaching but not crossing the midline. Group II comprised 25 patients with cancer largely involving one side and crossing to the midline. Group III included 26 patients with carcinoma equally involving both sides of the larynx or growth into the midline larynx. All patients underwent bilateral lateral neck dissection in conjunction with various types of laryngectomies selected to the status of the primary. Of the 72 patients, 16 were found to have occult regional metastases in pathologic examination (9 pN1, 4 pN2b, 3 pN2c). The prevalence of occult metastases proportionally increased with T stage from 8.3 to 22.7 and 31.2%, respectively, for T2, T3 and T4. Bilateral neck metastases were found in 2 of 26 patients (7.7%) with central lesions. There was only one patient (4%) with both ipsilateral and contralateral lymph node metastasis in group II. None of the 21 patients with lateral lesion (group I) had contralateral neck metastasis. Routine bilateral elective neck dissection may not be a part of the surgical procedure in all supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma patients. Bilateral neck dissection should be preferred for cases with central tumors and lateral tumors with positive nodes in the ipsilateral side of the neck.     

乳腺癌转移抑制基因1 mRNA在声门上型喉癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨乳腺癌转移抑制基因1(BRMSl)mRNA在声门上型喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义.方法:以β-actin基因为参照,应用RT-PCR方法,检测66例声门上型喉癌组织(肿瘤组)及其相邻的癌旁正常喉黏膜组织(对照组)中BRMSl mRNA表达.结果:肿瘤组中BRMSl mRNA与β-actin平均密度(ADV)比值为0.69±0.56,明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).且肿瘤组织中BRMSl mRNA在病理高分化组中表达明显高于中、低分化组(P＜0.05);在临床Ⅱ期标本表达明显高于Ⅲ～Ⅳ期标本;颈部淋巴结N.组明显高于N 组(P＜0.05);BRMSl mRNA表达与患者性别、年龄无关(均P＞0.05).结论:BRMSl mRNA在声门上型喉癌组织中低表达,且其低表达可能与声门上型喉癌的临床分期、病理分化以及颈部淋巴结转移有关.     

声门上型喉癌临床N1患者转移颈淋巴结的分布

目的 分析声门上型喉癌病例早期颈淋巴转移(clinical N1，cN1)的特点，探讨合理的颈清扫手术方式。方法 1987年3月-1997年10月收治108例声门上型喉癌cN1的患者行喉原发灶切除时，先行改良或经典颈清扫术，将颈清扫标本的淋巴结分区行病理学检查，确定最常见颈淋巴转移的分布。结果 108例(147侧)颈清扫标本中检出转移淋巴结126个，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ区转移淋巴结占总数的89．7％(113／126)，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区占97．6％(123／126)。126个转移淋巴结分布在109个区次，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ区占88．1％(96／109)，Ⅱ，Ⅲ和Ⅳ区占97．2％(106／109)。45例(63侧)术后颈淋巴结病理检查阳性，声门上喉癌cN1的转移率为41．7％(45／108)，双颈转移率为18．5％(20／108)。随访5～14年，随访率为98％，颈部复发8例，复发率为7．4％(8／108)，复发部位分别位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ区。5年生存率为81．5％(88／108)。结论 对声门上型喉癌cN1病例可行颈侧清扫术(即Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区的清扫)，Ⅰ、Ⅴ区在无明显转移证据时可避免行该区的清扫术；一侧术后病理证实有转移或对侧cN1的病例，对侧亦应行颈侧清扫术。     

Neck metastasis of a myxoid liposarcoma of the lower extremity

We report the clinical features of two cases presenting metastatic neck tumors (in the anterior neck and submandibular regions) secondary to myxoid liposarcoma of the lower extremity. Both cases underwent repeated resection of primary legions of the lower extremities because of recurrences. Such repeated surgical procedures are thought to be a risk factor for distant metastasis resulting from hematogeneous dissemination of tumor cells, although there is considerable debate about multicentricity versus metastasis in liposarcomas. Where possible, therapy for liposarcomas should initially comprise complete and wide resection of the lesions. Combined therapy consisting of surgery and postoperative radiation and chemotherapy should be investigated in the future.     

喉癌T2-4临床N0颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

目的　探讨T2 4临床N0 (clinicalN0 ,cN0 )喉癌颈淋巴结转移特点 ,为颈淋巴结的正确处理提供依据。方法　 76例T2 4cN0喉癌患者被随机分为颈根治性清扫术 (radicalneckdissection ,RND)及颈功能性清扫术 (functionalneckdissection ,FND)两组。分别完成 2 1例 (2 2侧 )和 5 5例 (6 0侧 )。将所获淋巴结按区标记并逐一行病理检查 ,以确定转移情况。结果　RND组平均每侧获淋巴结 2 9 6枚 ,FND组 2 4 7枚 ,差异无显著性 (F =3 4 15 ,P =0 0 6 8)。两组颈淋巴结转移率分别为 33 3% (7/ 2 1)和 34 5 % (19/ 5 5 ) ,总转移率为 34 2 % (2 6 / 76 )。 2 6例颈淋巴结阳性者中 2 5例 (96 2 % )位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区。共获淋巴结 2 130枚 ,转移阳性淋巴结 6 0枚 ,其中 5 9枚 (98 3% )位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区。 5年、10年生存率分别为 75 % (5 7/ 76 )、6 6 7% (44 / 6 6 ) ;两组的 5年和 10年生存率分别为 71 4 % (15 / 2 1)、76 4 % (42 / 5 5 )和6 1 9% (13/ 2 1)、6 8 9% (31/ 4 5 ) ,统计学差异均无显著性 (χ2 =0 2 394 ,P >0 5 ;χ2 =0 314 3,P >0 5 )。颈部总复发率为 7 9% (6 / 76 ) ,两组分别为 9 5 % (2 / 2 1)和 7 3% (4/ 5 5 ) ,统计学差异无显著性 (χ2 =0 10 5 9,P >0 90 0 )。颈淋巴结阳性与阴性者 10年     

声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成规律及与临床病理因素的关系

目的：探讨声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成的规律及与临床病理因素的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法及全自动图像分析仪检测50例声门上型喉癌中心区、交界区及正常喉黏膜淋巴管的数量和形态,分析其规律及与临床病理因素的关系。结果：中心区未见到有腔淋巴管的生成,正常喉黏膜仅检测到少量淋巴管无法计数密度,交界区有大量淋巴管生成扩张。交界区淋巴管密度与T分期、分化程度、淋巴结转移相关,T1～2低于T3～4,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;高-中分化低于低分化,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,高中分化之间差异无统计学意义;N0低于N^＋,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：声门上型喉癌在交界区癌间质和癌旁均有淋巴管生成,癌细胞可经此通路转移到区域淋巴结,此结论为处于试验阶段的抑制淋巴管生成的抗肿瘤药物的临床应用提供了理论依据;检测交界区淋巴管数量可帮助医生正确评估预后,制定更有效的治疗方法。     

Unusual locations for differentiated thyroid cancer nodal metastasis

Lymph node metastasis is common in differentiated thyroid cancer especially papillary thyroid cancer. Presence of lymph node metastasis does not have an impact on survival in younger patients. Therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection in the presence of clinically or radiologically evident lymph nodes has resulted in good overall survival. However, disease persistence in the lymph node/early recurrences may be seen in patients owing to lymph nodes that may be missed during the initial neck dissection. These observed locations are retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal nodal location, retro carotid location, sublingual, axillary, and intraparotid locations, supraclavicular and superficial to the sternothyroid muscle. We aim to highlight these locations with the goal to minimize persistence or early recurrence of disease at these locations.     

声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移方式及其对预后的影响

目的：探讨影响声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理因素及颈淋巴结转移对预后的影响。方法：用x^2检验和Logistic回归分析，对55例声门上型喉癌患者的肿瘤临床病理学因素与颈淋巴结转移的关系进行回顾性分析；并对颈淋巴结转移状态，转移颈淋巴结大小、数目、累及区域、最低受累区域等病理学因素对预后的影响进行Cox回归分析。结果：单因素分析显示，肿瘤病理分级、肿瘤大小、肿瘤浸润深度与发生颈淋巴结转移有关；多因素分析显示，肿瘤病理分级、肿瘤大小与发生颈淋巴结转移明显相关；声门上型喉癌患者5年生存率为52．7％。Cox回归分析表明，临床N分期、颈淋巴结转移状态、转移颈淋巴结大小影响患者预后。结论：声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移的发生受原发癌病理学因素的影响，它从多个角度明显影响患者预后；对影响预后的淋巴结因素采取相应治疗措施，对提高声门上型喉癌的治疗效果具有重要意义。     

Clinical outcomes of end-flexible-rigidscopic transoral surgery (E-TOS) in patients with T1-selected T3 pharyngeal and supraglottic cancers

Background: Endoscopic laryngo-pharyngeal surgery (ELPS), which is a transoral minimally invasive surgery using a gastrointestinal endoscope and a curved laryngopharyngeal retractor, is effective to treat primary lesions of superficial laryngopharyngeal cancers. To extend concepts of ELPS to invasive laryngopharyngeal cancers, we developed end-flexible-rigidscopic transoral surgery (E-TOS) from ELPS by changing a gastrointestinal endoscope to a flexible-tip rigid endoscope.

Aims/Objectives: To retrospectively evaluate oncological outcomes and laryngopharyngeal functional preservation of E-TOS in patients with T1-selected T3 laryngopharyngeal cancers.

Material and methods: In 47 patients T1-selected T3 pharyngeal and supraglottic cancers were resected by E-TOS using the flexible-tip rigid endoscope and curved instruments. Negative resection margin was histopathologically evaluated. The survival, preservation of larynx, and disease control rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method.

Results: Curative resection was achieved in 94% of patients. No patient complained prolonged swallowing dysfunction or hoarseness after E-TOS. Postoperative bleeding, stenosis of the pharynx and esophageal entrance, and local recurrence was observed each in one patient. The 3-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, laryngeal preservation, local control, and locoregional control rates were, 86%, 93%, 100%, 98%, and 79%, respectively.

Conclusion: E-TOS is an effective minimally invasive surgery for T1-selected T3 pharyngeal and supraglottic cancers with preserving laryngeal function.     

兔VX2声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成规律在淋巴转移中的意义

目的:建立兔声门上型喉癌动物模型并探讨兔VX2声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成规律。方法:建立VX2声门上型喉癌动物模型,应用VEGFR-3免疫组织化学方法及全自动图像分析仪检测60例兔VX2声门上型喉癌中心区、交界区及正常喉黏膜淋巴管的数密度和面密度,分析其规律。结果:中心区未见到有腔淋巴管的生成,正常喉黏膜仅检测到少量淋巴管,交界区有大量淋巴管生成扩张。交界区与正常黏膜区淋巴管密度相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:兔VX2声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成特点模拟了人声门上型喉癌淋巴管生成规律特点,即在交界区有大量淋巴管生成,这与淋巴结转移呈正相关,癌细胞可经此路径转移到区域淋巴结,测定声门上型喉癌淋巴管密度对判定是否发生淋巴结转移具有重要意义,同时这一结论为在动物身上行抑制淋巴管生成的抗肿瘤药物的基础研究提供了理论依据。     

The impact of virus in N3 node dissection for head and neck cancer

This study is to determine the impact of virus in surgical outcomes among patients of head and neck cancer with N3 lymph node metastasis. A retrospective analysis was conducted for 32 patients with operable N3 neck metastasis undergoing surgical treatment between January 1987 and October 2006. The nuclei of the tumor cells were investigated for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNAs and were taken into account as the variable for survival analysis. The primary sites were oropharynx in 11 patients, tongue in 3, buccal mucosa in 1, hypopharynx in 8 and unknown primary in 9. The five-year cumulative overall survival rate was 40.7% and 5-year cumulative regional control rate was 55.8%. The 5-year cumulative overall survival rate of patients with unknown primary site (72.9%) and HPV or EBV positive in the tumor (77.8%) were significantly higher than those patients with known primary site (31.3%) and HPV or EBV negative in the tumor (27.4%), respectively (P = 0.0335 and P = 0.0348, log rank test). In conclusion, surgery with adjuvant therapy offers reasonable outcomes for operable N3 node in head and neck cancer in our cohort. In addition, patients with HPV or EBV positive in the tumor have a better survival.     

声门上型喉癌临床颈淋巴结阴性患者颈清扫区域的选择

目的　探讨声门上型喉癌临床诊断N0 (clinicalN0 ,cN0 )患者颈淋巴结转移的特点 ,选择合理的清扫区域。方法　 5 7例声门上型喉癌患者行喉切除术的同时行改良性颈清扫术 ,将颈清扫的淋巴结标本分区域逐一行病理学检查 ,确定转移区域或复发的区域。结果　 5 7例 (6 3侧 )颈清扫标本共获淋巴结 1877枚 ,平均每侧获 2 9 8枚 ,有转移的 4 3枚 ,其中 4 1枚位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区 ,占 95 4 % (41/ 4 3)。15例 (17侧 )患者有淋巴结转移 ,转移率为 2 6 3% (15 / 5 7)。其中 14例位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区 ,占转移例数的93 3% (14 / 15 )。颈部复发 3例 ,复发率为 5 3% (3/ 5 7) ,复发部位分别位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区。 5年生存率为 80 7% (46 / 5 7)。结论　对声门上型喉癌cN0重点行Ⅱ和Ⅲ区颈淋巴结清扫术 ,Ⅲ区受累时应包括Ⅳ区 ,Ⅰ、Ⅴ区在无明显转移证据时可避免行颈清扫术     

Predictors of radiotherapy outcome in patients with T2 supraglottic carcinoma

The decision regarding treatment of early supraglottic carcinoma remains controversial. Single institution clinical data of patients with T2 supraglottic carcinoma treated exclusively with radiotherapy in terms of prognostic factors and treatment results were analyzed. Patient-related factors that would potentially by useful for optimal therapeutic decision to be undertaken were especially investigated. Between 1994 and 2004, 78 patients with T2 supraglottic carcinoma underwent radiotherapy (RT) in Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland. There were 54 (69%) males and 24 (31%) females in the median age of 61 years. There were 17 (22%) patients with N+. Median body mass of patients before (BM0) and after RT (BM1) was 74 kg (range 45.2–130 kg) and 72.9 kg (range 49.9–122.5 kg), respectively. Median hemoglobin concentrations before (Hb0) and after (Hb1) RT were 14.3 and 13.4 g/dl, respectively. Median change of Hb concentration during RT (dHb) was −0.8 g/dl. All were treated up to total doses (TD) ranged from 62.5 to 72 Gy. The overall treatment time (OTT) ranged from 30 to 70 days. Estimates of local control (LC), ultimate local control (uLC), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Log rank statistics, Cox proportional hazard model and step-wise Cox regression hazard model were employed to identify prognostic factors for LC, uLC, and OS in univariate and multivariate analyses. The 5-year LC, RC, uLC and OS rates were 85, 92, 88, and 56%, respectively. In multivariate analysis N+ (p = 0.01) and prolonged OTT (p = 0.03) significantly decreased LC. Females (p = 0.02), higher BM0 (p = 0.03), and HB0 (p = 0.006) significantly prolonged OS. Patient-related factors like gender, hemoglobin concentration, and body mass may predict treatment outcome. Radiotherapy is effective for T2 supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx unless higher dose intensity is provided. Involved regional lymph nodes significantly deteriorate locoregional cure.     

声门上喉癌MMP-2和E-cadherin的表达与颈部淋巴结转移的相关性研究

目的:探讨MMP-2、E-cadherin在喉癌组织中的表达及其与喉癌颈部淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学SP法检测10例正常喉黏膜和48例原发性声门上喉癌组织中MMP-2和E-cadherin的表达。结果:MMP-2在声门上喉癌组织中的表达明显高于正常喉黏膜组织中的表达;淋巴结转移组明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05);E-cadherin在正常喉黏膜组织中的表达明显高于在声门上喉癌组织中的表达;在淋巴结转移组明显低于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05)。MMP-2和E-cadherin在声门上喉癌组织中的表达呈负相关(r=-0.41)。分别用MMP-2( )、E-cadherin(-)及MMP-2( )与E-cadherin(-)联合来预测喉癌颈部淋巴结转移,MMP-2( )的敏感性最高(91.7%),特异性(58.3%)和阳性预测值(68.8%)最低。MMP-2( )与E-cadherin(-)联合的敏感性最低(79.2%),特异性(95.8%)和阳性预测值(95.0%)最高。E-cadherin(-)的各项指标介于两者之间。结论:MMP-2和E-cadherin蛋白的表达可以作为判断声门上喉癌淋巴结转移的有效指标,联合应用MMP-2和E-cadherin蛋白的检测能够提高判断声门上喉癌淋巴结转移的准确率,对于声门上喉癌的手术治疗具有指导意义。