Surgical Treatment of Carcinoma of Esophagus and Gastric Cardia—A 34—year Investigation

Methods The patients were divided into A,Band C groups:3155 patients (group A)were treated surgically in the first 14 years ,5952 patients (group B)in the next 10 years ,and 3863 patients (group C)in the last 10 years .The early stage lesions (Tis ,Ti)were as-signed as a separate group.The results of these groups were compared. Results The respectability for esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinoma wsa 94.0% and 84.4% respectively ,and the overall respectability .The overall operative mortality was 1.8%,it was 4.4% for group A, 1.6% for group B,and 0.5% for group C.The overall 5-year sur-vival was 31.6%.The 5-year survival for groups A, B,C and the early stage group was 27.0% ,29.1%,32.0% and 92.6%,respect-tively.Among the 3 temporal groups,differences were observed in tems of lesion stage,location and size,surgery with or without com-bined therapy and postoperative complications. Conclusion Best results were achieved in the early cases,with a respectability of 100% and a 5-year survival of 92.6%.The indications for surgical treatment were extended with increased respectability and decreased mortality.Subtotal esophagectomy combined with cervical esophagogastrostomy was advocated as the procedure of first choice for esophageal carcinoma in attempt to diminish the chance of recur-rence,and to achieve better outcomes by using combined therapy for patients with≥stage Ⅲ lesion.     

广东省南澳县主要恶性肿瘤死亡率趋势

本文对食管癌高发区南澳县主要恶性肿瘤死亡率趋势进行了分析,食管贲门癌死亡率仍保持较高水平,粗死亡率为90．57／10万,中国标化死亡率为86．55／10万,与1970－1987年资料相比较,食管贲门癌变化无统计学意义,男性甚至还在上升,食管贲门癌的死亡年龄普遍上移,对肝癌,胃癌和肺癌的时间趋分析表明,肝癌死亡率基本保持恒定,胃癌呈现明显下降趋势,经分析认为可能与该地区胃癌分类没有包括贲门癌有关,肺癌虽有上升,但与全国肺癌死亡率大幅上升相比,幅度相对较小。     

Results of surgical treatment in 6,123 cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia

Six thousand one hundred twenty-three cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia were treated surgically from 1965 to 1985. Overall resectability was 89.9%. Postoperative mortality was 3%, and incidence of postoperative complication, 10.3%. Follow-up rate was 91.3%, with 5 year survival of 36.8% (esophageal nearly twice that of gastric cardia), and 10 year survival of 17.2%. Factors affecting long-term survival were clinicopathologic staging and preoperative irradiation. Early discovery and timely treatment are the key to high resectability and improved long-term survival. More efficacious combined therapies are needed for the predominant late cases. We propose more radical resection because of the multifocal tendency of esophageal and extensive submucosal infiltration of cardia carcinoma. Continuing refinements of surgical technique helped to reduce postoperative leakage and structure.     

Antioxidants and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia

Antioxidant vitamins have attracted considerable attention in previous studies of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, but dietary studies of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia remain sparse. Treating these tumors as distinct diseases, we studied intakes of vitamin C, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in a nationwide population-based case-control study in Sweden, with 185, 165, and 258 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, respectively, and 815 controls. Subjects with a high parallel intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol showed a 40-50% decreased risk of both histological types of esophageal cancer compared with subjects with a low parallel intake. Antioxidant intake was not associated with the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Separately, vitamin C and beta-carotene reduced the risk of esophageal cancers more than alpha-tocopherol. We found that antioxidant intake is associated with similar risk reductions for both main histological types of esophageal cancer. Our findings indicate that antioxidants do not explain the diverging incidence rates of the 2 histological types of esophageal cancer. Moreover, our data suggest that inverse associations with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma may be stronger among subjects under presumed higher oxidative stress due to smoking or gastroesophageal reflux, respectively. Our results may be relevant for the implementation of focused, cost-effective preventive measures.     

管状胃在食管贲门癌手术中的临床应用

目的：评价管状胃技术在食管、贲门癌患者根治手术中的临床效果。方法：选取2007年5月-2010年12月我院胸外科收治的食管、贲门癌214例,按手术方法分为管状胃组和对照组,管状胃组：118例,男99例,女19例,年龄58.81±8.39岁（38-80岁）。其中食管癌104例于左颈部吻合49例,弓上吻合32例,弓下吻合23例;贲门癌根治14例。对照组：96例,男74例,女22例,年龄58.54±9.05岁（27-80岁）。食管癌89例于左颈部吻合8例,主动脉弓上吻合56例,弓下吻合25例;贲门癌根治7例。观察两组术后吻合口瘘发生率、手术时间、住院时间等。结果：两组均顺利完成手术。管状胃组发生吻合口瘘1例,残胃瘘7例;对照组发生吻合口瘘4例,残胃瘘1例;手术时间管状胃组与对照组（257.77±79.77 min vs 244.26±63.68 min,t=1.342,P=0.181）,吻合口瘘（P〉0.05）及残胃瘘（P〉0.05）差异无统计学意义,术后住院时间（14.90±5.65d vs 17.20±8.49d,t=2.279,P=0.024）,胸胃综合症发生率（P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义。结论：管状胃操作简单、安全,胸胃综合症并发症发生率较低,不增加手术时间,缩短了住院时间,可改善患者术后生活质量,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and/or gastric cardia

One hundred twenty-nine adenocarcinomas involving the esophagus and/or gastric cardia differed significantly from 212 cancers of the rest of the stomach as follows: male-female ratio, 6:1 versus 2:1, birth outside Canada, US or UK, 12% versus 34%; parent or sibling with gastric cancer, 5% versus 13%; previous duodenal ulcer, 23% versus 9%; chronic reflux symptoms, 25% versus 3%; hiatal hernia, 51% versus 11%. Of the 129 esophagocardia cancers, 24 involved the esophagus alone, 48 the cardia and esophagus, 33 the cardia alone or cardia and fundus, and 24 the upper stomach and lower esophagus extensively. Thirty-four were associated with Barrett's esophagus. The 72 patients with involvement of both the upper stomach and lower esophagus (48 cardia and esophagus, 24 extensive) were identical with the esophagocardia group as a whole. The 24 patients with esophageal cancer and the 34 with Barrett's epithelium were the same clinically as the whole esophagocardia group except more had chronic reflux and hiatal hernia. The 33 patients with cancer confined to the cardia or cardia and fundus resembled the whole esophagocardia group but did not have Barrett's esophagus. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagocardia region is probably a different disease from cancer of the rest of the stomach.     

贲门癌切除,回结肠代食管及胃,贲门重建术

After having studied both the advantages and disadvantages of various reconstructive operations, an improved reconstructive operation, i.e. ileo-colon replacement of esophagus, stomach and cardia was performed to avoid regurgitation esophagitis after cardiectomy in gastric cardiac cancer. Twenty patients underwent such reconstructive operation. Clinical observation and measurement of intraluminal pressure in the upper digestive tract before and after operation showed that this kind of operation gave satisfactory short-term results, not only avoiding the regurgitation, but increasing the radical resection rate, reducing the other postoperative complications and improving the diet quantity intake also. This reconstructive operation is better than the traditional routine method and worthy of extensive use. Preparations before, during and after the operation, cooperation in manipulation during the operation are described.     

食管癌贲门癌切除术后近期并发症及死亡原因分析

目的进一步明确食管癌和贲门癌术后主要并发症及死亡原因。方法回顾分析我科１９７６年１月－１９９７年６月食管癌和贲门癌切除术后各种并发症７６５例和住院死亡８４例的临床资料。结果本组并发症发生率和住院死亡率分别为１３．４％（７６５／５７１９）和１．５％（８４／７６５）,并发症依次为切口感染、吻合口瘘、单纯脓胸、肺部及心血管疾病,死亡原因依次为心血管疾病、吻合口瘘、肺部疾病、脓胸和胃肠梗阻。结论吻合口瘘、心肺疾病、脓胸仍然是食管癌和贲门癌术后主要并发症和死亡原因。     

NON-THORACOTOMY ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND CARDIA

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Multimodality therapy for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia

The role of multimodal treatment in the management of esophageal cancer is controversial. There are conflicting results from studies on the effect of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant treatment on long-term survival. Following a search of the Medline database, the authors examine the results of randomized studies on the various treatment protocols available and discuss future therapeutic improvements.     

Multimodality therapy for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia

The role of multimodal treatment in the management of esophageal cancer is controversial. There are conflicting results from studies on the effect of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant treatment on long-term survival. Following a search of the Medline database, the authors examine the results of randomized studies on the various treatment protocols available and discuss future therapeutic improvements.     

食管憩室伴发食管及贲门癌26例临床分析

目的探讨食管憩室与癌肿的关系,总结其治疗经验.方法回顾性分析我院胸外科26例食管憩室伴发食管及贲门癌手术治疗资料.结果24例食管憩室均位于癌肿之上,仅见2例憩室癌变;本组X线钡餐检查癌肿漏诊率为26.9%,术前内镜检查癌肿确诊率100%;25例均行癌肿与憩室一并切除术,1例贲门癌伴发食管中段憩室,癌肿切除后单纯行憩室切除及壁修补术,全组无手术并发症发生.结论食管憩室合并疾患较多,对于食管憩室患者尤其病程长者应行食管镜检,避免癌肿等疾患漏诊;治疗应食管憩室与癌肿一并切除.     

Tobacco,alcohol intake,and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia

Little is known about the etiology of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus/cardia, a cancer which has increased in incidence in the United States over the last two decades. We analyzed data on smoking, alcohol use, dietary intake, and other factors obtained from 173 hospitalized males with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus/cardia (cases) and 4,544 hospitalized males with diseases not related to smoking and of other organ systems than the gastrointestinal tract (controls). Cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (n=136) and adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach (n=122) were included as separate case groups. All subjects were interviewed in 28 hospitals in eight cities in the US between 1981 and 1990. After adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio (OR) for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus/cardia for current smokers was 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.4–3.9) and that for ex-smokers was 1.9 (CI=1.2–3.0) relative to never-smokers. The OR for drinkers of four or more ounces of whiskey-equivalents of alcohol per day (relative to those consuming less than one drink per week) was 2.3 (CI=1.3–4.3). Intakes of total fat and vitamin A from animal sources were significant risk factors and fiber intake was associated inversely with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus/cardia. Although the number of female cases of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus/cardia was small (n=21), significant associations were observed for smoking and alcohol.Dr Kabat is in the Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. At the time of this work be was with the Division of Epidemiology, American Health Foundation, New York, NY. Drs Ng and Wynder are with the Division of Epidemiology, American Health Foundation. Address correspondence to Dr Kabat, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Belfer Bldg, Rm 1302, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Supported by National Cancer Institute Program Project grant CA32617 and Center grant CA17613.     

Heredity and risk of cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

The importance of genetic factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer is uncertain. We addressed the question of heredity in a population-based, nationwide case-control study conducted in Sweden during 1995 through 1997. The study involved 189 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 262 with cardia adenocarcinoma, 167 with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and, for comparison, 820 control subjects. Familial occurrence of cancer was explored at face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression, with multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs), which estimated relative risk. Occurrence of esophageal cancer among first-degree relatives did not increase the risk of adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Neither were there any significant associations with familial occurrence of gastric cancer or other gastrointestinal tumors. The risk of cardia adenocarcinoma was moderately increased among persons with first-degree relatives with gastric cancer (OR, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.6). Familial occurrence of any cancer was not associated with increased risks of any of the three studied tumors. In conclusion, heredity does not seem to contribute importantly to the occurrence of esophageal cancer of any histological type. A weak association between familial gastric cancer and the risk of cardia cancer may represent a genetic link.     

A case-control study of cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia in Linxian

A case-control study involving interviews with 1,244 patients (758 males and 486 females) with cancer of the esophagus or gastric cardia and 1,314 population-based controls (789 males, 525 females) was carried out in Linxian, a rural county in North Central China with one of the world's highest mortality rates for these tumors. Cancer risks tended to rise with increasing intake of wheat and corn, but no association was found with adult intake of pickled vegetables, the leading a priori suspect, and risks were not elevated among those consuming low quantities of fresh vegetables or fruits. Few differences in preparation or storage of food or water were detected, although cancer patients reported less fluid intake than controls. Few persons reported drinking alcoholic beverages. Smoking was reported by 61% of the male cases and was a mild risk factor, related more to cancer of the cardia than of the esophagus. The risk was increased by 70% among those whose parents had esophageal or stomach cancer, but only slightly among those whose spouses had such cancers, suggesting that exposure early in life and/or genetic effects may be involved.     

Gastroesophageal anastomotic leakage following resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia: analysis of ten cases

Postoperative anastomotic leakage is one of the most dangerous and, unfortunately, most frequent complications. Many methods have been tried to prevent such leakage. The incidence of leakage has decreased to 3.84% in our hospital in recent years. Ten cases of gastroesophageal anastomotic leakage following resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia are analyzed and a new tool, the three-leaf clamp, which reduced the anastomotic leakage, is introduced.     

Trichothecenes in staple food from a high-incidence area of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia and their carcinogenic potential

This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of a group of mycotoxins in corn-staple food of Linxian residents, including Nivalenoal (NIV), Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), T-2 toxin (these 5 toxins belong to trichothecenes) and zearalenone (ZEN). These 6 toxins were produced by Fusarium species. Using TLC, HPLC, GC, monoclonal antibody affinity column chromatography combined with RIA, respectively, 107 corn samples from Linxian and 2 rice samples from USA were analyzed. It was demonstrated that the average level of NIV was 757 +/- 707(54-2,760)ng/g, DON was 5,376 +/- 4,460 (360-12,670) ng/g with 100% positivity in corn samples consumed as staple food by esophageal cancer patients and their families. Corn samples collected from 5 villages in Linxian at different seasons in 1984-1986 all showed high levels of NIV and DON with 100% positivity which suggested that NIV and DON were consistently and widely existed in Linxian corn samples. Levels of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in Linxian corn were 113 +/- 57 and 495 +/- 538 ng/g. This paper also first demonstrates that the extracts of corn from esophageal cancer patients' families and their NIV and DON fractions purified by HPLC could induce significant chromosome aberrations in V79 cells, indicating that they had carcinogenic potential. Pure toxins of NIV, DON, T-2 and 3-ADON could induce chromosome aberrations in V79 cells starting from 1 ng/ml-a very low concentration. When concentrations increased to certain range they all showed toxic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

食管癌和贲门癌患者术后呼吸衰竭原因分析及防治

目的分析研究食管癌和贲门癌患者手术后发生呼吸衰竭的原因和治疗措施。方法应用SPSS统计软件Logistic回归分析及x^2检验,对114例呼吸衰竭患者的原因及死亡风险进行分析。结果因手术相关并发症引发的呼吸衰竭者40例（35．1％）,因严重呼吸道感染诱发的呼吸衰竭者43例（37．7％）,二者占全组的72．8％（83／114）。其他原因为麻醉清醒不完全或术中输液过量造成肺水肿、肺动脉栓塞、严重心律失常等。单因素和Logistic回归多因素分析发现,出现手术相关并发症者、术后并发症种类愈多者、术前肺功能差者、术前放疗者、术后第2天以后开始插管者、辅助呼吸时间愈长者、呼吸衰竭合并肺炎或‘肾衰者,其死亡危险性显著增加。其中前3者为显著独立致死因素,相对风险度分别为2．50,2．37和1．68;而与年龄、性别、手术治疗方式、术前合并疾病史、术前应用抗菌素等因素无显著相关性。结论食管癌和贲门癌患者术后发生呼吸衰竭多因手术相关的并发症和呼吸道感染所致。仔细谨慎的手术操作和术后防止严重并发症的发生,是避免食管癌和贲门癌术后发生呼吸衰竭的最重要措施。术后严密观察各项生命指征、及时插管或气管切开行机械通气辅助呼吸,是减少术后呼吸衰竭死亡的有效措施。