深度水解蛋白配方在极低出生体重儿早期喂养中的临床观察

目的:探讨深度水解蛋白配方在极低出生体重儿早期喂养中的作用。方法:对2010年9月~2012年9月在遵义市妇幼保健院新生儿科住院的极低出生体重儿进行研究,将体重小于1 500 g的极低出生体重儿分别随机分为深度水解蛋白配方喂养组(观察组)及早产儿配方喂养组(对照组),监测生长发育指标和出生后4天、10天血清胃动素水平。结果:1观察组胎便排净时间较对照组缩短(P=0.013),喂养不耐受发生率较对照组低(P=0.012),自主排便次数较对照组多(P=0.027),生后4天及10天胃动素水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:与早产儿配方喂养相比,早期给予深度水解蛋白配方喂养对于极低出生体重儿可降低喂养不耐受的发生率,生长发育指标明显改善。     

不同脂肪乳治疗方案对早产极低出生体重儿的影响

目的比较不同的脂肪乳治疗方案对早产极低出生体重儿的影响。方法选取2014年12月至2015年12月我院新生儿科收治的150例早产极低出生体重儿为研究对象,随机分为三组各50例。A组单纯采用葡萄糖、氨基酸治疗,不加脂肪乳;B组在葡萄糖、氨基酸治疗基础上于出生72 h给予20%中长链脂肪乳注射液;C组在葡萄糖、氨基酸治疗基础上于出生24 h给予20%中长链脂肪乳。比较三组患儿的体质量增长情况、达到全胃肠营养喂养时间的生化指标、喂养期间并发症情况。结果 C组的平均每日体质量增加量、达到全胃肠营养喂养时间、住院时间均显著优于其他两组,且B组患儿的以上指标显著优于A组(均P<0.05)。三组患儿在达到全胃肠营养喂养时间的总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、三酰甘油、尿素氮比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。三组患儿的并发症发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论早产极低出生体重儿出生后早期应用脂肪乳能够迅速促进患儿的体质量增长,缩短住院时间,且患儿生化指标稳定,不会增加相关并发症发生率,值得临床推广和应用。     

低出生体重儿液体配方奶对极低/超低出生体重儿生后早期生长发育的影响

目的:研究低出生体重儿液体配方奶对极低/超低出生体重早产儿生后早期生长发育的影响,进而评估其临床应用效果。方法:选择胎龄≤32周住院的极低/超低出生体重儿,分为观察组和对照组,分别给予低出生体重儿液体配方奶和普通早产儿配方奶粉喂养,观察喂养后体格发育指标、喂养相关指标、合并疾病等方面的差异,进行统计学分析。结果:应用低出生体重儿液体配方奶喂养的极低和超低出生体重早产儿体重增长速率高于对照组;体重增长所需热量、恢复至出生体重所需时间、喂养耐受时间、静脉营养应用时间均低于对照组;感染、贫血和高间接胆红素血症的发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:低出生体重儿液体配方奶由于可提供高热量,有效利用度高,肠道负荷小,且应用方便、能保证极低和超低出生体重儿生后早期良好的生长发育,同时可减少其并发症的发生。     

益生菌辅助肠内外营养改善早产低出生体质量儿喂养不耐受的临床研究

目的探讨益生菌辅助肠内外营养改善早产低出生体质量儿喂养不耐受的临床效果。方法将2015年1月—2017年6月收治入院且符合纳入标准的早产低出生体质量儿60例。随机分成对照组(常规肠内外营养)和观察组(双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片辅助常规肠内外营养)。观察两组患儿的生长发育指标、营养状态、胎粪排尽时间、黄疸消退时间及免疫功能的差异。结果观察组胎粪排尽时间、黄疸消退时间均低于对照组,观察组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血钙、磷水平值均高于对照组;观察组干预后外周血CD8+T细胞、CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论益生菌辅助肠内外营养可以改善早产低出生体质量儿的喂养不耐受情况,减少喂养不耐受的发生,从整体上提升患儿营养状态及生长发育。     

不同喂养方式对极低出生体质量儿胃肠功能影响的比较

目的:探讨经幽门喂养(TP)和经胃管喂养(IG)对极低出生体质量儿胃肠功能的影响,以制订合理的早期肠内营养(EEN)方案。方法:将60例极低出生体质量儿随机分为TP组和IG组,每组各30例。观察两组病儿呼吸暂停发生频率、体质量增长速度、达出生体质量时间、喂养不耐受时间、达TEN时间、宫外发育迟缓(EUGR)发生率以及胃动素、胃泌素、住院时间、喂养相关并发症、坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔等指标。结果:TP组病儿喂养不耐受时间和达TEN时间均明显低于IG组(P0.05),呼吸暂停发生频率明显低于IG组(P0.01)。两组病儿的体质量增长速度、出院时EUGR发生率、并发症坏死性小肠结肠炎和住院时间均无显著性差异(P0.05)。两组病儿胃动素和胃泌素水平出生后第8天与喂养前比较有显著性差异(P0.01),且胃动素水平TP组明显高于IG组,差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:TP可用于胃管喂养耐受性差或反复出现呼吸暂停的极低出生体质量儿,在进行喂养时应针对不同情况制订个体化方案。     

口服布拉酵母菌对极低出生体质量儿的临床意义

目的 研究布拉酵母菌散剂对极低出生体质量儿的临床意义.方法 198例极低出生体质量儿中未服布拉酵母菌散剂早产儿93例（对照组）,口服布拉酵母菌散剂早产儿105例（观察组）,回顾性对照分析两组患儿的一般资料,观察两组患儿大便频次或腹泻（伴中重度脱水）情况、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）发生率、院内感染（败血症、肺部感染）发生率、真菌感染率、静脉营养时间、总住院时间.结果 两组患儿一般资料比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.观察组和对照组患儿大便频次、静脉营养时间、住院时间比较差异有统计学意义[（1.8±0.4）次/d比（3.4±0.5）次/d、（30.21 ±3.43）d比（40.47±4.35）d、（33.5±6.8）d比（45.4±9.3）d]（P＜0.05）;两组新生儿腹泻、NEC、败血症或脓毒血症发生率比较差异有统计学意义[14.3％（15/105）比25.8％（24/93）、11.4％（12/105）比19.4％（18/93）、19.0％（20/105）比29.0％（27/93）] （P＜ 0.05）;两组肺炎发生率和真菌感染率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 口服布拉酵母菌散剂可以减少极低出生体质量儿腹泻发生率,减少NEC发生率,以及院内感染发生率（主要是败血症）,可以促进胃肠喂养,缩短住院时间,同时亦不会增加真菌感染率,有临床应用价值.     

早产极低出生体重儿早期生长与肠外肠内营养关系研究分析

目的 探讨早产极低出生体重儿(very low birth weight infant,VLBWI)早期生长与肠外肠内营养的关系,为早产VLBWI肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)和肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)实践管理提供科学依据。方法 根据早产VLBWI出院校正胎龄与出生胎龄的体重Z-评分(Z-score)改变(ΔWt SDS)分为两组:非生长减速(non-catch-down,NCD)组,ΔWt SDS≥-0.67;生长减速(catch-down,CD)组,ΔWt SDS＜-0.67。两组临床资料行回顾性分析。结果 NCD组92例、CD组85例早产VIBWI。两组母亲孕期主要并发症发生率、出生胎龄、出生体格指标(体重、身长、头围)及相应Z-score差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。NCD组出院体格指标及相应Z-score显著高于CD组(P＜0.05或＜0.01)。NCD组支气管肺发育不良和静脉营养相关性胆汁淤积症发生率显著低于CD组(P＜0.05)。NCD组PN时间显著低于CD组(P＜0.01)。出生5~7 d NCD组PN脂肪乳摄入量和PN能量摄入量均显著高于CD组(P均＜0.05),而出生2~6周NCD组PN能量摄入量显著低于CD组(P＜0.05);出生5 d~6周NCD组EN摄入奶量则显著高于CD组(P＜0.05或＜0.01);出生5 d~5周NCD组PN和EN总蛋白质摄入量显著高于CD组(P＜0.05)。结论 早产VLBWI出生1周内充足PN脂肪乳和能量摄入,EN喂养量增加,可降低PN时间,获早期生长改善。     

极低体质量儿早期干预护理效果观察

目的探讨早期干预护理及保健指导对极低出生体质量儿的影响。方法 30例极低出生体质量儿,进行早期干预护理,如早期保暖、及时保持呼吸道通畅、根据血氧分压值持续或间断吸氧,早期微量母乳喂养,严格各种消毒隔离制度,预防感染,开展婴儿抚触及保健指导。结果经早期干预护理,患儿平均住院日减少,治愈率增加;新生儿硬肿症、吸入综合征明显减少(P<0.05)。早期进行保健指导的患儿,新生儿肺炎、消化不良明显减少(P<0.005)。极低出生体重儿的各系统发育极不成熟,适应能力差,免疫力低下,死亡率高。保暖、早期小量母乳喂养、严格无菌操作可减少患儿的临床发病,从而提高了生存质量。结论极低出生体质量儿进行早期干预护理及出院保健指导,减少了平均住院日,降低了并发症的发生。     

极低出生体质量儿胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积危险因素临床分析

目的探讨极低出生体质量儿(VLBWI)胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积(PNAC)发病的独立危险因素。 方法选择2008年5月至2014年5月在四川大学华西第二医院接受胃肠外营养(PN)持续时间≥14 d,符合本研究纳入与排除标准的VLBWI的临床病历资料为研究对象。采用回顾性分析方法,将其按照接受持维PN后是否发生PNAC,分为PNAC组和非PNAC组。首先根据临床经验,确定导致PNAC的影响因素,并对其进行单因素分析;再根据单因素分析结果及专业知识,进一步进行非条件多因素logistic回归分析,最终确定导致PNAC的独立危险因素。 结果①最终符合本研究纳入与排除标准的VLBWI共计172例,其中非PNAC组为143例,PNAC组为29例,PNAC发生率为16.9%。两组受试者性别构成比、胎龄及分娩方式等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②根据临床经验,对可能导致PNAC的临床观察项目(27项)与营养因素项目(19项)相关影响因素的单因素分析结果显示：8项临床观察项目与5项营养因素项目为可能导致PNAC的影响因素,如出生体质量轻,小于胎龄(SGA)儿,PN持续时间及禁食时间长,氨基酸热卡及脂肪乳热卡高,奶热卡低,感染性肺炎、败血症、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)及感染性休克率高,母乳喂养及口服益生菌均为可能导致PNAC发生的影响因素,差异均有统计学意义(t/χ²＝－3.306,4.424,1.790,1.231,3.193,2.815,2.519,4.615,3.949,3.920,3.861,5.656,5.535;P<0.05)。③对可能导致PNAC的影响因素的非条件多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：新生儿感染(感染性肺炎、败血症、NEC及感染性休克),SGA儿,VLBWI,禁食时间长,PN持续时间长,氨基酸热卡比及脂肪乳热卡比高是导致PNAC的独立危险因素(OR＝8.785,3.851,7.134,4.728,6.746,7.113,3.765;95%CI：3.603～25.236,1.526～8.932,2.534～19.651,1.473～15.326,1.219～12.471,3.124～19.358,3.230～26.246;P<0.05),奶热卡比高、母乳喂养及口服益生菌是PNAC的保护因素(OR＝0.016,0.204,0.078;95%CI：0.027～0.679,0.076～0.531,0.013～0.169;P<0.05)。 结论VLBWI的PNAC发生与新生儿感染、SGA儿、出生体质量轻、PN持续时间长、氨基酸热卡比及脂肪乳热卡比高、禁食时间长有关,奶热卡比高、母乳喂养及口服益生菌为保护因素。     

极低出生体重儿出院后营养与生长发育监测

目的　通过对极低出生体重儿出院后营养与生长发育监测研究,探讨半量强化母乳、早产儿出院后配方奶对极低出生体重儿出院后生长发育的影响。方法　对143例极低出生体重儿按照出院后个体化营养强化方式（半量强化母乳、早产儿出院后配方奶）分为两组,监测纠正周龄40周、52周时身长、体质量、头围生长发育情况。结果　143例早产极低出生体重儿纠正周龄40周时体质量、身长、头围宫外生长发育迟缓率分别为35.25%、32.43%、14.41%;纠正周龄52周时分别为9.52%、10.81%、2.7%;半量强化母乳组与早产儿出院后配方奶组生长发育比较,两者差异无统计学意义;在纠正周龄40周、52周、56周时,分别有18.67%、56.0%和68.75%的病例停用强化营养,改为普通配方奶或纯母乳喂养。结论　早产极低出生体重儿出院后营养强化管理能更快实现追赶生长,半量强化母乳与早产儿出院后配方奶对体格发育影响无差异。     

Protein Enrichment of Donor Breast Milk and Impact on Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Protein content is often inadequate in donor breast milk (DBM), resulting in poor growth. The use of protein-enriched target-pooled DBM (DBM+) has not been examined. We compared three cohorts of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, born ≤ 1500 g: DBM cohort receiving > 1-week target-pooled DBM (20 kcal/oz), MBM cohort receiving ≤ 1-week DBM, and DBM+ cohort receiving > 1-week DBM+. Infants followed a standardized feeding regimen with additional fortification per clinical discretion. Growth velocities and z-scores were calculated for the first 4 weeks (n = 69 for DBM, 71 for MBM, 70 for DBM+) and at 36 weeks post-menstrual age (n = 58, 64, 59, respectively). In total, 60.8% MBM infants received fortification >24 kcal/oz in the first 30 days vs. 78.3% DBM and 77.1% DBM+. Adjusting for SGA, length velocity was greater with DBM+ than DBM in week 1. Average weight velocity and z-score change were improved with MBM compared to DBM and DBM+, but length z-score decreased similarly across all groups. Incidences of NEC and feeding intolerance were unchanged between eras. Thus, baseline protein enrichment appears safe in stable VLBW infants. Weight gain is greatest with MBM. Linear growth comparable to MBM is achievable with DBM+, though the overall length trajectory remains suboptimal.     

Guidelines for Feeding Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Despite the fact that feeding a very low birth weight (VLBW) neonate is a fundamental and inevitable part of its management, this is a field which is beset with controversies. Optimal nutrition improves growth and neurological outcomes, and reduces the incidence of sepsis and possibly even retinopathy of prematurity. There is a great deal of heterogeneity of practice among neonatologists and pediatricians regarding feeding VLBW infants. A working group on feeding guidelines for VLBW infants was constituted in McMaster University, Canada. The group listed a number of important questions that had to be answered with respect to feeding VLBW infants, systematically reviewed the literature, critically appraised the level of evidence, and generated a comprehensive set of guidelines. These guidelines form the basis of this state-of-art review. The review touches upon trophic feeding, nutritional feeding, fortification, feeding in special circumstances, assessment of feed tolerance, and management of gastric residuals, gastro-esophageal reflux, and glycerin enemas.     

极低与超低出生体质量儿的临床分析

目的 探讨极低出生体质量（VLBW）儿和超低出生体质量（ELBW）儿的临床表现.方法 选择2012年8月至2013年8月于四川大学华西第二医院收治的103例VLBW儿和ELBW儿为研究对象.采用回顾性分析法,对母亲孕期致VLBW儿及ELBW儿的高危因素、患儿生后并发症治疗及转归进行总结和分析（本研究遵循的程序符合四川大学华西第二医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象监护人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书）.结果 103例VLBW儿和ELBW儿的并发症前10位分别为：新生儿肺炎为85例（82.5％）、颅内出血（ICH）为79例（76.6％）、高胆红素血症为60例（58.2％）、呼吸暂停为59例（57.2％）、呼吸衰竭为54例（52.4％）、电解质紊乱为53例（51.4％）、酸碱平衡紊乱为47例（45.6％）、低血糖为40例（38.8％）、贫血为38例（36.9％）、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）为28例（27.2％）.103例患儿中,存活为84例（81.6％）,死亡为8例（7.8％,放弃治疗后死亡为3例）,家属放弃治疗自动出院为11例（10.7％）.结论 及时、恰当地对VLBW儿和ELBW儿给予保暖、营养支持、积极预防并治疗各种早产儿相关并发症等,可降低其死亡率.     

Effect of High vs Standard Early Parenteral Amino Acid Supplementation on the Growth Outcomes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 different strategies for parenteral amino acid (AA) supplementation in the range of standard doses (>1.0–1.5 g/kg/d) on growth outcomes in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Materials and Methods: The unit policy of AA doses on the first day of life changed from 1.5 g/kg/d (n = 56; standard protein group, SP, in 2008) to 3.0 g/kg/d (n = 53; high protein group, HP, in 2009) with a daily advance to a target dose of 3.5–4.0 g/kg/d. Daily nutritive and laboratory profiles were collected for the initial 14 days, and patient weight, height, and head circumference on postnatal day 14 and again at 36 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months of corrected age were evaluated. Results: During the first 14 days, AA intake was greater in the HP group than in the SP group (2.9 ± 0.4 vs 2.6 ± 0.4 g/kg/d, P < .001). The HP group demonstrated a lower peak plasma glucose level during the first 3 days (116 ± 24 vs 137 ± 39 mg/dL) and a higher serum urea nitrogen level for the first 14 postnatal days than the SP group (19.2 ± 7.0 vs 14.8 ± 6.7 mg/dL) (both P < .01). From birth to postnatal 14 days and to 36 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months of corrected age, the z score changes in all growth parameters did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusion: In the range of the standard AA protocol, there was no dose‐response relationship between the early AA doses and the growth outcomes in VLBW infants.     

极低出生体重儿的体温管理

目的探讨体温管理干预对极低出生体重儿的护理效果。方法收集46例极低出生体重儿,将其随机分为对照组和观察组各23例,两组患儿均接受常规护理,观察组辅以体温管理。对比两组患儿的护理效果。结果观察组护理效果显著优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论采用体温管理有利于改善极低出生体重儿的临床症状,可降低病死率。     

Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Small for Gestational Age Infants with Very Low Birth Weight

Small for gestational age (SGA) birth is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The aim of this preliminary observational study was to investigate the difference in gut microbiota between SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW). We included 20 VLBW preterm infants (SGA, n = 10; AGA, n = 10) in this study. Stool samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 30 after birth. We performed 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing to compare microbiota composition between both groups. The SGA group exhibited a lower abundance of Klebsiella on day 14 (SGA, 0.57%; AGA, 7.42%; p = 0.037). On day 30, the SGA group exhibited a lower abundance of Klebsiella (SGA 3.76% vs. AGA 16.05%; p = 0.07) and Enterobacter (SGA 5.09% vs. AGA 27.25%; p = 0.011) than the AGA group. Beta diversity demonstrated a separation of the bacterial community structure between both groups on day 30 (p = 0.019). The present study revealed that a distinct gut microbiota profile gradually develops in SGA preterm infants with VLBW during the early days of life. The role of changes in gut microbiota structure warrants further investigation.     

低出生体重儿胃肠内喂养合理方式的临床研究

目的探讨低出生体重儿胃肠内喂养的合理方式。方法将106例低出生体重儿随机分成2组。A组：温开水、5％葡萄糖水和1：1稀释早产奶各喂养3次,每次间隔3小时;B组：温开水、5％葡萄糖水和1：1稀释早产奶各喂养6次,每次间隔3小时。所有病例如无不耐受予喂养普通配方奶。观察每组患儿发生腹胀、呕吐、胃出血、平均住院时间以及体重增长情况。结果与B组相比,A组患儿腹胀、呕吐、胃出血发生率低（P〈0．05）,平均住院时间较短（P〈0．05）,体重增长较快（P（0．05）,其差异均有显著统计学意义。结论采用温开水、糖水和稀释奶各喂养3次的方式喂养有利于促进喂养耐受性,是低出生体重儿喂养不耐受较合理的喂养方式。     

The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical intestinal emergency condition, which mainly occurs in preterm very low birth weight (PVLBW) infants. Despite remarkable advances in the care of PVLBW infants, with considerable improvement of the survival rate in recent decades, the incidence of NEC and NEC-related mortality have not declined accordingly. The fast progression from nonspecific signs to extensive necrosis also makes primary prevention the first priority. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the important role of several nutrients in primary prevention of NEC. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize some potential immunomodulatory nutrients in the prevention of NEC, including bovine colostrum, probiotics, prebiotics (e.g., human milk oligosaccharides), long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids (glutamine, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine, l-arginine and l-citrulline). Based on current research evidence, probiotics are the most documented effective method to prevent NEC, while others still require further investigation in animal studies and clinical randomized controlled trials.     

Impact of Early Nutrient Intake and First Year Growth on Neurodevelopment of Very Low Birth Weight Newborns

Optimal nutrient intake ensuring better neurodevelopment for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between early (first 28 days) nutritional intake, first year growth, and neurodevelopment. In total, 120 VLBW infants were included into the study. A group of 95 infants completed follow-up to 12 months of corrected gestational age (CGA). Nutrient intake was assessed, and weight, length, and head circumference (HC) were measured weekly until discharge and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of CGA. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 12 months of CGA. Two groups—extremely preterm (EP) and very/moderately preterm (VP)—were compared. Growth before discharge was slower in the EP group than the VP group. At 12 months, there was no difference in anthropometric characteristics or neurodevelopmental scores between the groups. Higher carbohydrate intake during the first 28 days was the single significant predictor for better cognitive scores only in the EP group (β_s = 0.60, p = 0.017). Other nutrients and growth before discharge were not significant for cognitive and motor scores in either group in multivariable models, whereas post-discharge HC growth was associated with both cognitive and motor scores in the VP group. Monitoring intake of all nutrients and both pre-discharge and post-discharge growth is essential for gaining knowledge about individualized nutrition for optimal neurodevelopment.