无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

[目的]观察面罩双水平气道正压无创通气（BiPAP）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并呼吸衰竭的疗效，探讨其护理。[方法]60例COPD合并呼吸衰竭病人随机分治疗组和对照组，每组30例，对照组采用常规治疗，治疗组在常规治疗基础上进行面罩双水平气道正压无创通气治疗。观察并比较两组病人治疗前后（包括治疗前、治疗2h、治疗24h）呼吸、心率、动脉血气变化情况及临床疗效。[结果]治疗组有效率为77％，对照组为43％，两组有效率比较差异有统计学意义（X^2=6．944，P〈0．01）；治疗组pH、PaO2、PaCO2、呼吸、心率等指标明显改善（P〈0．05）。[结果]BiPAP呼吸机经口鼻面罩无创通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭效果满意。     

无创正压机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭

目的 探讨无创正压机械通气（NIPPV）用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并呼吸衰竭的作用。方法 选择40例COPD合并呼吸衰竭的患者,随机分为NIPPV组（NIPPV＋常规综合治疗）和对照组（常规综合治疗）。观察动脉血气分析、呼吸频率、心率、血压、辅助呼吸肌动用评分,及住院时间、气管插管率、住院病死率等。结果 NIPPV组治疗后3h呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌动用评分均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）,PaO2较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01）,氧合指数明显改善（P〈0．05）,PaCO2与治疗前及对照组治疗后3h比较,亦有明显下降（P〈0．05）,NIPPV组较对照组住院时间缩短,气管插管率及病死率降低。结论 无创正压通气具有无创伤性、可早期使用、并发症少、易被患者接受和使用方便等特点,可以迅速缓解呼吸困难、改善呼吸肌疲劳,提高PaO2、氧合指数,降低PaCO2,缩短住院时间,降低气管插管率和病死率,对于COPD合并呼吸衰竭是一种切实有效的治疗措施。     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭高碳酸血症意识障碍临床分析

【目的】探讨呼吸重症监护病房的慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期（AECOPD）合并高碳酸血症意识障碍疗效观察。【方法】回顾性分析对39例AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭高碳酸血症意识障碍患者8≤GCS评分〈15在急性发作期入住呼吸重症监护病房,予无创正压通气治疗,观察机械通气前与机械通气后2h、d。、d2、ds的PH值、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、碳酸氢根离子（HCO3-）、氧合指数指标的变化情况。根据无创通气治疗前GCS评分分为两组,A组为（10≤GCS评分〈15）,B组为（8分≤GCS评分〈10分）,对两组指标进行比较。【结果】无创呼吸治疗39例AECOPD意识障碍患者,平均住院时间为（17±10）d,住ICU的时间为（9土5）d,APACHE-Ⅱ评分平均（15．4±2．2）分。上呼吸机2h后GCS评分较机械通气前升高且有显著差异（P〈0．01）,动脉血气指标的PaCO2值明显低于机械通气前（P〈0．01）,治疗后pH高于机械通气前（P〈0．05）。对NIPPV治疗前GCS评分A组（10≤GCS评分〈15）同B组（8≤GCS评分〈10）相比,在APACHE-Ⅱ评分（P〈0．05）、pH值（P〈0．01）、PaCO：有显著差异（P〈0．01）。【结论】NIPPV对于AE-COPD合并呼吸衰竭高碳酸血症意识障碍有效,临床上能减少AECOPD及高碳酸血症呼吸衰竭患者的插管率及住院病死率。     

健康教育在无创辅助机械通气患者中的应用

目的探讨健康教育在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭患者进行无创机械通气治疗中的临床效果。方法将60例进行无创机械通气治疗的COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者按随机数字表法分为健康教育组和对照组。每组30例。对照组实施呼吸科常规护理措施;健康教育组实施健康教育（呼吸机佩带前准备、呼吸机使用及撤机的指导等）。对2组患者在进行无创机械通气治疗中的依从性、平均住院时间及血气分析变化等进行比较。结果健康教育组30min内依从性为90．0％,对照组30min内依从性为16．7％,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;健康教育组平均住院时间为（9．5±1．2）d,对照组为（13．5±1．5）d,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;健康教育组治疗后PaCO2低于对照组、PaO2高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论健康教育对无创辅助机械通气患者的治疗有明显的效果．可以提高COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者进行无创机械通气治疗的依从性;缩短COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者平均住院日,明显降低COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者动脉血气分析中PaCO2,提高PaO2。     

BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗COPD伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭76例疗效观察及护理

目的：探讨BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效和护理方法。方法：将76例COPD伴严重Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗基础上采用BiPAP呼吸机辅助经鼻面罩通气，并给予精心护理。于通气前，通气后1h、24h、1周进行血气分析。结果：通气后患者动脉血气分析PaO2及SaO2均明显上升（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），PaCO2均有不同程度的下降。结论：BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗COPD伴严重Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，配合精心护理，疗效确切，安全性好，值得推广应用，     

无创正压通气法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭

目的：探讨无创正压通气法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法：57例COPD患者按受了无创正压通气治疗，观察治疗后患者临床疗效，采用t检验比较治疗前后动脉血气分析变化。结果：51例患者（89.5％）经无创正压通气法治疗后病情明显好转，动脉血PH值及氧分压分别显著高于治疗前水平（P〈0．05），二氧化碳分压显著低于治疗前水平（P〈0．05）。结论：早期使用无创正压通气可以有效治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。     

无创机械通气在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭中的应用及临床分析

目的观察无创机械通气（BiPAP）在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭中的应用及临床疗效。方法选取2004年10月到2008年12月COPD患者合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者46例,随机分为两组,每组23例,对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上采用BiPAP治疗。两组对比。结果对照组治疗3h后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较治疗前明显改善,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;而呼吸、心率及pH与治疗前比较,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗组治疗3h后呼吸、心率及PaCO2均较治疗前明显下降,PaO2、pH明显升高,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。并且,治疗3h后治疗组呼吸、心率、PaO2、PaCO2及pH改善情况均较对照组明显,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。治疗组有效率明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。治疗组病死率低于对照组,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗组的住院时间明显短于对照组,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论BiPAP具有无创、并发症少的特点,能减少患者的痛苦,节省治疗费用,是治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的一项行之有效、安全可靠的治疗措施。     

无创机械通气在COPD慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重期中应用的护理

目的探讨无创机械通气在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭中的疗效及护理策略。方法观察28例COPD急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭患者进行面罩式双水平气道正压机械通气（Bi2PAP）治疗前后临床症状及血气分析的变化及相应护理。结果无创机械通气治疗后胸闷、紫绀、呼吸困难等症状明显缓解,治疗后pH值、动脉压氧分压（PaO2）和动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01）。结论COPD急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭,应用Bi2PAP呼吸机进行面罩式无创机械通气是一种既安全又有效的治疗手段。进行治疗前准备,治疗中严密观察血气,生命体征,保持呼吸道通畅以及防治并发症是护理工作的重点。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并严重呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的：评价无创正压通气（NIPPV）在救治慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期并严重呼吸衰竭患者中的临床疗效。方法：对2006年1月至2008年1月入选的47例COPD急性加重期并严重呼吸衰竭患者使用双水平无创正压呼吸机面罩辅助通气,患者均伴有不同程度的意识障碍,动态观察NIPPV治疗前和治疗后2h、8h、1d及3d动脉血气、神志、治疗后患者的转归,NIPPV的不良反应及并发症。结果：本组47例患者中,41例经NIPPV治疗2h、8h、1d及3d后与治疗前比较,PaO2明显升高P〈0．01,PaCO2明显降低P〈0．01,pH明显升高P〈0．01,均脱机出院,有效率达87．23％（41／47）;6例改为有创通气,其中3例经有创机械通气治疗后脱机成功,1例因上消化道出血死亡,2例自动出院。结论：双水平无创正压通气对有选择的COPD急性加重期并严重呼吸衰竭患者治疗疗效确切,它能迅速缓解病情,减少患者的气管插管和气管切开以及相应的并发症,提高生活质量。     

无创机械通气治疗COPD并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的：探讨无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并呼衰的临床应用价值。方法：对86例COPD并呼衰患者应用BiPAP呼吸机经口鼻面罩正压通气，记录通气治疗前后血气变化及呼吸、心率变化。结果：无创通气后PaO2、SaO2均明显升高，PaCO2明显下降，PH明显改善，二者差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：应用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗COPD并呼衰疗效满意，无明显并发症，值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.