The role of supracricoid laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma recurrence after radiotherapy failure: a critical review

Conclusions.In the near future salvage supracricoid laryngectomy (SCL) will be used more extensively for failures of radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma. Objectives. Primary radiotherapy has been used for patients with early glottic carcinomas in northern Europe and North America for more than half a century. Local recurrences after radiotherapy for glottic malignancies occur in 5–25% for T1 carcinomas and in 15–50% for T2 carcinomas. The classic choice as salvage surgery in cases of glottic squamous cell carcinoma recurrence after irradiation failure is total laryngectomy. The development of extended conservation procedures such as SCL has permitted an increasing number of successful partial laryngectomies that save laryngeal functions after radiotherapy failure. SCL allows the creation of a neo-larynx, permitting both swallowing and speech; in most cases the tracheostoma can be closed. Methods. The electronic database Pubmed was searched without publication date limits. Results. Considering available data (103 cases), 84.5% of the cases treated with salvage SCL for irradiation failure did not present a new local recurrence; laryngeal recurrences after salvage SCL (15.5%) were successfully treated with total laryngectomy in 66.7% of the cases. Tracheostoma closure was possible in all except two cases after a mean period ranging between 12 and 28 days. Swallowing results seemed good, with longer recovery time in irradiated than in non-irradiated patients who underwent SCL. Voice quality determined with psychoacoustic methods had acceptable intelligibility.     

Long-term clinical outcomes of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for glottic carcinoma

Abstract

Background: Laryngeal carcinoma should be treated with the intent of organ-sparing, and supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) might be an important option.

Aims/objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of glottic carcinoma patients treated with CHEP.

Materials and methods: A series of 164 cases with glottic carcinoma undergoing CHEP from 2006 to 2010 was retrospectively analyzed.

Results: The 10-year overall survival (OS) rate, disease-specific survival (DSS) rate, and disease-free survival (DFS) rate were 77.6%, 78.8%, 74.1%, respectively. The OS, DSS, and DFS of patients with stage T1 were higher than patients with stages T2 and T3. Patients with locoregional recurrence and distant metastases had lower OS and DFS than patients with neither recurrence nor metastasis. The DFS of patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma was worse than that of patients with early-stage carcinoma. T2 and T3 stages, locoregional recurrence, and distant metastases had predictive value regarding patient survival. Additionally, the decannulation rate of postoperative patients was 95.1%, and the nasogastric feeding tube removal rate was 100%.

Conclusions and Significance: CHEP provided reliable oncologic and functional outcomes, and it should be considered as a standard function-sparing option for glottic T1b, T2, and selected T3 carcinoma patients.     

声门型喉癌SCPL-CHEP术喉功能重建结果的评估

目的观察声门型喉癌SCPL-CHEP术后喉功能重建的结果,评价该术式对保留喉功能的价值.方法回顾分析37例声门型喉癌行SCPL-CHEP术后吞咽功能、呼吸功能、语言功能的恢复情况.其中T1b4例,T221例,T312例.结果随访2～5年,多数患者有不同程度的误吸,除1例外余者经训练均能克服吞咽障碍,3例拔管困难,拔管率为89.2%.33例(89.2%)术后主观语言功能评估指标达到日常要求,但有不同程度的声嘶.结论严格掌握手术适应证,提高手术技巧,科学的术后护理和指导,能改善SCPL-CHEP术后吞咽障碍,提高拔管率.SCPL-CHEP术或是声门型喉癌保留喉功能的有效术式.     

Role of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy in glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure involvement

ObjectivesTo analyze oncologic and functional outcomes after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (SCL-CHEP) in glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure (AC) involvement, to determine predictive factors, and to compare results with those reported for other therapeutic strategies.Material and methodsA retrospective analysis included all patients who underwent SCL-CHEP for glottic squamous cell carcinoma with anterior commissure involvement in our institution, between 2000 and 2014. Swallowing function was evaluated on the DOSS (Dysphagia Outcomes and Severity Scale).ResultsFifty-three patients were included. Three-year overall, cause-specific and recurrence-free survival rates were 86, 95 and 80%, respectively. There were 5 cases of local recurrence (9%), all treated by total laryngectomy. Smoking was the only predictive factor of recurrence-free survival (P = 0.02). Mean DOSS score was 5.5 ± 0.9. DOSS scores ≥ 6 (normal oral feeding) were recovered by 59% of patients. T-stage ≥ 2 was the only predictive factor for DOSS score (P = 0.04).ConclusionIn glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure involvement, SCL with CHEP provided a local control rate of more than 90%, which is higher than reported with endoscopic surgery or external radiotherapy. However, contrary to LSC, salvage of local recurrence can often be obtained by conservative treatments after endoscopic surgery. Therefore, total-laryngectomy-free survival rates after SCL-CHEP and endoscopic surgery are finally comparable.     

Anterior commissure carcinoma II: the role of salvage supracricoid laryngectomy.

Supracricoid laryngectomy (SCL) was performed for 45 cases of recurrent anterior commissure carcinoma (ACC). The procedure involves excision of the thyroid cartilage with the tumor-bearing mucosa and subsequent anastomosis between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. It is therefore called cricohyoidopexy, or cricohyoidoepiglottopexy if the epiglottis is also included in the excision. Rate of control of local spread at 2 years was 95.4%. Oncologic and functional results also indicate that SCL is a suitable alternative to total laryngectomy in selected cases of ACC.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after reconstructive laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repetitive episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. The obstruction predominantly occurs along the pharyngeal airway but other sites of obstruction have occasionally been described. We report our experience with three patients suffering from OSAS suspected to be of laryngeal origin. OSAS developed after reconstructive laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma and upper airway obstruction seemed to be located in the reconstructed laryngeal area. The three patients were given nCPAP (nasal-continuous positive airway pressure) treatment associated with peroral endoscopic CO₂ laser vaporization of the laryngeal edema. After CO₂ laser treatment, one patient was able to stop nCPAP treatment. The other two have remained on nCPAP therapy. OSAS may arise in the post-operative period of reconstructive laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma and can be managed by CO₂ laser vaporization (laryngeal edema in the reconstructed area) in association with nCPAP treatment. Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 June 2000     

部分喉切除术治疗声门癌的疗效分析

为评价部分喉切除术治疗声门癌的效果，总结１９７４～１９９４年期间治疗声门癌患者１３２例，随访至１９９４年１２月，获得随访资料者１２６例（９５％），进行统计分析。所有病例均经组织病理学证实为喉癌，根据ＴＮＭ分期，Ｔ１、Ｔ２９８例（７７．８％），Ｔ３、Ｔ４２８例（２２．２％）。１例Ｔ４Ｎ１，其他均为Ｎ０。就诊时全部患者均为Ｍ０。１２６例患者均系采用部分喉切除治疗，其中８９例为单纯手术治疗，术前放射治疗４例，术后放射治疗３３例。应用Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ法进行生存率分析，结果１２６例中３年、５年和１０年生存率分别为９４．７％、８９．１％和８６．１％；Ｔ１、Ｔ２组３年、５年和１０年生存率分别为：９７．８％、９５．１％和９３．３％；Ｔ３、Ｔ４组为８３．２％、６２．７％和５２．３％。患者术后均保存了喉的发音功能，能用语言进行社交，喉功能恢复良好。结论：部分喉切除术是治疗声门癌的最佳选择。     

声门型喉癌保留喉功能的喉部分切除术疗效分析

目的探讨喉部分切除术的疗效及喉功能恢复情况。方法回顾分析1997～2006年施行各种喉部分切除术声门型喉癌75例。其中男71例,女4例。其中行CO2激光声带切除术12例,喉裂开声带切除术18例,喉垂直部分切除术33例,喉额侧部分切除术5例,喉扩大垂直部分切除术4例。环状软骨舌骨会厌固定（cricohyo idoepiglottopexy,CHEP）2例。结果本组75例患者3、5年生存率分别为97.3%、94.6%。其中T1、T2病变患者48例分别为97.9%和97.9%。T3、T4病变患者（27例）分别为92.5%和85.1%。全部患者吞咽功能及发声功能均可恢复,拔管率为92.1%（58/63）。术后1个月内拔管率为85.2%。结论喉部分切除术是根治声门型喉癌的首选治疗措施。严格掌握手术适应证、选择正确术式、正确的修复技术是保证手术的疗效及保留喉功能的必要条件。     

Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy for recurrence of early-stage glottic carcinoma after irradiation. Long-term oncological and functional results

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in selected cases, SCL-CHP may be used to treat laryngeal carcinomas after radiation failure, with good oncological and functional results. OBJECTIVES: Radiotherapy and surgery are believed to be equally effective and highly successful in the management of T1-staged glottic carcinomas. An almost normal post-therapy voice is considered the main advantage of irradiation over the surgical approach. On the other hand, when a tumour recurs after radiotherapy, it is more likely to extend beyond its original site, making total laryngectomy necessary in most cases. However, in selected cases, conservative laryngeal surgery is possible. At present only a few reports in the literature have documented the oncological and functional outcome of supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy (SCL-CHP) in the treatment of laryngeal recurrence after irradiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe seven cases of rT2-T3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas that recurred after radiotherapy and were treated with salvage SCL-CHP between 1989 and 1997 at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ferrara. The disease-free interval following initial radiotherapy ranged from 13 to 132 months (mean 54 months) in 6 patients; 1 patient underwent 2 courses of irradiation treatment 103 and 8 months prior to surgery. RESULTS: The mean post-SCL-CHP follow-up period exceeded 10 years (range 72-173 months). Only the patient who underwent 2 courses of radiation therapy before surgery experienced laryngeal recurrence 48 months after surgery. All patients were decannulated and recovered the ability to swallow. Vocal quality was significantly rough and breathy but was satisfactorily intelligible in all patients. Four patients had wound healing problems; 1 of them developed a laryngotracheocutaneous fistula 15 months after SCL-CHP as a consequence of chondronecrosis, prompting total laryngectomy.     

Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy for recurrence of early-stage glottic carcinoma after irradiation. Long-term oncological and functional results

Conclusions These results suggest that, in selected cases, SCL-CHP may be used to treat laryngeal carcinomas after radiation failure, with good oncological and functional results.

Objectives Radiotherapy and surgery are believed to be equally effective and highly successful in the management of T1-staged glottic carcinomas. An almost normal post-therapy voice is considered the main advantage of irradiation over the surgical approach. On the other hand, when a tumour recurs after radiotherapy, it is more likely to extend beyond its original site, making total laryngectomy necessary in most cases. However, in selected cases, conservative laryngeal surgery is possible. At present only a few reports in the literature have documented the oncological and functional outcome of supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy (SCL-CHP) in the treatment of laryngeal recurrence after irradiation.

Material and methods We describe seven cases of rT2–T3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas that recurred after radiotherapy and were treated with salvage SCL-CHP between 1989 and 1997 at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ferrara. The disease-free interval following initial radiotherapy ranged from 13 to 132 months (mean 54 months) in 6 patients; 1 patient underwent 2 courses of irradiation treatment 103 and 8 months prior to surgery.

Results The mean post-SCL-CHP follow-up period exceeded 10 years (range 72–173 months). Only the patient who underwent 2 courses of radiation therapy before surgery experienced laryngeal recurrence 48 months after surgery. All patients were decannulated and recovered the ability to swallow. Vocal quality was significantly rough and breathy but was satisfactorily intelligible in all patients. Four patients had wound healing problems; 1 of them developed a laryngotracheocutaneous fistula 15 months after SCL-CHP as a consequence of chondronecrosis, prompting total laryngectomy.     

Partial vertical laryngectomy for recurrent glottic carcinoma

Partial vertical laryngectomy for recurrent glottic carcinoma was performed in 61 patients according to stringent criteria. The great majority of the recurrent tumours appeared within 2 years of radiotherapy (80%). The mean follow-up after surgery was 79 months. At 5 years 85% of the patients were free of local recurrence. Nine patients (15%) developed a local recurrence; eight of them underwent total laryngectomy; one patient refused the operation and died. Seven patients died of other causes. The actuarial overall survival rate was 88% at 5 years. Post-operative complications were seen in 12 patients (20%); nine of these patients developed airway problems. One patient underwent total laryngectomy for severe aspiration, the others finally were decannulated. The results of this study indicate that partial vertical hemi-laryngectomy for irradiation failures is a safe procedure with good results without undue morbidity.     

声门型喉癌T_3病变喉部分切除术后疗效评价

目的　探讨喉部分切除术对声门型喉癌T3 病变的可行性及修复材料的选择。方法　对 1986年 1月～ 1994年 1月 78例行喉部分切除术的声门型喉癌T3 病变患者的术式及修复方法进行了回顾性分析。结果　患者 3年、5年生存率分别为 88 5 %、75 6 % ,局部复发率 15 4%。应用了梨状窝粘膜 甲状软骨板外侧软骨膜、会厌软骨瓣及带状肌双肌双蒂瓣 3种方法修复创面 ,均获得了较好的喉功能恢复。结论　喉部分切除术是根治声门型喉癌T3 病变合理、有效的方式 ,但不能完全替代全喉切除术 ,应根据切除范围选择合理的修复方式。     

T1T2期声门型喉癌喉小部分切除术及疗效评估

目的 :探讨T1、T2 期声门型喉癌的治疗方法。方法 :对 112例T1、T2 期声门型喉癌 (T1N0 M0 、T2 N0 M0 )患者施行喉小部分切除术。对手术方法、术后功能的恢复、治疗效果及治疗优势进行了总结 ,并与激光、放疗作了对比 ;对术后披裂的活动、声门裂的形态及嗓音变化作了动态观察随访 ;应用Dr.speech嗓音质量评估软件对术前、术后嗓音质量做了分析对比。结果 :112例患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合 ,6～ 7d拆线 ,平均住院时间 9.76d。术后 2～ 3d恢复经口进食。住院期间顺利拔除气管套管 ,平均戴管时间 7.32d,拔管率 10 0 %。术后 1周 4 7例出现披裂活动减弱 ,但逐步改善 ,2个月后声门裂形态接近正常 ;术前与术后 2个月、6个月Shimmer和NNE对比 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后 1周与术后 2个月、6个月比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。随访满 3年76例 ,全部生存 ;满 5年 36例 ,35例生存 (1例不明原因死亡 ) ;复发 2例。结论 :喉小部分切除术视野清楚 ,病变切除彻底 ,短期内顺利恢复了饮食及语言功能 ,并提高了发声质量 ,治疗T1、T2 期声门型喉癌是可行的。     

Salvage laryngectomy after radical radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma

Of 376 patients who were treated by radical radiotherapy for squamous carcinoma of the larynx, 56 subsequently underwent total laryngectomy. Residual or recurrent tumour was identified in 43 of the resection specimens, and necrosis alone in 13 cases, although a positive biopsy had been obtained in 3 of these prior to salvage laryngectomy. No disease related factors such as site or stage of the original tumour, or treatment related factors such as radiation type or dose, were found to be predictive of whether or not tumour was present. The clinical opinion of an experienced surgeon was found to have a positive predictive value of 0.86 for the presence of tumour. The fistula rate of salvage laryngectomy, 15 out of 56, was similar to that of other series. The actuarial cause specific 5-year survival for patients with tumour was 0.589, and for patients with necrosis only was 0.923. Intercurrent, smoking related disease was the cause of death in 16 of the 33 patients who have died.     

部分喉切除术治疗声门癌的疗效分析

为评价部分喉切除术治疗声门癌的效果，总结１９７４￣１９９４年期间治疗声门癌患者１３２例，随访至１９９４年１２月，获得随访资料者１２６例（９５％），进行统计分析。所有病例均经组织病理学证实为喉癌，根据ＴＮＭ分期、Ｔ１、Ｔ２ ９８例（７７．８％），Ｔ３、Ｔ４ ２８例（２２．２％），１例Ｔ４Ｎ１，其他均为Ｎ０，就诊时全部患者均为Ｍ０。１２６例患者均采用部分喉切除治疗，其中８９例为单纯手术治疗，术前放射治     

Delayed wound infection after supracricoid partial laryngectomy following failure of high dose radiation

Past radiation therapy is known as a major risk factor promoting post-supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) complications. Risk of post-SCPL complications may further increase following failure of high dose radiation; in these patients, wound infection may become evident more than 1 month after an uneventful post-surgical course. By defining this complication as “Delayed Wound Infection” and reviewing the clinical features, we intended to elucidate the mechanism, risk factors, and management of this post-SCPL complication. Between 1997 and 2009, 60 patients received SCPL. The incidence of post-SCPL wound infection was analyzed in reflect to radiation status, radiation dose, and medical histories. Of 60 patients, delayed wound infection was identified in 4 (7%); radiation doses were 65, 68, 70, and 76.8 Gy (avg. 70 Gy). Blood data including white blood cell and C-reactive protein showed slight elevation before the delayed infection became evident. Patients with high dose radiation (≥65 Gy) accompanied by histories of diabetes and renal insufficiency are considered a high risk group. Delayed re-epithelialization of the inner surface of the cricohyoido gap was presumed to be the main pathogenesis. Early initiation of antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are effective for rapid recovery. “Delayed Wound Infection” was treatable and patients undergoing surgery after failure of high dose radiation should be managed with extra precaution, but should not be excluded from the indications for SCPL.     

Atypical neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy: a morphological and functional analysis

The objective of this study was to analyze atypical neoglottis after supracricoid subtotal laryngectomy (SSL) from a morphological and functional point-of-view using retrospective case series reviewin a Tertiary university referral center setting. From May 2003 until January 2010, 106 patients underwent SSL (CHEP, CHP, THEP, THP) for laryngeal cancer, in the Otolaryngology Department of the University Hospital of Modena. We performed a retrospective analysis of recorded videos in our database of patients who underwent SSL. Patients with atypical neoglottis were included in the study. Six patients with atypical neoglottis were identified and morphologically evaluated. The functional outcomes were collected and analyzed. Atypical neoglottis may form after SSL, in particular in the case of CHEP. In most cases, these atypical conformations are due to anomalous positioning of the epiglottis, or involvement of the lateral pharyngeal wall in the sphincteric and vibratory function of the neoglottis. Atypical neoglottis formation seems to guarantee adequate functional outcomes in terms of vocal and swallowing performance.     

Partial laryngectomy with imbrication laryngoplasty for glottic carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for unilateral glottic carcinoma include radiation therapy, partial laryngectomy, and endoscopic cordectomy. We used partial laryngectomy with imbrication laryngoplasty (PLIL) for definitive treatment with curative intent in a select group of patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter review of 24 patients treated with PLIL. Data collection included demographics, tumor characteristics, time to decannulation, time to oral food intake, local control, survival, voice result as judged by the physician, voice result as judged by the patient, and patient satisfaction. SETTING: Five academic medical centers. METHODS: PLIL includes a composite resection of the entire vocal fold, with its ligament, muscle, adjacent paraglottic tissues, and the adjacent block of thyroid cartilage. A neocord is reconstructed by imbricating the remaining thyroid cartilage strips and covering them with a false vocal fold flap. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients (T1, n = 13; T2, n = 10; and T3, n = 1) underwent PLIL. Median time to decannulation was 4 days, and median time to oral food intake was 5 days. Clear margins were achieved in 23 patients (96%). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 11 years (median duration of follow-up, 5.5 years). In the patients who had clear margins at the initial surgery, the rate of overall disease control was 100%. Voice quality was judged by the physician as good or excellent in 100% of the patients who underwent PLIL, and as better than typical hemilaryngectomy in 23 patients (96%). Twenty-three patients (96%) were satisfied with their voice quality. CONCLUSIONS: PLIL provides us with a single modality curative approach to unilateral glottic carcinoma. It also provides rapid recovery of oral and/or nasal airway and swallowing, excellent voice quality, and a disease-control rate similar to or better than other treatment modalities.