Partial splenic artery embolization in portal hypertension patients with hypersplenism: Two interval-spaced sessions’ technique

Purpose

To evaluate the ability of interval spaced sessions of transcatheter partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) to avoid the potential post procedure major complications, in portal hypertension patients with hypersplenism.

Material and methods

The study included 50 patients (39 male and 11 females). All patients had liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension with hypersplenism and hyperactive bone marrow. All patients underwent PSE in two sessions separated at least by 1 month interval. Immediate, short and intermediate term follow-up for 1 year were done.

Results

We had no post procedure mortality. None of the patients developed septic shock, splenic abscess or needed emergency surgery. Ten of our patients developed subcapsular collections which were treated conservatively. All of our patients showed significant increase in the thrombocyte count after the first session which becomes remarkable after the second session and remained at appropriate levels during the follow up period.

Conclusion

PSE using two (interval-spaced) sessions with careful pre- and post procedure medications and care; is really effective non surgical minimally invasive procedure in avoiding the potential post procedure complications while achieving remarkable hematologic response on controlling hypersplenism in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.     

The outcome of partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism in the cirrhotic patients

Background

Although partial splenic embolization (PSE) has been widely used for treatment of leucocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia in cirrhosis, only few studies evaluate both benefits and complications of it.

Objective

To evaluate outcome of partial splenic embolization benefits on both platelet and leukocytes counts and its complications in treatment of cirrhotic patients.

Patients and methods

Cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism-induced thrombo-cytopenia underwent partial splenic embolization (PSE). From All patients complete history and full clinical examination were taken and subjected to Laboratory investigations. After PSE was performed, the precise extent of embolization was calculated on CT examinations 2 weeks after PSE. Prophylactic antibiotics was given for 5 days after PSE. All patients were then followed up at the outpatient clinic. Peripheral blood cell parameters including white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were monitored prior to PSE, on the 3rd, 14th, 30th day after PSE, and subsequently at 3-month intervals during the 2-year follow-up period. The complications associated with PSE were appropriately recorded. All patients underwent abdominal CT scanning before and 2 weeks after PSE.

Results

Twenty three patients were included in this study. 13 (57%) males and 10 (43%) females with mean age 42.37 years. PSE was successfully performed in all 23 patients. Post-embolization syndrome 91.3% (21/23) was the most frequent side effect. Other minor complications as puncture site hematoma occurred to one patient at site of femoral artery. Severe complications occurred in eight patients (34.8%). two patients had a large amount of pleural effusion and ascites. One patients developed bacterial peritonitis and died of septicemia. One patient complicated by splenic abscess. One patient had recurrent thrombo-cytopenia and treated by PSE. Portal vein thrombosis was found in one patient. One patient presented with huge splenomegaly and improved after splenectomy. Post-PSE, the platelets and leukocytes counts showed increase in the number. Best results obtained with larger splenic infarction area but in the expense of more major complications.

Statistical analysis

Blood parameters were compared using paired t test. P < 0.05 means significant differences.

Conclusion

PSE is a useful treatment in patients with hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis. PSE is safe in advanced disease patients, not suitable for splenectomy, with good long-term effect on the hematological parameters and a reduction in bleeding episodes from esophageal varices.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能亢进致血小板减少的疗效观察

目的观察部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能致血小板减少的临床疗效。方法选择2005年8月至2006年9月期间因脾功能亢进而导致血小板减少的60例患者行部分脾动脉栓塞术，观察并统计其血小板数的变化。结果所有患者术后血小板数较术前均显著上升。结论部分脾动脉栓塞术对治疗脾功能亢进致血小板减少有显著的疗效。     

PVA颗粒作为栓塞材料在部分性脾栓塞术中的应用评价

目的　评价PVA颗粒作为栓塞材料在部分性脾栓塞术 (PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进 (脾亢 )中的疗效及并发症。方法　 5 0例肝硬化脾亢行PSE患者 ,依据PSE术所采用的栓塞材料不同分为2组 :A组 2 6例 ,栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒 ;B组 2 4例 ,栓塞材料为 30 0～ 70 0 μm的PVA颗粒。随访观察两组外周血白细胞、血小板和红细胞计数变化及术后反应。选取术后 1年资料完整的 4 1例进行分析 ,其中A组 2 2例 ,B组 19例。结果　两组术后 1年内白细胞和血小板计数均较术前明显升高 (P <0 .0 0 1)。虽然B组术后白细胞和血小板计数较A组升高较多 ,但两组的疗效差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组术后红细胞计数一直无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。B组疼痛的程度重、持续时间长 ,而A组发热的发生率高。较严重并发症的发生率两组无明显差异。结论　PVA颗粒可作为PSE术的栓塞材料 ,栓塞程度控制在 5 0 %～ 70 %可有效治疗脾亢、减轻术后反应。     

部分脾栓塞在肝癌伴脾亢介入治疗中的应用

目的：对原发性肝癌伴腺功能亢进（脾亢）患者行部分脾栓塞，使其血细胞恢复正常，以便能进一步行肝动脉化疗。方法：对46例不能行手术切除，且血细胞明显低于正常的肝癌伴脾亢的患者行部分脾栓塞，栓塞面积控制在50％－70％，栓塞前后测定血细胞数量，并作方差分析和t检验。结果：脾栓术后24h、48h、72h、1周、2周、4周的血白细胞和血小板均较栓塞前明显升高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论：部分脾栓塞能治疗脾功能亢进，提高血细胞数量，使肝癌伴脾亢患者的肝动脉化疗能正常进行。     

部分脾脏栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压合并脾机能亢进的临床研究

目的 :探讨部分脾脏栓塞术对肝硬化门脉高压合并脾机能亢进的治疗价值。方法 :应用PVA颗粒 ,对 4 6例门脉高压肝硬化合并脾脏机能亢进的患者施行经脾动脉部分脾脏栓塞术 ,随访术后不同时间窗内疗效并对比研究了栓塞前后的门静脉和脾静脉血流速度的变化。结果 :4 6例患者成功施行了经脾动脉栓塞技术 ,达到了临床预期的治疗目标 ,消除了脾机能亢进的症状 ,无严重并发症发生 ,白细胞和血小板术后 2 4h即有明显改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,4周后恢复正常水平保持平稳。脾静脉和门静脉血流速度手术后明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,随访 6～ 2 1个月 ,脾机能亢进的症状未复发。结论 :部分脾脏栓塞术简便微创安全 ,治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并脾机能亢进疗效好 ,值得临床推广应用。     

部分性脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的远期疗效观察

目的　目的评价部分性脾栓塞术 (Partialsplenicembolization ,PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的远期疗效。方法　对 1998年 5月以前采用PSE治疗的 6 2例肝硬化脾功能亢进患者进行长期随访 ,随访指标主要为外周血白细胞、血小板和红细胞计数。选取术后 1～ 5年资料完整的 38例进行分析 ,其中栓塞程度≥ 6 0 %者 2 3例 ,5 0 %～ 5 9%者 9例 ,<5 0 %者 6例。结果　白细胞和血小板计数分别于术后第 3天和 2周达到峰值 ,然后二者逐渐下降 ,但对不同的栓塞程度其下降趋势差异具有显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 1)。栓塞程度≥ 6 0 %者 ,术后白细胞和血小板计数均较术前显著升高并一直维持到术后第 5年 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,且第 5年时白细胞计数仍为正常 ,第 4年时血小板计数仍达正常。栓塞程度5 0 %～ 5 9%者 ,术后白细胞和血小板计数也较术前明显升高并可达到术后第 5年和第 4年 (P <0 .0 5 )水平 ,但它们分别在术后第 2年和第 1年就降至正常范围以下。而对于栓塞程度 <5 0 %者 ,术后 1个月白细胞和血小板计数都降至正常范围以下。红细胞计数在术后一直无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。随着栓塞程度的增加 ,术后反应加重 ,并发症也随之增加。结论　栓塞程度控制在 6 0 %～ 70 %可有效治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进 ,分次栓塞可减轻术后反应     

Predictive factors of platelet increase and complications after percutaneous trans-arterial partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism in chronic liver disease patients

Purpose

To identify predictive factors for platelets normalization and major complications associated with partial splenic embolization (PSE) in patients with chronic liver disease and hypersplenism.

部分性脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能亢进40例临床分析

介入治疗脾功能亢进(脾亢)始于1973年,Madisom首先报道在临床上试用脾动脉栓塞治疗门脉高压症伴脾亢,得到脾脏缩小及外周血细胞迅速改善的结果。1980年Spigos等应用部分性脾动脉栓塞法(PSE)明显减少了全脾栓塞所引起的并发症。1985年Jonasson等报道用明胶海绵颗粒作PSE脾亢,长期随访结果表明相当安全且很少严重并发症[1]。随后部分性脾动脉栓塞已广泛应用于脾亢的治疗[2-7],成为外科脾切除术的替代方法,它具有较低的并发症和病死率。我院从2004年3月至2005年12月对40例脾亢患者实施PSE,取得满意疗效,现报道如下。     

部分脾栓塞术治疗脾机能亢进症（附23例报告）

目的：探讨部分脾栓塞术治疗脾机能亢进症的方法及临床应用价值。方法:对23例脾机能亢进症患者,采用Seldinger穿刺技术,将导管选择或超选择插入脾动脉,注入明胶海绵－抗生素－造影剂混悬物,栓塞部分脾脏供血动脉。结果：23例经部分脾栓塞术治疗后,外周血象3个月内恢复正常或基本正常,脾脏显著缩小,保留了人体免疫功能。结论：部分脾栓塞术避免了手术切脾脏,保存脾脏部分功能,维持人体免疫机制。本法具有手术简便、安全、创伤小、疗效显著等优点,且可重复治疗,是一种可替代外科脾切除术的治疗方法。     

三丙烯微球在部分性脾栓塞治疗继发性脾功能亢进中的临床应用

目的 评价三丙烯微球在部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进(脾亢)中的临床疗效.方法 30例肝硬化合并脾肿大、脾亢患者行PSE,16例使用明胶海绵,14例使用三丙烯微球.栓塞面积一般在40% ～ 80%.术后随访观察患者外周血白细胞、血小板计数变化及不良反应.结果 6个月后28例患者血白细胞、血小板恢复正常,...     

脾动脉栓塞与脾切除的对比分析

目的探讨脾动脉栓塞和脾切除治疗脾功能亢进的疗效及并发症,为临床治疗脾功能亢进方式提供选择依据。方法回顾分析我院近年部分性脾动脉栓塞46例和脾切除33例,比较两种方法治疗后血象改善及并发症发生情况。结果两种方法均能有效改善肝硬化继发脾肿大脾功能亢进患者血小板和白细胞计数(P<0.001),但两组患者中脾切除组术后血小板计数改善明显优于脾动脉栓塞组,而白细胞计数的改善两组无明显差异。脾动脉栓塞组术后并发症发生率明显高于脾切除组(P<0.001)。结论对于腹水较多、门脉高压明显、脾脏巨大的患者不宜行脾动脉栓塞治疗,行脾切除术较好;对于肝脏功能较差、凝血功能严重障碍、高龄和伴肝癌的脾功能亢进患者宜行脾动脉栓塞治疗。     

脾动脉血管硬化剂栓塞治疗脾功能亢进

目的评价应用血管硬化剂行部分性脾栓塞治疗脾功能亢进的疗效及安全性。方法17例肝硬化脾功能亢进患者,使用微导管行脾脏中下极动脉分支超选择插管硬化剂栓塞。硬化剂包括鱼肝油酸钠和无水乙醇。栓塞体积40%~70%。结果术后2~4周白细胞平均值自(25±12)×109/L[(08~42)×109/L]增至(57±17)×109/L[(37~84)×109/L],t=6257,P<0001;血小板平均值自(34±14)×109/L[(14~61)×109/L]增至(108±48)×109/L[(58~210)×109/L],t=7028,P<0001。无严重的术后不良反应或并发症。结论脾中下极动脉硬化剂栓塞治疗脾功能亢进安全、有效,不良反应轻,同时具有操作简便和相对经济的优点。     

部分性脾栓塞术的质量控制

目的探寻术中较准确地控制脾栓塞程度的方法。方法回顾性地分析９０例部分性脾栓塞（ｐａｒｔｉａｌｓｐｌｅｎｉｃｅｍｂｏｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ＰＳＥ）术患者栓塞前、后的脾动脉造影表现，总结出大小为１ｍｍ×１ｍｍ×１ｍｍ明胶海绵颗粒数（Ｇ）、内径约１ｍｍ脾内动脉支数（Ａ）与栓塞程度（Ｅｅ）的关系。以此为依据对２４例脾亢患者进行前瞻性研究，栓塞（Ｅ）前先根据Ｅｅ预期、Ａ值确定明胶海绵用量，行ＰＳＥ术后，比较Ｅｅ实际与Ｅｅ预期的偏差。结果Ｇ、Ａ与Ｅ（Ｅｅ×１００）的关系为Ｇ＝（Ｅ－１１．４５）Ａ／５０．７９。运用本公式可确定栓塞剂用量，从而控制Ｅｅ，９５％偏差范围将控制在－５．８％～６．８％。结论根据预期栓塞程度与脾内动脉分支数确定明胶海绵颗粒用量，从而控制栓塞程度是一种简便可靠的定量脾栓塞法     

部分脾栓塞术联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进的研究进展

脾功能亢进是原发性肝癌肝硬化门静脉高压的严重并发症之一,部分脾栓塞术（PSE）在治疗脾功能亢进上具有安全、有效、可重复、微创且能保留脾脏部分免疫功能等优点,已在经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进中具有举足轻重的作用。本文主要对原发性肝癌发生脾功能亢进的机制、PSE的优势、操作方法及术后常见并发症进行综述。     

Partial splenic embolization using polyvinyl alcohol particles for hypersplenism in cirrhosis: a prospective randomized study

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of partial splenic embolization (PSE) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles for hypersplenism in cirrhosis, as compared to PSE using gelfoam particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PSE was performed in 60 consecutive patients with hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis. The patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: gelfoam group, 32 patients received PSE using gelfoam particles as the embolic material; PVA group, 28 patients received PSE using PVA particles. The follow-up contents included peripheral blood cell counts (leukocyte, platelet and red blood cell) and complications associated with PSE. RESULTS: Prior to PSE, there was no significant difference between the two groups in sex, age, Child-Pugh grade, the extent of embolization and peripheral blood cell counts. After PSE, no matter in which group, leukocyte and platelet counts kept significantly higher than pre-PSE during the 3-year follow-up period (P<.0001), but the post-PSE improvement of leukocyte and platelet counts was significantly better in PVA group than in gelfoam group (P<.05). Red blood cell counts showed no remarkable changes after PSE (P>.05). Severe complications occurred in 8 patients (25.0%) in gelfoam group and 6 patients (21.4%) in PVA group (P>.05), but the degree of abdominal pain was higher in the latter than in the former (P<.05). Among 17 patients who received more than 70% embolization of spleen, 10 (58.8%) developed severe complications, while among 43 patients who received 70% or less embolization of spleen, only four (9.3%) had severe complications. This difference was statistically significant (P<.05). CONCLUSION: PVA particles could be used as the embolic material in PSE; in comparison with PSE using gelfoam particles, PSE using PVA particles can achieve even better efficacy in alleviating hypersplenism, but the extent of embolization should be strictly limited to not more than 70% of splenic volume.     

部分脾栓塞治疗血吸虫性脾功能亢进的临床应用

目的 观察部分性脾栓塞治疗血吸虫性脾功能亢进的临床价值.方法 对24例血吸虫性脾功能亢进患者行周围性部分性脾栓塞,栓塞剂为医用明胶海绵,比较栓塞前后血白细胞(WBC)及血小板(PLT)的数量变化.结果 栓塞范围为50%～75%(平均为59%),术后随访6个月～3年,WBC术前为(2.15±0.67)×109 /L,术后峰值为(12.36±3.24)×109 /L,维持在(5.65±1.38)×109 /L;PLT从术前(31.39±13.81)×109 /L上升到峰值(178.26±123.07)×109 /L,然后维持在(116.28±31.52)×109 /L,WBC及PLT的术前和术后t值分别为11.08,8.38,P＜0.001,未出现严重并发症.结论 部分性脾栓塞治疗血吸虫性脾功能亢进安全、微创、疗效确切,但其远期疗效需进一步观察.     

Partial splenic artery embolization in cirrhotic patients

Splenomegaly is a common sequela of cirrhosis, and is frequently associated with decreased hematologic indices including thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) has been demonstrated to effectively increase hematologic indices in cirrhotic patients with splenomegaly. This is particularly valuable amongst those cirrhotic patients who are not viable candidates for splenectomy. Although PSE was originally developed decades ago, it has recently received increased attention. Presently, PSE is being utilized to address a number of clinical concerns in the setting of cirrhosis, including: decreased hematologic indices, portal hypertension and its associated sequela, and splenic artery steal syndrome. Following PSE patients demonstrate significant increases in platelets and leukocytes. Though progressive decline of hematologic indices occur following PSE, they remain improved as compared to pre-procedural values over long-term follow-up. PSE, however, is not without risk and complications of the procedure may occur. The most common complication of PSE is post-embolization syndrome, which involves a constellation of symptoms including fever, pain, and nausea/vomiting. The rate of complications has been shown to increase as the percent of total splenic volume embolized increases. The purpose of this review is to explore the current literature in regards to PSE in cirrhotic patients and to highlight their techniques, and statistically summarize their results and associated complications.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝炎后肝硬化并发脾功能亢进

目的 探讨部分脾动脉栓塞术（ＰＳＥ）治疗肝炎后肝硬化并发脾功能亢进的疗效及评价。材料和方法 ４０例经实验室检查诊断为病毒性肝炎，外周全血胞减少，ＣＴ或Ｂ超确诊为肝硬化，脾肿大，采用改良Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术，将导管插至脾动脉注入明胶绵颗粒或细条，术后观察外周血细胞改变。引进要４０例中显效３１例，占７７．５％，有效４例，占１０％，无效５例，占１２．５％，总有效率８７．５％，结论 部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进患者后免疫变化研究进展

【摘要】 部分脾动脉栓塞术（PSE）治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进（脾亢）的临床效果确切,但其对患者免疫功能的影响仍存在争议。该文主要对脾脏解剖与其免疫功能、脾亢病理改变与免疫、脾亢后免疫功能变化以及PSE对机体免疫功能的影响等方面研究进展进行综述。